International Knowledge Press

ADAPTABILITY STUDY OF OAT (Avena sativa) GENOTYPES FOR THEIR AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE AND NUTRITIVE VALUE IN THE MIDLAND OF EAST GUJI ZONE, ADOLA, SOUTHERN OROMIA, ETHIOPIA
A study was conducted to identify adaptable, high biomass and dry matter and grain yielder of Oat variety/accessions under Bore Agricultural research centre Adola sub-site. The three Oat variety/accessions adaptation tested included Jasari, 5453 and 6710 accessions. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was employed.

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ANTIFUNGAL PROPERTY OF Heterostemma trilobactum

Antifungal development of solvent extract of Heterostemma trilobactum have been investigated against human pathogenic developments, for instance, Aspergillus sp., Candida albicans and Fusarium moniliform. The various solvents expels were viewed as amazing against test living thing anyway the ethyl acetate induction and ethanol isolates appeared, apparently, to be best antifungal pros when diverged from watery and chloroform remove. Overpowering ailments address an essential issue to prosperity and they are one of the essential driver of hopelessness and mortality around the globe. The assurance from against contamination specialists and with the peril during postponed treatment with a couple of prescriptions due to this helpful plants are commonly used by the ordinary remedial experts for assuaging various diseases in their regular practice. Since old events, plants have been a model wellspring of drug. They showed the information concerning the new profile of antifungal meds obtaining from remedial plants.

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ANTIFEEDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ABILITY OF THE BENZOID DERIVATIVE OBTAINED FROM THE LEAVES OF Salacia beddomei GAMBLE (Angiosperms: Celastraceae R.Br.), AN ENDEMIC PLANT TO WESTERN GHATS (INDIA)

The compound possessing benzoid skeleton has been obtained from the leaves of an endemic plant to Western Ghats, Salacia beddomei a prospective medicinal plant. The Structure of the isolated compound was characterized based on spectroscopic analysis. The antimicrobial, antifeedant and insecticidal capability of the isolated terpenoid were evaluated. The results revealed that the isolated metabolite showed significant bioactivities which could be utilized for therapeutical research.

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NUTRITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF Terminalia catappa L. FROM SEEDS AND OIL

The seeds of Terminalia sp. were evaluated for their nutritional characters to utilize them for humans. Immediate examinations indicated that the seed contained 3.95% dampness, 24.78% unrefined protein, 5.36% debris, 3.94% rough fiber, 53.75% fats, 17.05% sugar and 549.65 Kcal Calorific esteem. The seeds were seen as great wellsprings of minerals. Potassium (9285 ± 0.22 mg) was the uppermost, followed in plunging request by Ca (837.20±1.28 mg), Mg (788.68 ± 0.21 mg) and Na (24.69± 0.32 mg). The oil was observed to be high in un immersed greasy acids, particularly oleic and linoleic.

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A STUDY ON DIFFERENT METABOLITES OF TULASI

Medicinal plants are very rich in valuable metabolites. These metabolites will act as drug. Tulasi ssbelongs to one of the medicinal plant. It has both primary and secondary metabolites. A long back they are using for different purposes. It will act as anti microbial, antifungal and anti viral agents for many diseases. The most important thing is it has eugenol which will act as pain killer. In our present study we used main three parts of tulasi based to identify the different metabolites.

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GENETIC DIVERSITY OF Tamarindus indica

It is very essential for plant breeders to determine genetic variation for the growth of elevated yield choice. The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity of 3 tamarind samples, random exploitation of enhanced polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Tamarind plants were sampled in 3 environmental zones covering domestically known fruit morphotypes. On 3000 fruits and flowers, 12 morphological descriptors were evaluated. Univariate and canonical analyses carried out on morphological descriptors revealed essential similarities and verified the difference between morphotypes as viewed by indigenous people. However, the assessment of variance components showed significant differences within morphotypes, indicating a great heterogeneity within seeds historically categorized as belonging to an equal morphotype. Quantitative descriptors should, therefore, be coupled with domestically perceived qualitative characteristics (pulp style and color) in order to cause a bunch of strong morphological discrimination. The differences discovered were significantly linked to ecological factors. The size and mass of fruits and seeds are cared for with increased wetness and decreased with aridity. Results also stated that fruit mass could be an intelligent pulp output expression, although its predictive strength varied among morphotypes. Outputs from the variance component assessment recommended that if any genetic tests were not finished, germplasm assortment should be performed by testing a mild variety of forests per morphotype to ensure that a big variety of genetic diversity is captured. 10 Random modified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers were used to evaluate tamarind trees ' genetic variety. At the molecular stage, genotypes that were strongly linked morphologically were discovered to be unrelated. A significant amount of intra-population variation reported in the donation research that could be used in interbreeding programs to introgress the intriguing characteristic of concern with effectiveness.

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PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILE, SECONDARY METABOLITE ESTIMATION AND ANTI- MICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF Ocimum tenuiflorum

The medicinal properties of holy basil have made us to further concentrate on its properties. The methanol and ethanol extracts of the plant Ocimum tenuiflorum was taken using Soxhlet extraction method. The phytochemical profile of both the extracts was observed for certain compounds. The extract was taken in different concentrations and was tested against three bacterial species (Bacillus Subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) and three fungal species (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans). The estimation of secondary metabolite, Alkaloid estimation was done and was observed using thin layer chromatograph.

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DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY METALS IN SOIL FROM SELECTED DUMPSITES IN PORT HARCOURT METROPOLIS, RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA

Composite samples were collected from the six refuse dumpsites and analyzed for heavy metals concentrations using atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS VGB 210 system). The concentrations of the heavy metals in (mg/Kg) were in the following order: Fe>Mn>Cu>Zn>Ni>Co>Cd>V>Pb. The values of the heavy metals observed in the different dumpsites were lower than their corresponding average value in shale. However, the values from the different dumpsites showed some relationship with industrial activities. In each of the metals, the highest values were obtained in parts of Port Harcourt where there is serious presence of industrial work. The contamination factor (CF) revealed that dumpsites soils were not contaminated with any of the heavy metals and do not seem to pose danger presently. Therefore, more regulatory activities by the relevant agencies should be put in place as to forestall future occurrence of accumulation that might pose danger to the environment.

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ECO-FRIENDLY BIODEGRADATION OF Poly (ε-Caprolactone) (PCl) BY THE FUNGUS Alternaria alternata-ST01

Plastic is considering the mother industry to hundreds of products but the lack of biodegradability focused attention on a potentially huge environmental pollution problem. Aliphatic polyesters, poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) are biodegradable by microorganisms, which possess cutinolytic enzymes. Alternaria alternata-ST01, showed both high growth and enzyme activity on yeast glucose malt broth (YGMB) medium fed with PCL film than on YGMB medium without PCL film under shaking and stationary conditions. The hydrolytic enzyme activity of the culture on ρ-nitrophenylpalmitate indicated the fungus possesses cutinase. This activity was confirmed by the degradation of PCL film, which reached the maximum (72.09%) and (56.49%) within a short time (15 days) under shaking and stationary conditions respectively. Interestingly, in the absence of carbohydrate source in the YM medium, the fungus depends on PCL and the degradation was stimulated to record 93.33% on the 15th day. The non-significant relationship was recorded between the enzyme and protein production and the pH value. Scanning electron microscope showed cracks and erosion on the PCL film surface treated with A. alternata-ST01. These results suggest that the extracellular cutinase of Alternaria alternata-ST01 may be useful for the biological degradation of plastic wastes.

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EFFICIENCY OF A CULTURE MEDIUM DEVELOPED FROM Parthenium LEAVES FOR ISOLATION OF PLANT GROWTH-PROMOTING BACTERIA

The present study describes the isolation of some unique bacteria from soil and compost samples on a culture medium prepared from the leaves of Parthenium hysterophorus (Carrot Grass). On the basis of colony morphology, 12 morphotypes were selected that were found to exhibit plant growth promoting activities by production of IAA and solubilizing phosphate. Out of these, 3 bacterial isolates were found to significantly stimulate the growth of Chickpea plant grown in a pot under normal environmental conditions. The major growth parameters that were positively influenced by bacterial treatment were plant height, root length, root width and root dry weight. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of these three isolates shared maximum homology with Methylorubrum rhodesianum with varying percentage of similarity.

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THE PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF Avicennia marina PLANT

The plant Avicennia marina is broadly used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments. Therapeutic plants have been studied for phytochemical analysis since most of the biological activities are due to the presence of phytoconstituents. This paper deals with the phytochemical determination of Avicennia marina plant using various solvent extracts such as hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol based on the polarity. Various tests were performed for analysis. The results revealed that all the extracts of the plant had a wide range of phytochemicals such as phenol, flavonoid, tannin, saponin, steroid, terpenoids.

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PLANT PRIMARY METABOLITES

Plants are the primary food producers and they comprise the essential wellspring of carbon, nutrients, minerals, protein and unsaturated fats. Plant proteins can help in anticipation of cardiovascular illness, disease, bone misfortune and diabetes. Cereal grains, legumes including oil-seed provide proteins to the entire animal kingdom. Plant enzymes like proteases, amylases, cellulose and lipase are useful in the digestion of raw food. Plants have been used to treat many ailments from time immemorial. Moreover, much work has been done to study the therapeutic effect of secondary metabolites from plants rather than the primary metabolites namely proteins, carbohydrates, enzymes and lipids. This review stresses upon the use of plant proteins and enzymes as a whole for treating diseases/disorders rather than the secondary metabolites.

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GENETIC VARIABILITY AND HERITABILITY STUDIES IN Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) Nees

Investigation to find out the amount of variability present in the Crossandra [Crossandra infundibuliformis (L.) Nees] was carried out at Horticultural College and Research Institute, Periyakulam during 2016-17 using local Nilakottai genotype. The mutagens employed were gamma rays at different estimates of phenotypic variance (phenotypic variation) were higher compared to the genotypic variance (genotypic variation) for all growth and flower characters, indicating the influence of environment. Among the morphological characters studied, high (phenotypic and genotypic variation) were recorded for a number of flowers per plant. Whereas all the other traits showed moderate to low values. All the traits recorded very high heritability in M2 generation in mutant populations of Nilakottai local. The genetic advance as per cent of the mean was high for plant height, number of leaves, internodal length, number of branches, length of the branch, number of days for first flower to emerge, number of spikes per plant, number of flowers per spike, number of flowers per plant, length of spike, yield of flowers per plant, weight of 100 flowers. High heritability values recorded for all the traits measured indicates that genetic variation can be created using Nilakottai local thus ensure continuous improvement through breeding of Crossandra plant.

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ADSORPTION OF DYES BY MARINE ALGAE

Adsorption is the adherence to a surface of atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid. This method produces an adsorbent film on the adsorbent's ground. In the present study, Ulva intestinalis (formerly Enteromorpha intestinalis) a member of Cyanophyceae collected form Covelong, Southeast coast of Tamil Nadu was used for adsorbing methyl orange and phenol red. The results showed that at 60 min of treating the phenol red dye with seaweed yield maximum reduction (44%) of colour and in case of methyl orange 47.4% colour reduction occurred after 60 min.

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A REVIEW ON ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS Avicennia SPECIES

Mangrove crops were used in drugs for folklore. Mangroves are woody trees and shrubs that develop in tropical and subtropical intertidal areas. A. marina, frequently referred to as gray mangrove or white mangrove, is a mangrove species categorized as Acanthaceae (formerly Verbenaceae or Avicenniaceae) crop genus. It happens in the intertidal regions of estuarine areas, as with other mangroves. The A. marina samples have more effective antioxidant activity. This survey report views on various antimicrobial and phytochemical activities of Avicennia species.

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EFFECTS OF VARYING LEVELS OF ALUMINIUM ON GERMINATION OF RADISH (Raphanus sativus), CHICKPEA (Cicer arietinum) AND MUNG BEAN (Vigna radiata)

Overwhelming metals are one of the most significant natural poisons. An examination was done to discover the impact of aluminium in hydroponics culture on the germination of Raphanus sativus, Vigna radiata and Cicer arietinum. The plants were permitted to develop in fixed hydroponic culture at different groupings of aluminium chloride at various concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mM). It was discovered that there was abatement in germination rate with an expansion in the centralization of the aluminium. Raphanus sativus and Vigna radiata seeds were able to withstand an aluminium concentration of 10 mM and 25 mM, respectively while Cicer arietinum was very sensitive to Al and could withstand only up to 5 mM of aluminium.

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EFFECT OF TIME OF MIXING ON DYE REMOVAL CAPACITY FROM WASTEWATER

Nowadays finding the Easy and Economical way to treat the industrial wastewater is the raising ideas in newer technology. In this work adsorption of methylene blue using various adsorbent such as groundnut shell, and tea waste were used in batch studies at a constant dye concentration of 300 mg/l, adsorbent dose of 0.5 gm groundnut shell powder, and Spent tea powder. The time of Agitation was varied by 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 min. After the time of agitation of 100 min, Maximum dye removal of 86% was observed in spent tea powder and 80% was observed in Groundnut shell powder.

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COMBINED EXPERIMENTAL AND COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES FOR CHEMICAL-KINETICS INVESTIGATION OF BENZOYL ISOTHIOCYANATE FORMATION

Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction between substituted benzoyl chlorides (1) and ammonium thiocyanate (2) were investigated theoretically and experimentally using the DFT method at M062x/6‐311G++(2d,2p) level of theory and UV-vis spectrophotometry technique, respectively. The reaction followed second‐order kinetics according to the effect of concentration on the reaction rate. The solvent effect demonstrates that media with the lower dielectric constant is in favour of the reaction rate. On the basis of  the Eyring plot, activation parameters were determined in a lower dielectric constant solvent such as 1,4 dioxane, the low value of ∆G‡ (58.7 kJ mol-1) in this solvent relation to polar solvent, help to increase the reaction rate. In fact, unfavourable ∆S‡ value (-188.18 J mol-1 K-1) can be compensated by the favourable ∆H‡ value (lower, 4.01 kJ mol-1). In this case, the reaction is entropy controlled, while in the polar solvent (acetonitrile), the unfavourable ∆H‡ value (higher, 45.6 kJ mol-1) can be compensated by the favourable ∆S‡ value (-80.9 J mol-1 K-1), so the reaction is enthalpy-controlled. Different substituents examined on the reaction rate in both methods. The rate constant was in favour of strong para electron-withdrawing substituent (EWS) groups (i.e. NO2) on benzoyl chloride. A comparison of theoretical and experimental rate constant values in both methods indicated differences between data. This is expected, because of the real liquid phase (for experimental results) has a great difference from the unlike liquid phase (for theoretical data). Hammet study, exhibited that the large value of ρ=1.94 imply that TS structure is constructed with negative charges; hence, EWS plays a significant role in stabilizing TS character for increasing the reaction rate. The result of this study confirmed that the reactions in the presence of various para-substituted benzoyl chlorides have the same kinetics role. Also, the effect of leaving group was studied on the reaction between (1) and (2), theoretically. The result showed that the reaction rate in the presence of benzoyl bromide has been increased approximately 25 times more in the gas phase and also 170 times more in a liquid phase, compared to benzoyl chloride. A linear dependence of ΔH‡ versus ΔS‡ approved based on the isokinetic and Exner equations, so the reaction exhibited the same kinetics role in the different solvents.

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EVALUATION OF GERMPLASM FOR VARIABILITY IN BREEDING AND SEED YIELD TRAITS IN Brassica juncea (L)

The present study was undertaken to evaluate various Genetic parameters like Variability, Heritability, Genetic advance and Genetic advance percent as mean for twenty-six genotypes of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) L. by using RBD design in Rabi 2018 – 2019 at Experimental farm of the lovely professional university, Punjab. High phenotypic and genotypic coefficient variation (PCV and GCV) was reported in number of secondary branches (38.98 and 33.82), harvest index (35.58 and 25.49), biological yield (35.40 and 30.24), seed yield per plant (31.02 and 29.18) and number of primary (24.04 and 20.83), High magnitude heritability was recorded in all most all characters except harvest index and seeds per silique. High genetic advance recorded for plant height (42.06), length of the main shoot (42.35) and biological yield (45.47), genetic advance percent mean recorded high recorded for all most all traits except days to first flower, whereas selection of above traits would help in the effective improvement on seed yield per plant.

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IMPACT OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS ON LEAF MINERAL CONTENT (CV NENDRAN) AND NUTRIENT STATUS OF THE STUDIED SOIL

Nendran is the popular variety grown commercially in different regions due to its wider adaptability and high degree of tolerance to drought in a perennial cropping system. A field experiment was performed in randomized block design with ten treatments of various ratios of nitrogen and potassium to study their nutrient concentrations in banana leaves and soil at vegetative and harvesting stage. The results revealed that the treatment 9 with the ratio of N250P80K400 showed the highest mineral content in leaves at both the vegetative and harvesting stage. Therefore the fertilizers with the dosage of N250P80K400 are optimum for growing the plants.

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PRIMARY STUDIES ON ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF HONDURAN MAHOGANY (Swietenia macrophylla) LEAF EXTRACT

The present study was designed to evaluate the antibacterial activities of Swietenia macrophylla crude methanolic (SMCM) seed extract. The antimicrobial activity of the oily extract against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, yeast and fungus strains was evaluated based on the inhibition zone using disc diffusion assay, minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values. The crude extract was subjected to various phytochemicals analysis. The demonstrated qualitative phytochemical tests exhibited the presences of common phytocompounds including alkaloids, terpenoids, antraquinones, cardiac glycosides, saponins, and volatile oils as major active constituents. The SMCM seed extract had inhibitory effects on the growth of Candida albicans, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and illustrated MIC and MBC values ranging from 25 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml.

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PRODUCTION AND OPTIMIZATION OF SUCRASE FROM Bacillus subtilis USING PLACKETT BURMANN DESIGN

Over the few years, there is an increased interest in the microbial enzymes to overcome its inability to meet the current and future requirements of the World. In the search of a kind, sucrase has a vital role to play with its variety of applications, particularly in the food and biofuel productions. In addition to their vast and varied applications, newer microbes are to be screened for sucrase production with their desirable properties. There are two saccharolytic enzymes induced by sucrose in Bacillus species which is encoded by SacB and SacA in the an extracellular levansucrase and an intracellular, respectively. In this experimental analysis, Plackett Burman Design was used for screening of nutrients for sucrase production by Bacillus subtilis. Sucrase activity was optimized by Plackett Burman design in Production Medium and then purified by column chromatography. Using MINITAB 15 Software, Sucrose, Yeast Extract, and Ferrous Sulphate had major source influence on sucrase activity compared to other components. In column purification, maximum amount of enzymes was obtained from the concentration of 0.5M NaCl-eluted sample.

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ON THE BOUNDED AND UNIQUE SOLVABILITY OF THE BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM OF THE EQUATION IN THE SPACE OF SCALAR FUNCTIONS WITH ABSOLUTE CONTINUOUS DERIVATIVE OF THE (n -1) ORDER AND ITS ISOTONIC GREEN OPERATOR FOR A CERTAIN CLASS OF LINEAR FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

The objectives of this paper is to investigate the boundary value problem of the equation in the space of scalar functions with absolute continuous derivative of the nth order, and to establishes the effective and sufficient conditions for its bounded and it unique Solvability. Theorems were stated and prove under the Preliminaries note, about four Theorems with applications to prove the main results. The necessary and sufficient conditions that guarantee the studied boundary value problem to satisfy the Isotonic Property of the Green Operator was also established. My approach in this study improved on the literatures, to the case where more than two arguments of the studying equations were established, as in the case of one argument in the authors in [3,4].

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NUTRIENT MEDIA FOR DOUBLE HAPLOID PRODUCTION IN ANTHER CULTURE OF RICE HYBRIDS

The first double haploid lines were obtained in the anther culture more than 50 years ago, but so far their production remains more art than a well-established technology. There are a huge number of articles with conflicting information, both on preliminary processing of anthers and medias that determine the highest yield of regenerants, despite the fact that the relevance of research in this area is difficult to overestimate. Double haploid (DH) lines are used: For increasing efficiency of traditional breeding; obtaining populations of DH lines used in several stages of fixing heterosis effect (to remove semi-lethal genes, as well as homozygotization of material) and so on. The objective of the study is to investigate the efficiency of media for producing DH lines in anther culture of hybrids between Russian and foreign varieties. The anthers of 67 hybrid combinations, both interspecific and intraspecific hybrids, were used. 30-50 anthers were planted on Petri dish (6 сm). After formation of callus (size varied from 2 to 10 mm) on the medium for dedifferentiation, they were transferred to MS medium for regeneration. Plants from 5 cm in size were transferred to the root formation medium. We study the effectiveness of nutrient media, which are derivatives of N6, but with a different hormonal composition; and С, RZ media, the salt content was also changed. Medias RZ and C did not reliably differ in callus yield; the rest were reliably inferior to them in this trait. Therefore, to increase the yield of callus, a higher content of salts of KNO3, KH2PO4, MgSO4 • 7H2O, MnSO4 • 4H2O, ZnSO4 • 7H2O, H3BO3, CaCl2 • 2H2O vitamins is necessary. However, their hormonal composition is different. If the RZ medium contains naphthylacetic (NAA) and dichlorophenoxyacetic acids ( 2,4-D), then C is only 2,4-D. N6-based media, N6a and N6б contain only one auxin as well as C. In the study, the best results were shown by option with content of both hormones at a concentration 2 mg / l NAA and 1 mg/l 2,4-D. The results showed a significant positive effect of increasing iron (FeSO4 x 7 H2O) concentration (55.6 mg / L) both on callusogenesis and plant regeneration. In standard recipe of all the media used in the work, its concentration is 27.8 mg / l. To stimulate somatic embryogenesis, the media were modified also by the addition of abscisic acid (ABA) and silver nitrate AgNO3. Studies have shown that somatic embryogenesis is stimulated in many genotypes when using ABA in combination with cytokinins. Callusogenesis and regeneration in the considered combinations had maximum values ​​at AgNO3 concentration 2 mg/l and; 1 mg/l ABA for the of most of the studied hybrids.

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THE ROLE OF ADULT EDUCATION IN THE PROMOTION OF PARTICIPATORY AND REGIONALISED DEVELOPMENT FOR RE-CHARACTERISATION OF SADC

The development of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) remains pivotal for transformation and amelioration of the living conditions of the citizens of the member states. It is therefore essential for countries that are members of SADC to realise economic prosperity, political liberalisation, social transformation and prudent utilisation of environmental finite resources through the active participation of citizens of the member states. The efforts that are geared towards the realisation of a prosperous SADC should be employed through the promotion of regionalised policies and re-characterisation of the citizenship agenda. SADC economic, political, social and technological interventions are marred with ostracising of the majority of the people in the regional bloc. The ostracising of some regional citizens is based on race, tribe, political affiliation, sexual orientation, socio-economic status and ideological orientation, which result in them been denied the opportunities to participate in the activities that are meant to transform their lives. The research presents some discourse on the role of adult education in sensitising and educating the ordinary people within the SADC countries, to generate narratives around the issues that lessen their power to participate actively in the efforts that are towards the building of the regional body, which is supposed to have a clear agenda for participatory development. It is noted that the SADC countries engage in various activities that are apt for their development, amidst the discriminatory characteristics that leave a significant number of the underprivileged and those with divergent views with no room to participate. The influence of the corporate entities has rendered the states in the SADC region less accommodative of indigenous ideas, with preference been given to exotic ideologies by the governing elites. The paper exemplifies this position by showing how Basarwa in countries such as Botswana, Namibia and South Africa do not play any noticeable economic, political, social and technological roles in the running of their respective countries. It is argued therefore that SADC should through Adult Education promote the necessary camaraderie and quid pro quo within the citizens of the SADC countries so that their knowledge of what obtains in their respective countries can be achieved. If the regional body is to be more responsive, it has to be more accommodative and it is through educating its constituents that it can realise both qualitative and quantitative forms of development. The paper argues that adult education is chiefly important for any form of development to take place because it is a vehicle through which underprivileged sections of the populations such as the San (Basarwa) can be transformed, so as to be knowledgeable, skilful and have germane attitudes to foster their participation and enhance regional development.

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KINETICS AND THERMODYNAMICS APPROACH FOR IMMOBILIZATION OF ALPHA-AMYLASE AND MALTOGENIC AMYLASE BY NANOMAGNETIC COMBINED CROSS-LINKED ENZYME AGGREGATES METHOD FOR STARCH CONVERSION TO MALTOSE SYRUP

The thermostability enhancement of specified nanomagnetic combi-CLEAs of α-amylase and maltogenic amylase was evaluated by assessment of kinetic parameters, temperature dependence, enzyme half-life, thermal inactivation energy barriers (Ea(in)), and thermodynamic parameters in a storage thermostability approach at 55–95° C for 120 minutes. The Michaelis constant (Km) values of NM-Combi-CLEAs was diminished within 1.5 folds while The catalytic efficiency was enhanced near 1.32 after CLEAs formation. The half-lives of the fabricated nano-bio catalyst increased about 2.5 folds at 95º C. Besides, Ea(in) of the native combined enzymes was appended from 44.75 into 54.76 (KJ.mol-1) and ΔH* increased from 41.69 to 51.70 (KJ.mol-1) while, ΔS* decreased 28.2% after immobilization. The NM-Combi-CLEAs conserved 80.4% of its original activity after ten cycles. Hence, the advanced technique for NM-Combi-CLEAs production is introduced as an effective and secured method to fabrication of recyclable immobilized enzyme also, resolving of mass transfer limitation difficulties and ease in enzyme handling.

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ISOLATION AND ANTIBIOGRAM OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus sp.) FROM DIFFERENT KINDS OF CHEESE AVAILABLE IN MARKET OF CHATTOGRAM IN BANGLADESH

Cheese is a solid, fresh or ripened product obtained by adding the enzyme rennet in the presence of lactic acid produced by the adventitious microorganisms that causes coagulation and whey separation of milk, cream or partly skimmed milk, buttermilk. Cheeses of different types especially soft and semi-soft are suspected to the presence of pathogenic E. coli and Staphylococcus sp. which are harmful for public health. The purpose of the current research was to investigate the qualities of cheese collected from super-shops of Chattogram. A total of 15 cheese samples were collected from three super-shops of Chattogram. Among 15 cheese samples, the S3 sample collected from shop-B had the highest bacterial load (1.80×107 cfu/ml) than those in shop-A and shop-C. Isolation of pathogenic E. coli, Staphylococcus sp. was done by using selective media. Four out of the total 15 cheese samples were found to be contaminated with E. coli (26.67%) while ten were detected as contaminated with Staphylococcus sp. (67%). The antibiotic susceptibility test was done to detect susceptibility to selective antibiotics. E. coli and Staphylococcus sp. showed almost 100% resistant behavior to ampicillin, amoxycilin, tetracycline and 50% sensitivity of E. coli to gentamicin and ciprofloxacin while for Staphylococcus sp. sensitivity to gentamicin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin was 27.27%, 90.91%, 18.18% respectively. The screening for shiga-toxin strains in E. coli isolates was based on the detection of the two genes stx1 & stx2 and tetracycline resistant strains of E. coli were detected for Tet A, Tet B & Tet C genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The screening for methicillin resistant in Staphylococcus sp. isolates was based on the detection of the mecA gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In conclusion, the risk of pathogenic bacteria is higher in cheese if safety measures not maintained & could pose a massive health risk.

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SELF-EFFICACY AND IT’S INFLUENCE ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF THE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

This study investigated the influence of self-efficacy on the academic performance of the Grade 12 Senior High School students at the St. Paul College of Bocaue. The findings of the study concluded that the level of the self-efficacy of the respondents was high. Likewise, the findings suggested that the students are resilient and determined in the face of setbacks, feel assured that they will be able to learn the classroom discussion and excel on their assessment, and they tend to be more intrinsically motivated to learn new knowledge. Furthermore, the computed linear regression analysis results revealed that self-efficacy does not significantly affect the Senior High School students’ academic performance. This suggests that even if the students have a high level of self-efficacy it doesn’t influence their academic performance in class. However, it doesn’t mean that the school should not give importance to develop the students’ self-efficacy. Hence, it is suggested that the school should continue its academic programs that will continuously develop the student’s well-being in the process of acquiring relevant experiences and skills in the school.

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PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF EXTRACELLULAR LIPASE ENZYME FROM Aspergillus costaricaensis CBS115574

In the present study, the lipase of alkaline nature obtained from the previously isolated strain Aspergillus costaricaensis CBS115574 was characterized and purified out using ammonium sulfate precipitation and chromatographic techniques on Diethylaminoethyl A-50 and Sephadex G-100. The purified lipase has the molecular weight of ~50 kDa which was determined by Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Zymography by using the phenol red along with the purification fold of 6.63 and specific activity of 31.73 IU/mg after the gel filtration chromatography. Lipase was found to be stabilized at the pH 7 (122.68 IU/g/min) and at the temperature of 80ºC (141.36 IU/g/min) with its optimal activity at pH 8 and temperature 50ºC. The Km and Vmax value for extracellular lipase were reported to be 29.62 mM and 74.07 IU/ml with their higher tolerance to glycerol (organic solvent), tween 80 (detergent), Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (activator & inhibitor), hydrogen peroxide (oxidizing & reducing agent) and sodium chloride (metal ions) with lipase activity of 106.74 IU/g/min, 84.53 IU/g/min, 108.06 IU/g/min, 97.17 IU/g/min and 118.7 IU/g/min. The above results suggested that A. costaricaensis CBS115574 lipase found a suitable position for application in different types of industries.

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OPTIMIZATION OF CULTURAL PARAMETERS OF Aspergillus costaricaensis CBS115574 FOR LIPASE PRODUCTION BY SOLID-STATE FERMENTATION

In the present study, Aspergillus costaricaensis CBS115574 which was previously isolated from the non-leguminous field soil collected from the Kishangarh city of state Rajasthan confirmed by 16S rRNA gene/ITS/D1-D2 region sequencing. The cultural parameters (Carbon sources, nitrogen sources, moisture content, pH, temperature and particle size etc) of solid-state fermentation have been optimized for the improved extracellular lipase production. Among different carbon sources, A. costaricaensis showed best lipase activity (253.6 IU/g/min) in the presence of lactose. Among the various concentration (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1.0%, 1.2%, 1.4% and 1.6%) of lactose, the optimum concentration was found to be 1.6%. Among different nitrogen sources, highest lipase activity (55.32 IU/g/min) was obtained in the presence of yeast extract and the optimum concentration of yeast extract was found to be 0.5% for maximum lipase activity (236.69 IU/g). Further the best lipase activity was obtained in the medium of pH 8.0 (312.330 IU/g/min) at 28ºC after 48 hrs of incubation period. Further the particle size of solid substrate was optimized and highest lipase activity was found when fine particle size was used. Among the various ratio of moisture content, highest lipase activity (317.09 IU/g/min) was found at 1:6 moisture content. From the present work, it is figure out that for the enhanced production of lipases the medium parameters required to be optimized. The above results help out the authors in carry out the further studies of purification and characterization of lipase enzyme produced from A. costaricaensis CBS115574.

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FUZZY INFERENCE MODEL OF CARBON DIOXIDE CONSUMPTION FOR CALCIUM CARBONATES PRODUCTION

Experiments performed of calcium carbonate production by passing carbon dioxide through within calcium hydroxide mixture prepared in deionized water are considered at low to high temperature each at a time. In this paper, a built fuzzy interface model of inputs pH, time and temperature with output reaction conversion is constructed. Considering a constant temperature, fuzzy inference of carbon dioxide consumption is orderly inference. Various membership functions, each at a time, are placed to find representation with the process output. Broader shoulder membership function response is found closing.

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NUMERICAL PRACTICALS OF GAS JETTING INTO WALL BOUNDED SYSTEMS

In this work, considering a jet of air from the aside slit; scope is the air jetting onto the fluids contained within the container; the control volume is constructed. This wall bounded closure is simulated after meshing for various situations and jet path shows several flow zones. For empty system the jet shows turns and returns along the walls which elucidate the bubble formation and air trap positions. When the system is put with fluids compositely, in a half space, the layers are formed which may define the zone rising or flowing down with jet regimes. Gaseous mixture striding waves are observed too. Different levels of mass transfer are identified at interfaces and zones are isolated. These aftermath numerical practicals show the way to explain many operations during processing.

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CHARACTERIZATION AND RP-HPLC METHOD DEVELOPMENT OF A BIOMARKER (BERGENIN) FROM THE ROOTS OF Securinega virosa

The quality of the roots of Securinega virosa (Euphorbiaceae) commonly marketed in Ghana for medicinal purposes needs to be assured through standard quality control procedures. This work has isolated and characterized a biomarker to be used in assessing the quality of products and herbal preparations containing the roots of Securinega virosa. Using column chromatography of 20 g ethanolic roots extract; 0.02% w/w biomarker was obtained and characterized by melting point determination, UV-Vis, IR, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis and comparison to reported literature. The biomarker was identified as Bergenin. A RP-HPLC method has been developed and validated for the quality control of S. virosa root preparations with Bergenin as standard. The most appropriate resolution was attained by a gradient elution of methanol: 0.05% v/v trifluoroacetic acid in water using Waters Bondapak C18 (3.9×300 mm, 5 μ) column at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and a wavelength of 220 nm. The retention time of the biomarker was found to be 14.20 ± 0.01 mins. The method was subjected to ICH guidelines for validation and showed a good linearity with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9993. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 15.23 mg/L and 46.16 mg/L respectively. Tolerable levels of accuracy, precision, specificity and robustness were observed. The developed RP-HPLC method estimated 0.465%w/w Bergenin in the roots of S. virosa and may therefore be employed in the quality control of product containing roots of S. virosa.

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GLOBAL AND LOCAL EXERCISES OF MESH REFINEMENT OF CONTROL VOLUME MODELS WITHOUT REMESHING

Liquid-water is introduced at different temperature from side and upstream in a tee pipeline domain. The operation is simulated after construction of control volume and triangular tetrahedral mesh generations are performed. Smaller global fine remeshing hung the work station and for this case, without remeshing, the grid is refined locally at jet region. Effects of the region adaption are shown and swapping is executed to improve computation. Profiles along centerline of side jet and profiles along the centerline of the pipe, away from the jet, are almost identical, however, for the jet zones the profiles showed certain differentiation. An increase in the number of cells results in a larger increase in the unit time required for convergence from machine to machine. The use of the finest refinement is recommended at the gradients.

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STORING RDF DATA: A BRIEF SURVEY

There is an actual need to efficiently store and retrieve RDF data like the number and scale of Semantic Web in real-word applications in practice growth. As datasets are linked together, scalability becomes more critical. Efficient data storage and query processing that can scale to large amounts of possibly schema-less data have become an important research topic. The Study objective is to highlight A classification of RDF storage approach; and illustrations a view of two types of RDF data stores (Traditional database stores, NoSQL database stores) And therefore, this paper gives a brief overview of storing RDF data.

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FUZZY INTERFACE OF CALCIUM CARBONATE PRODUCTION DEPICTING GAS GAUGE

Calcium carbonate is an active component of the limestone. Calcium Carbonate Equivalent and the Effective Calcium Carbonate Equivalent give a numeric to the effectiveness of different liming materials. The first method compares a particular quarry's stone with the neutralizing power of pure calcium carbonate [1]. In this paper, the process of mixing calcium hydroxide into deionized water and jet bubbling carbon dioxide gas reacting through the contained is used. Output reaction conversion on inputs: acidity, reaction time, stirring, pressure and temperature is interfaced creating a fuzzy interfacing model. Reaction conversion is implicated on inputs of acidity and reaction time for a temperature value keeping other variables constant and assuming homogeneous reaction throughout within reactor. Gas flow gauge is fall timely and considering parametric and variability change, this is depicted.

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CIVIL ENGINEERS KNOWLEDGE OF HSE AND PROJECT MANAGERS' EXPECTATION IN OIL INDUSTRY IN IRAQ

Oil and gas industry is exposed to high risk of HSE compliance issues. The industry is highly risky by its nature, which include complex operations and procedures. Health, safety and environment (HSE) knowledge is vital requirement for employees to enrol themselves in oil and gas industry. This project aims to find the level of HSE knowledge of the Iraqi novice civil engineers working in Iraqi oil and gas industry and compare it with senior engineers and aims to identify the project managers’ expectations regarding HSE knowledge for the Iraqi novice civil engineers to determine the gap between the knowledge of novice civil engineers on HSE and expectations of project managers on novice civil engineers at Iraqi oil and gas industry. From the analysis, it was deduced that novice civil engineers are having moderate knowledge on the HSE elements of oil and gas industry. Lowest RII was observed for hazard analysis, prevention and safety. Comparison of senior and novice civil engineers revealed that there is significant gap between their knowledge levels of HSE elements. Interview approach showed that project managers expect novice civil engineers to have basic awareness, knowledge and skills related to the industry safety. Gaps were observed in terms of novice civil engineer knowledge on basic HSE elements and their accountability in sustaining a safety environment.

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DIVERSITY AND ETHNOMEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF INDIGENOUS TREE SPECIES IN BAGALE HILLS FOREST RESERVE, ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA

The study assessed the diversity of the indigenous tree species and also produce of a compendium of information on the various medicinal uses of the indigenous tree species and their parts in Bagale Hill Forest Reserve, Girei Local Government of Adamawa State, Nigeria. Sample plots method was used in the assessment of the indigenous tree species using the simple random sampling technique. Five plots measuring 50 m x 50 m were selected within the study site. All matured trees within the plots were identified and a total count of them was carried out. Information on ethonomedicinal uses of indigenous trees was obtained through oral interviews Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Five (5) communities out of Fifteen (15) were randomly selected for this purpose. Result of the findings indicated that 38 indigenous trees species belonging to 15 families were encountered in all the five (5) plots inventoried in the study site. Results further indicate that Hexalobus monopetalus, Piliostigma thonningii, Prosopis africana, Acacia ataxacantha and Grewia molis were common to all the sites. Annona senegalensis, Detarrium microcarpum, Terminalia glaucescens, Hymenocardia acida and Ficus sycomorus were common to four site in the study area while all other species were found in either three, two or one area of the study site. Shannon Diversity Index 2.709, 3.124, 2.614, 2.551 and 2.958 respectively for sites A to E, Simpson Diversity Index stood at 0.925, 0.9467, 0.908, 0.9091 and 0.9304, Dominance stood at 0.075, 0.05332, 0.9201, 0.09091 and 0.0696, Evenness index were 0.8835, 0.7841, 0.8028, 0.8546 and 0.7706 while Equitability Index stood at 0.9563, 0.9278, 0.9225, 0.942 and 0.9191 respectively. The various families encountered were; Anacaediaceae, Annonaceae, Balanitaceae, Bombacaceae, Burseraceae, Caesalpinioideae, Capparaceae, Combretaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Hymenocardiaceae, Mimosoideae, Moraceae, Sapotaceae, Tiliaceae and Verbenaceae. The plant parts used for medicinal purposes are roots, barks, leaves, stems, Epiphyte etc. The formulation for medication include; boiling, soaking, etc. Methods of administration include, drinking, bathing, adding to food as spices and chewing. Among the ailments treated are dysentery, diarrhea, diabetes, Tuberculosis, Meningities, Blood tonic, High blood Pressure, Worms, Typhoid Fever, Cancer, Malnutrition, Tumors, Wound Healing, Jaundice, Epilepsy and Rheumatism. It can be thus be concluded that the sharp decrease in biological tree species across the globe and the increasing economic values placed on medicinal plants, documentation on ethnobatanical knowledge is a way to understand the use of different plant species to cure various ailments and means to conserve these natural resources. From the findings of the study the following recommendations are hereby made; the local people need to be trained, encouraged and supported on how to conserve and manage the medicinal plant species, Young generation need awareness to avoid negative impacts on the medicinal plants and associated knowledge in the area, hence, documentation of the medicinal plants of the area needs to continue.

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PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF DRY CAKE AVAILABLE IN LOCAL MARKET OF BANGLADESH

The study assessed the proximate composition of dry cake available in the local market of Chattogram, Bangladesh. The proximate pieces of dry cake of different brands were resolved by the standard method of Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Proximate analysis was performed on nine brands (Brand A to I). Results of proximate analysis showed that moisture content of different brands of dry cake ranged from 0.25% to 3.22%, ash content ranged from 0.16% to 0.71%, fat content ranged from 25.30% to 31.57%, protein content ranged from 6.44% to 12.78%, carbohydrate content ranged from 58.48% to 63.16% respectively. The energy value of different brands of dry cake ranged from 515.54 (Kcal/100g) to 545.53(Kcal/100g) respectively. This composition shows that the structure varies from brand to brand and the dry cake could be a good source of protein, fat and high energy.

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FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH SAFFRON (Crocus sativus) IN MOROCCO

In Morocco, saffron is grown in the areas of Taliouine (provine of Taroudante) and Taznakht (province of Ouarzazate). Studies on fungi related to this crop are still very rare. Mycological studies on mycoflora associated with Saffron (Crocus sativus) from the main producing area, located in the Taliouine region was carried out between September (corms for cultivation) and December (soil and roots of saffron plants), 2018. The samples (corms and roots with symptoms) were cut up in fragments and disinfected with alcohol. Then, these fragments were cultured on Potato Sucrose Agar and incubated in the growth chamber for 7 days at 28°C. The pure cultures obtained were identified morphologically and microscopically. The fungal complex identified in the soils, corms and roots of saffron plants was almost identical, including Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, F. culmorum, F. roseum, Fusarium sp., Aspergillus fumigatus, A. niger, Trichoderma sp., Rhizopus oryzae and Penicillium sp. Species of the genus Fusarium, considered as true pathogens of different crops, are the most represented, with isolation percentages ranging from 6 to 20%. Trichoderma sp., a biocontrol agent against various pathogens, has also been isolated from the soils, corms and roots of saffron plants, with a percentage of isolation ranging from 8 to 13%. This is the first time that the species of the genus Fusarium (F. solani, F. culmorum and F. roseum) and Trichoderma have been isolated in Morocco from Crocus sativus.

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MOLECULAR DETECTION AND PHYLOGENY OF Peronospora variabilis Gäum., THE CAUSAL AGENT OF DOWNY MILDEW DISEASE OF QUINOA AT DIFFERENT GROWTH STAGES

Downy mildew disease of quinoa caused by Peronospora variabilis is a serious threat which greatly reduces yield. The identification of the source of the primary infection at the early growth stages of quinoa is necessary to manage the spread of this pathogen. Hence, a conventional detection method based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was applied to detect the DNA of P. variabilis in the tissues of the different organs of quinoa plants (radicle or root; cotyledon or leaf; hypocotyl or stem) at the different growth stages (5-, 10-, 15- and 21-days old plants) and in inflorescences (flowers and their axes) at 60 and 80 days old. Twelve composite quinoa seedling samples were subdivided into different organs at the different growth stages. P. variabilis was detected in cotyledon/leaf tissues (10/12; 83%), hypocotyl/stem tissues (41.6%; 5/12) and radicle/root was the least positive (1/12; 0.8%) for presence of the pathogen. Moreover, the PCR showed that the pathogen was detected in the flowers and in their axes at the ages of 60 and 80 days. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 (COX2) regions were examined. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed that P. variabilis (EGDM1) was the causal agent of downy mildew affecting quinoa in Egypt and genetically similar to the United States and China lineage (COX2 Maximum likelihood tree). Downy mildew pathogen was detected in different organs of quinoa plant at early growth stages and inflorescences. Hence, the pathogen can spread systemically in quinoa tissues.

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POACEA FAMILY CROPS: REVIEW

The poacea family is one of the most large families in the plant of Monocotyledon, one of the floral plants. There are about 600 species in this family and about 10,000 genus, including the most important crops such as wheat, rice, maize, barley, oats and millet. This family contains a lot of forage crops and grass plants.

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RESPONSIVENESS OF THE GROWTH OF THE NIGERIA ECONOMY TO THE REVENUE PROFILE OF THE GOVERNMENT

This study was set out to evaluate the impact of government revenue on the growth of the Nigerian economy. Using time-series data covering the period 1981 to 2018 and adopting the ARDL framework, the study tested for both short-run and long-run relationship including adjustment profile. It was found that economic growth is a positive and significant function of oil revenue in Nigeria within the studied period. Nonoil revenue was found to positively but non-significantly affect the growth of the Nigerian economy. A long run cointegrating relationship was found amongst the studied variables with the error correction model showing an 11% adjustment speed from short-run disequilibrium to long run equilibrium. Based on the finding, it is recommended that government should diversify the economy to allow for enhanced revenue and growth.

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QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF GERMINATED AMARANTH FLOUR PASTA SUPPLEMENTED WITH DIFFERENT HYDROCOLLOIDS

Pasta was prepared from germinated amaranth grain flour with 0.5% and 1.0% addition of various hydrocolloids (guar gum, gum tragacanth and gum acacia). The physical, cooking, textural, morphological and sensory characteristics of prepared pasta were compared with control pasta (semolina). Germinated amaranth flour pasta showed lower L value ranged from 46.22 to 48.41 than control pasta 65.33. Among all germinated amaranth flour pasta, pasta having 1.0% guar gum exhibited least cooking loss (10.5%) which is slightly higher than the control pasta (7.41%). The germinated amaranth flour pasta was less harder (1.67 to 2.95 N) than control (3.85 N). Overall, the 1.0% guar gum incorporated pasta represents the highest overall sensory score among the all germinated amaranth flour pasta. Results highlighted that higher concentration of hydrocolloids improved the different quality characteristics of germinated amaranth flour pasta.

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GENETIC DIVERSITY ANALYSIS OF LOTUS SPECIES (Nelumbo nucifera GAERTN.) IN THUA THIEN HUE BASED ON ITS4-5 GENETIC REGION

In this study, we isolated and analysed the sequence of ITS4-5 genetic region of thirty three lotus samples which were collected in Thua Thien Hue province. The attained ITS4-5 genetic region had a length of ranged from 729 to 744 bp, which had high similarity with species Nelumbo nucifera (accession number: FJ599761.1), query cover was at 98%. Eight parameters were used to measure the DNA polymorphism of thirty three homologous DNA sequences in this population. The results indicated that,  the number of separate polymorphic sites (S), total number of mutant sites (Eta), number of haplotype (h), haplotype diversity (Hd), average number of nucleotide differences (k), nucleotide diversity (π), theta (per site) from Eta (Ø) were 5 (S), 5 (Eta), 2(h), 0,458(Hd), 2,292 (k), 0,314 x 10-3 (π) and 0,169 x10-3 (Ø), respectively (P < 0,05). Our analysis indicated that Rm of ITS4-5 genetic region in lotus populations did not appear (Rm = 0). Two methods (Tajima’s D test, Fu and Li’s D* and F* test) were used to execute neutrality test. The results showed that, the evolution of lotus population was balancing selection, sudden population contraction, in other words, rare alleles present at low frequency and there are very few individuals that show significant differences from other individuals in the population. Phylogenetic tree was built based on three methods, namely Neightbour -Joining, Maximum Likelihood và Maximum Parsimony (bootstrap = 1000) showed that, thirty three collected lotus samples closely linked and they were divided into two groups. Group I included 22 samples of pink lotus varieties and group II included 11 samples of white lotus varieties. Through this result, we found that the ability to distinguish between white and pink lotus varieties of N. nucifera was significant when using the ITS4-5 genetic region.

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MOLECULAR METHODS FOR DIAGNOSING Candida INFECTION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In current time, invasive fungal infections have become a major threat for the immunocompromised hospitalised patients. Also, healthy individuals are much prone to the commensal yeasts of the oral cavity. Different surveys and studies have recorded increased rate of Candida albicans and non-albicans such as of C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. guilliermondii, C. dubliniensis, C. parapsilosis and C. krusei in local and systemic fungal infections. Thus, a rapid and correct identification of different Candida species plays an important role in diagnosis and antifungal therapy against candidiasis. The conventional diagnostic methods, such as histopathology and culture which are based on morphological and physiological attributes are low in sensitivity and also not very accurate. Development and standardisation of various molecular techniques (both PCR and non-PCR based) have proved to be promising approach for correct and quicker identification of Candida species. More and more technical development in these methods can bring their widespread clinical use with much more ease in coming days. The purpose of this review is to highlight the value, limitations and current state of different molecular approaches utilized for species level identification in Candida diagnostics.

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DIVERSITY OF ENDOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI IN THE THUYA RHIZOSPHERE, SEFROU REGION (MIDDLE EASTERN ATLAS, MOROCCO)

Tetraclinis articulata is an essence of great socio-economic value. The development of the resistance and survival potential of this species to sometimes extreme environmental conditions are a concern of the managers. for that, the present work is fixed as an objective to evaluate the rate of mycorrhization of thuya roots and to highlight the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) of thuya from two sites (Beni Souhane and Aderj) of the region of Sefrou (Middle Eastern Atlas). The results obtained showed that the thuya roots carry different structures of endomycorrhizal fungi. The frequencies of mycorrhization of the roots are of the order of 93.3% at the level of site Aderj and 80% at Beni Souhane. The mycorrhizal root intensities are respectively 45.8% and 40% for the Beni Souhane and Aderj sites. Moreover, the arbuscule contents are 26.05% in Beni Souhane and 25.52% in Aderj. The vesicle contents are 14.89% in Aderj and 21.51% in Beni Souhane. The density of endomycorrhizal spores in the rhizosphere of Thuya is 98 and 26 spores / 100 g of soil, respectively in Beni Souhane and Aderj. The identification of isolated spores allowed to note the presence of 37 species belonging to 7 genera, 7 families and 3 orders. The genus Glomus is the most abundant, with a distribution percentage of 63.5%. The species richness is 29 taxa in the site of Beni Souhane and 18 species at the level of Aderj. Besides, the thuya of the Beni Souhane site shows a better rate of mycorrhization of roots and a mycorrhizal species richness greater than that of the Aderj site. This is reflected on the state of forest formation that is coming well to Beni Souhane. It would, therefore, be valuable to develop inocula from the endomycorrhizal fungi present in the Thuya rhizosphere and proceed to controlled mycorrhization in nurseries to obtain resistant and vigorous plants.

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AUTOGAMY OF ALFALFA (Medicago sativa L.) AND IT’S USAGE IN BREEDING

The possibility of using autogamous forms of alfalfa in the breeding of varieties with stable seed productivity in the conditions of insufficient number of insect-pollinators has been proved. Aim of present study was to evaluate the breeding value of alfalfa inbred lines with different degree of autogamy for creation of synthetic varieties. Inbred lines of the seventh- tenth generations were obtained with a high level of autogamy (41-76%) and seed yield at the level of the variety – standard. The splitting on the trait takes place among the descendants of the inbred generations on the both of the autogamous and self-incompatible plants. The invariable high-autogamous lines have been not obtained for 34 years of research. The autogamy levels above 40.1%, had 55% of lines in the tenth generation. Inbred lines have been created with forage yields at the standard-grade level and high seed yields. Synthetic varieties with seed yields of 0.300- 0.321 t/ha and different number of components (5-7) were formed on the basis of lines with high combining ability effects. Autogamous forms which were created do not lose the ability to cross pollination.

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THE ECONOMIC, BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND ECOTOURISM VALUES OF BAMBOO FORESTS IN ETHIOPIA

Ethiopia is known for its high bamboo resource potential in Africa. The country has two indigenous bamboo species namely the highland bamboo (Arundinaria alpine) and the monotypic genus lowland bamboo (Oxytenanthera abyssinica). Bamboo is a multipurpose plant with significant economic and environmental benefits. Although the benefits of bamboo for communities in Ethiopia are diverse, the economic values at national scale, the biodiversity conservation and ecotourism values of bamboo have not been discussed in the past. Studying the different values of bamboo promotes human quality of life and national economic support though income generation. Similarly, bamboo is an important plant in enhancing biodiversity conservation and promoting ecotourism despite it has been neglected by research and development programs in the country due to the less economic benefit obtained from the forest. Hence, this study was made to review the economic, biodiversity conservation and ecotourism values of bamboo forest in Ethiopia. These issues were addressed through exploration of different studies conducted on bamboo and by referring various journals. The study revealed that bamboo provides various benefits in Ethiopia. It enabled to obtain 23-30 Million USD annually which was 0.02% of the country’s GDP during 2010-2014 G.C. Similarly, it contributes for employment opportunities, furniture and industrial materials production, construction and home use purposes, food for humans and animals, etc. Bamboo also provides biodiversity conservation and ecotourism benefits. It facilitates biodiversity conservation through protection of forest, wildlife conservation and supporting micro-organisms. While the role of bamboo in the construction of cultural houses and production of different cultural materials contributes for ecotourism development in different parts of Ethiopia. However, challenges like fire, deforestation, agriculture and related land conversion and inadequate awareness are affecting the economic, biodiversity conservation and ecotourism values of bamboo in Ethiopia.

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USE OF TECHNICAL VIS-NIR FOR THE PHYSICAL-MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ANALYSIS IN FRUITS AND VEGETABLES: REVISION AND ANALYSIS

One of the main challenges of the postharvest technology in the sector of the fruit and vegetables is the development of technical to be able to measure parameters of external and internal quality by means of the use of technical not destructive. This is important at the present time, due to the possibility and future necessity of research and development on behalf of the consumers, producers and sellers and as possible road of improving the quality in fruits and vegetables dedicated to different markets goals. In this work, a wide bibliographical revision is analyzed on the development of the optic technique VIS-NIR in the different agricultural products to international and national scale showing its incipient application in the Cuban case, and the importance of the evaluation of the physical-mechanical and optic properties of these products by means of this technology. This is the main scope of the paper.

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FEATURES OF In vitro SEED GERMINATION OF Eranthis longistipitata, AN ENDEMIC PLANT OF CENTRAL ASIA

Eranthis longistipitata Regel (Ranunculaceae) is an endemic plant of Central Asia and one of the most popular among decorative bulbs. There is a need for the development of fast and controlled propagation methods of this species. The purpose of this study is to identify the features of in vitro culture of E. longistipitata seeds and embryos. The effect of various pretreatment methods on germination of E. longistipitata seeds in in vitro culture was studied – cold stratification, treatment with gibberellic acid (GA3) and a combination of cold stratification and embryo culture treatment. It is shown that mature seeds of E. longistipitata exhibit an underdeveloped embryo, and for complete maturation of embryos in in vitro culture, it is necessary to incubate the seeds at +4°C in the dark for 2 months, and then at +7°C under a 16/8 photoperiod regime for 2 months. The optimal method of seed pretreatment is a combination of cold stratification and embryo culture, when the number of viable explants attained 23%. GA3 seed treatment did not foster embryo development and seed germination of E. longistipitata. The study has shown that a combination of cold stratification and embryo culture methods is necessary to overcome the dormancy of E. longistipitata seeds in vitro.

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BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS IN Anopheles gambiae BREEDING HABITATS AS A POTENTIAL TOOL TO FIGHT MALARIA IN CENTRAL UGANDA

Background: There is a high risk of malaria infection in Uganda due to availability of conducive conditions in breeding habitats of An. gambiae s.l., the vectors for Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria. 

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine whether the abundance and distribution of macro-invertebrates and An. gambiae s.l. are influenced by water physico-chemical parameters.

Methods: In this study, habitats were classified as ponds, streams, temporary pools and roadside ditches. From these habitats, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, temperature and pH were measured in-situ in the morning and afternoon between October and December 2017. Macro-invertebrates and An. gambiae s.l. larvae were sampled, preserved, morphologically identified and counted.

Results: There was a strong association between An. gambiae s.l. with land use, habitat types and water physico-chemical parameters. Baetidae, Coenagrionidae, Aeshnidae, Nepidae, Lymnaeidae and Hirudidae were highly abundant in streams. Notonectidae, Haliplidae and Elmidae were dominant in ponds while Dytiscidae, Culicidae, Chironomidae, Sphaerolichidae and An. gambiae s.l. were abundant in temporary pools. Carabidae were abundant in roadside ditches.

Conclusion: Water physico-chemical parameters, land use and habitat types influenced the abundance and distribution of macro-invertebrates including An. gambiae s.l. We recommend that studies should be conducted to establish the mechanisms through which these factors influence abundance and distribution of An. gambiae s.l. and other macro-invertebrates.

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EFFECT OF SCAFFOLDING INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES AND GENDER ON PERFORMANCE OF PUPILS IN BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA

This study examined the effect of scaffolding instructional strategies and gender on the performance of pupils in Basic Science and Technology in public primary schools in Rivers State. Two specific objectives and two null hypotheses guided the study. Non-randomized pretest, post-test and control group experimental design was adopted for the study. The population size consisted of 42,409 basic four pupils; out of which 147 were drawn as sample size using purposive sampling technique. The instrument for data collection was the Basic Science and Technology Performance Test. The data was analyzed using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). The findings of the study revealed that there is a significant difference in the Basic Science and Technology mean performance scores of pupils taught with scaffolding instructional strategies and those taught with conventional method. The Basic Science and Technology mean performance scores of boys and girls taught with scaffolding instructional strategies does not differ significantly with those taught with conventional method. Recommendations were made which include that scaffolding instructional strategy should be used in classroom teaching/learning interaction to enhance the teaching and learning of pupils as well as improve their performance in all subjects.

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ON MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION OF FIRM INNOVATION PERFORMANCE BASED ON “EFFICIENCY-OUTPUT”

As a main index of firm technological innovation capacity, firm innovation performance captures extensive attentions among management and academia, although disagreement on its measurement or evaluation among different researchers still exist, which mainly caused by the lack or inexistence of universally used measurement scheme of firms innovation performance. Based on investigation to current researches related to firm innovation performance, we place, in this paper, more emphasis on the identification of influencing factors and upgrading path of firm innovation performance, measurement or evaluation of firm innovation performance, after carding and review, we construct a comprehensive framework to evaluate firm innovation performance according to the composition and representation forms, in hopes to show the direction for future researches.

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CRYSTAL GROWTH AND COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF NMR, SPECTRAL STUDIES ON NEW NLO CRYSTALS OF THIOSEMICARBAZONE OF 4-CHLOROBENZALDEHYDE AND M –NITROBENZALDEHYDE

The thiosemicarbazone of 4-Chlorobenzaldehyde and Thiosemicarbazone of M-Nitrobenzaldehyde is an interesting of organic compound in the crystalline nature. The quartz meth glass which is grown slow evaporation method from the solvent methanol. The harvested crystals were purified by repeated recrystallization. FT-IR spectroscopic study was held out on the growth, recognize the fundamental function group. Optical absorption studied illustrate the low absorption in the entire UV and visible spectral. The UV-Visible Spectra are confirming the optical transparency. This is more helpful to use these crystals in option applications. The harvested crystals Thiosemicarbazone of 4-Chlorobenzaldehyde and Thiosemicarbazone of M-Nitrobenzaldehyde were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and of 13C NMR spectra which show the molecular structure of the crystals. Its thermal stability for analysis in the crystal by TGA and DSC. The TGA and DSC confirm the decay of the sample at 210°C. It further confirms the grown crystal Thiosemicarbazone of 4-Chlorobenzaldehyde and Thiosemicarbazone M-Nitrobenzaldehyde is thermally stable up to 210°C. The frequencies was identified in the crystal by dielectric properties. The second harmonic generation efficiency of the powdered thiosemicarbazone of 4-Chlorobenzaldehyde and Thiosemicarbazone of M-Nitrobenzaldehyde and was tested using Nd: YAG laser and it is found to be 6.1 and 5.6 times higher than that of urea.

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PREPARATION OF ADSORBENT FROM PHOSPHATE ROCK WASTE TO BE USED FOR THE REMOVAL OF HEAVY METAL IONS FROM WASTEWATER

In this study a cost-effective adsorbent was prepared from phosphate rock waste. An abundant phosphate rock waste was generated, as by-product, from phosphate concentration processes. Phosphate rock waste was activated by chemical activators (including  different concentration of HNO3 and  NaOH or with both). The developed adsorbent was characterized using different techniques (XRD, XRF and SEM). Batch experiments were conducted to test the heavy metal ions (Cd+2, Cu+2, Ni+2, Pb+2 and Zn+2) removal efficiency by the developed adsorbent. The adsorption process was evaluated as a function of various operating parameters such as contact time, solution pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration, and adsorbent dosage. The results concluded that activation phosphate rock waste was effective with 2M HNO3, and the developed adsorbent is suitable for effective removal of Cd+2, Cu+2, Ni+2, Pb+2 and Zn+2 from aqueous solution. Initial uptake of these metal ions increases with time and reaches equilibrium at 60 min, while the optimum adsorbent dosage and solution temperature were 0.5 g 100 mL-1 and 25°C, respectively. The adsorption process was pH-dependent with high adsorption capacity at pH 7. The experimental isotherms data were analyzed using the Langmuir, and Freundlich   models. The data obtained from adsorption isotherms of metal ions at different time fitted well to linear form of Langmuir model.

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SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF (2-[2-CHLOROBENZYLIDENE]) HYDRAZINE CARBOTHIOAMIDE AND THEIR ANTI-MICROBIAL ACTIVITIES

The significance of thiosemicarbazone and their complexes, apart from their diverse chemical and structural characteristics, stems from not only their potential but also their proved application as biologically active particles. The full application and structural diversity of complexes of thiosemicarbazone prompted us to synthesize the tridentate NNO- donor thiosemicarbazones and their complexes. Due to good chelating ability, the present work is mainly concerned with the studies on complexes of 2-Chlorobenzaldehyde, Thiosemicarbazones. By emphasizing this point the objectives of the present work are as follows: synthesis of the 2-Chlorobenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (2-[(2-Chlorobenzylidene)]) Hydrazine carbothioamide. The composition of 2-Chlorobenzaldehyde was determined by the spectral analysis. For the characterization of this compound by 1HNMR and IR spectral studies. The complexes of 2-chloro benzaldehyde were characterized by 1HNMR, 13CNMR, IR and UV spectral studies. The 2-Chlorobenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone, have been screened against Bacteria (a) gram positive Staphylococcus aureus (Saureus), (b) gram negative Ecoli and fungi Aspergillus Niger and Candida albicans by the agar disc diffusion method. Therefore antimicrobial activities are analyzed in this work specifically for 2-Chlorobenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone crystal. This crystal was grown by solution growth technique and analyzed analytically.

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FINE ROOT DYNAMICS AND PRODUCTION IN Acacia auriculiformis PLANTATION

Fine roots absorb water and nutrients for the tree's life and play an important role in carbon and nutrient cycling. Therefore, understanding fine root dynamics and production will contribute to sustainable management and improve the productivity of forest plantation. This work aims at investigating vertical distribution and production of Acacia auriculiformis plantation in Northeast Vietnam. A 20 m × 15 m plot containing 30 trees was established at a 2-year old plantation of A. auriculiformis. Sequence soil core sampling was applied to collect data on the mass of live roots and that of dead roots. While litter bag technique was used to estimate the decomposition ratio of dead fine roots. The continuous inflow method was employed to estimate fine root decomposition, mortality, and production. The results indicated that more than 50% fine roots distribute at 0-10 cm soil depth, while less than 12% distribute at deeper than 40 cm soil depth. In addition, more fine roots distribute at 0-10 cm soil depth in summer than that in winter. While more fine roots distribute at 40-80 cm soil depth in winter than that in summer. Fine root decomposition, mortality, and production are seasonal-dependent. The highest mortality (1.9 g m-2 day-1) was found during Dec-Mar and the lowest (1.3 g m-2 day-1) was found during Mar-Jun. While the highest mortality (1.8 g m-2 day-1) was found during Jun-Sep and the lowest (1.3 g m-2 day-1) was found during Sep-Dec. The similar pattern with mortality was found in production with the highest of 2.2 g m-2 day-1 during Jun-Sep and the lowest (1.2 g m-2 day-1) during Sep-Dec. In the present study plantation, total decomposition was 530 g m-2 year-1, mortality was 547 g m-2 year-1, and production was 548 g m-2 year-1. High production during Jun-Sep/summer may indicate a higher nutrient requirement to support growths during the growing season. Therefore, this should be a time for fertilizing plantation.

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BIOASSAY OF ZnO-SnO2 NANO COMPOSITE ON BLACK GRAM (Vigna mungo)

Present experimentation was done to study the effect of ZnO-SnO2 composite on different morphological parameters of Black gram. In this work, we have synthesized ZnO-SnO2 nanocomposite by Chemical co-precipitation method and characterized it using X-ray diffraction spectrograph, UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope and Transmission electron microscope. The particle size of synthesized nanocomposite material lies between 25.75 nm to 39.16 nm. The synthesized nanocomposite exhibited needle shaped morphology and showed maximum absorbance at 355 nm of wavelength. For studying the effect of synthesized nanocomposite material on morphological parameters of Black gram, healthy and presoaked seeds of Black gram were treated with three different concentration of ZnO-SnO2 composite (i.e. 20, 40, and 60%). Control was also maintained for each set. Black gram belongs to family Fabaceae and is commonly used as a food for protein and other nutritive substances. Black gram is also used as green manure for agricultural practices. During the field observation a significant effects have been observed on various morphological parameters. A reduction in germination and survival percentages were also observed in treated sets.

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INNATE IMMUNITY AND MICROBIAL INVASION

Aim of Review: Studies have been published in the field of innate system and microbial invasion but much is not know on the mechanisms involved. This review is organized into areas of components and function of the immune system, microbial detection, cells of the innate immune system and homeostasis.

Findings: The innate immune system activates and instructs adaptive immune responses, regulates inflammation, and mediates immune homeostasis which is the balance between opposing pro inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes. The cells of the innate immune system use pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on microorganisms, and communicate through cytokines. Activation of the innate immune system begins with resident cells such as the macrophages, epithelial cells and mast cells in the tissues at the site of the infection. If the threat of infection accelerates, these cells recruit other cells such as the neutrophils, NK cells, dendritic cells, monocytes and platelets from the circulation into the inflamed tissues. Many of the same cells and mechanisms used to recognize and attack microbes and initiate inflammatory reactions are also used to clear away damaged and dying cells and down regulate inflammation to maintain homeostasis within the host.

Conclusion: The innate immune system refers to germline defense mechanisms that are directed against molecular components found only in microorganisms. These mechanisms are not learned, adapted, or permanently heightened as a result of exposure to microorganisms, although they are refined by evolution over generations.

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WOMEN REPRESENTATION IN KENYAN POLITICS: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

The constitution of Kenya promulgated in August 2010 acknowledged the historical marginalization of women in elective and appointive positions by expanding their representation, space and role in governance. This was aimed at creating a country a country anchored on the principles of equality and equity. However, ten years down the line, there is no legislative framework to operationalize the two thirds principle. Bridging the gender inequality gap in Kenya requires much more than a comprehensive legal framework. The first election Kenya held under the new constitution in March 2013 did not result in the required constitutional requirements that would have helped bridge the gender gap that had persisted since independence in 1963. Kenya is a bicameral system of governance. In the 2013 elections no single female Senator or Governor was elected. In the 2017 General elections, the country elected three female Governors and Four female senators. However, in as much as this was an improvement, it did not meet the required constitutional threshold. In the Global Gender Gap Report 2018 Kenya was ranked position 76 globally in closing the gender gap whereas regionally in the East Africa community it still lags behind in bridging the gender gap. Addressing gender marginalization in Kenya requires a holistic approach involving both state and non-state actors for its realization. Efforts geared towards addressing patriarchy domination are essential.

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“PRIMITIVE KNOWLEDGE”? REFLECTIONS ON UBUNTU AND DAOISM ON ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN THE ZAMBEZI RIVER BASIN

Plato lamented nearly 2500 years ago that land degradation in the city of Athens had stripped it off the lush hills of Greece. Among the key forms of degradation are deforestation, drought, siltation of rivers, destruction of water catchment areas, soil erosion, poaching and pollution due to industrialization. This destruction has been going on unabated despite awareness creation through education and also legislations. The greed of humanity for exploitation of the environment for profits has exposed the soft underbelly of human civilization giving rise to phenomena like global warming, floods, drought and now diseases associated with environmental degradation are a threat to the survival of mankind.

Ubuntu is a philosophy that recognizes the humanness of Africans whereby the sense of collectiveness imbues the collective responsibility to others. “We are, therefore I am”. However, this restriction of ubuntu to humanity only is problematic since it negates the special relationship homo sapiens have towards the flora and fauna. Traditional African knowledge systems utilizes proverbs, cultural beliefs, taboos, totems, shrines as ways of promoting man’s tolerance towards the environment whereby mankind is just but a mere caretaker. African philosophy encourages a collective sense of responsibility to conservation. In most African communities, the practice of meshing environmental seasons and animal identities with that of clan names, family lineage names, environment seasons creates a sense of human/animal similitudes which encourages a communal commitment to conservation of flora and fauna.  Majority of the communities living in the Zambezi river basin are grappling with challenges posed by climate change. These communities had and still have their own indigenous knowledge systems that enabled them to live harmoniously with the environment.

On the other hand, according to the earliest Daoist texts, when human nature is aligned with the rest of nature, order and harmony are inherent. Thus, according to Daoism we should therefore aspire to being simple and unadorned, with no illusions about our own significance in the cosmos. Here, Daoism treats humanity simply as a part of nature and not as a master of nature. This paper examines how, since time immemorial, ubuntu and Daoism has been used to conserve the ‘natural’ environment in the process making its use sustainable which could come in handy especially in addressing the challenges posed by environmental degradation in the Zambezi river basin.

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ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATIONS IN SURFICIAL WATER OF SILVER RIVER, SOUTHERN IJAW, BAYELSA STATE, NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA

Water samples were collected from three different locations along the Silver River, Bayelsa State and were analyzed for the concentrations of selected heavy metals. This was done with the aim to determine if the concentrations of the metals exceeded the minimum requirement for drinking water by WHO. The result showed that the examined metals; cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), nickel (N), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and mercury (Hg) concentrations were between 0.714±0.131-2.414±0.648, 1.742±0.214-3.812±1.136, 1.694±0.331-3.725±1.203, 0.443±0.06-2.717±0.782, 2.171±0.520-3.691±0.669, 5.167±2.063-8.239±2.411, 2.891±0.897-4.489±1.093, 0.349±0.062-2.891±1.033 and 0.0011±0.00-0.0024±0.00 mg/L respectively. All the values observed for the individual heavy metals except Hg were higher than the WHO value for domestic water. The contamination factor index analyzed from the concentrations of the heavy metals showed different degrees or levels of contamination – pollution of the water by the individual metals examined. Therefore, the water is not good for human consumption. The government should make practicable efforts to stop the input sources of these metals into the Silver River water body.

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SOLITON SOLUTIONS OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL GENERALIZED GROSS-PITAEVSKII EQUATIONS WITH CUBIC-QUINTIC-SEPTIC NONLINEARITY

Based on the cubic-quintic-septic nonlinear formulation for typical physical systems with higher-order nonlinearity, we solve the one-dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii equation, and simulate the higher-order nonlinear effects of such systems under certain experimental conditions. Through F-expansion method and modulus-phase transformation, we reach the analytical solutions of the model, and the single and double soliton solutions are identified, and the septic-order nonlinearity is shown with the special nonlinear characteristics of the system.

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MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF POWDER MILK AT DHAKA METROPOLITAN AREA

Milk and milk powder are very rich in several nutrients and relished by everybody throughout the world. This study reports on the microbiological status of Powder milk samples belonging to seven different markets of Dhaka Metropolitan Area. The samples were tested for the Total Coliform Count (TCC), pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli and Salmonella spp count. The number of Coliform organisms varied from 20±2.83 to 450±2 (MPN/g).  The Coliform counts of the powder milk samples were exceeded the 100 per gram limit for dried milk powder recommended by the International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods (ICMSF) and Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). The number of E. coli varied from 3±0.00 to 44±2.83 (MPN/g). The presence of E. coli in most of the samples indicates pre and post-processing contamination of the milk. No Salmonella spp. could be isolated from the samples. Since the international agencies have not fixed any limit for E. coli count in dry milk, the hygienic quality of those samples must be improved considerably. These results highlighted the necessity to maintain appropriate sanitary and hygienic measures at each critical point to safeguard consumers from foodborne pathogens.

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INFLUENCE OF POLYAMINES ON In vitro REGENERATION AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY IN Sesamum indicum (L.)

The present study was carried out to develop an efficient plant regeneration protocol for Sesamum indicum (L.) from cotyledon explants prepared from 10-day-old in vitro grown plantlets. Cotyledon explants inoculated on MS medium containing 2 mg l−1 N6 –Benzyladenine (BA) and 30 mg l−1 spermidine induced the higher number of shoots (23.43 shoots/explant) and the induced shoots were elongated (5.63 cm/shoots) in the same medium. The maximum frequency (92.33%) of root induction was recorded in MS medium fortified with 10 mg l−1 putrescine. Up to 95% of the regenerated plantlets acclimatized and developed further under the greenhouse conditions. Antibacterial activity of the regenerated plant extracts exhibited resistance against various pathogens such as, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Bacillus subtilis and Micrococcus luteus. Highest zone of inhibition (13 mm) was recorded for B. subtilis and M. luteus at 50 μg ml−1 extract.

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FRUIT AND NUT CHARACTERISTICS OF PROMISING PERSIAN WALNUT TREES IN VIETNAM

Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) is the most economically important cultivated species for timber and nutritious nuts among 21 walnuts worldwide. Walnut has been planted in Vietnam personally in a small number of areas in Northern provinces sharing borderlines with China. The objective of this study was to survey characteristics of fruits and nuts of 15 J. regia promising trees and discuss their suitability as plus trees serving for intensive plantation. The results indicated that fruit diameter ranges 40.41-49.7 mm, fruit weight ranges 38.12-70.81 g, nut diameter ranges 24.19-34.96 mm, and nut weight ranges 9.07-25.26 g. The nut to fruit ratio for diameter ranges 57.8-70.4% and for weight ranges 20.4-35.7%. There existed positive linear relationships between fruit weight and nut weight for 10 of 15 promising trees with regression/R2 >0.5. While relationships between fruit diameter and nut diameter generally did not exist or existed with low regression (R2 <0.3). It is concluded that six of 15 promising trees could be selected as plus trees for intensive plantations through grafting technique. Those plus trees have a nut to fruit ratio for weight >30% and high regressions between fruit weight and nut weight.

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PROPERTIES OF THE SPECTRUM FOR THE SINGULAR DIFFUSION OPERATOR

In this study, singular diffusion operator is considered, we have derived integral equations for the solutions under certain initial conditions. We have also derived integral representations that satisfy initial conditions. Some features of the zeros of the characteristic functions have been obtained and with the help of these, we have investigated spectral properties of singular diffusion operator. Furthermore, we have obtained the asymptotic formulas for eigenvalues, eigenfunctions and normalizing numbers.

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ON A CERTAIN TWO-SMALL-PARAMETER CUBIC-QUINTIC NON-LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION HAVING SLOWLY-VARYING COEFFICIENTS WITH APPLICATION TO DYNAMIC BUCKLING

The present research uses multi-timing regular perturbations in asymptotic expansions to analyze a certain differential equation having a cubic-quintic nonlinearity. The differential equation contains slowly-varying explicitly time-dependent coefficients as well as some small parameters upon which asymptotic expansions are initiated. The formulation is seen to be typical of a certain mass-spring arrangement (with geometric imperfection), trapped by a loading history that is explicitly time-dependent and slowly varying, but continuously decreasing in magnitude, while the restoring force on the spring has a cubic-quintic nonlinearity.  The dynamic buckling load of the elastic model structure is determined analytically and is related to the corresponding static buckling load. To the level of the accuracy retained, it is observed that the dynamic buckling load depends, among others, on the value of the first derivative of the loading function evaluated at the initial time. All results are asymptotic and implicit in the load amplitude.

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DENUMERABLE PRODUCT SPACES OF PSEUDOQUOTIENTS I

A space of pseudoquotients ß(X,G) is defined as the set of equivalence classes of pairs (x, g), where x ∈ X, an arbitrary non-empty set, and g ∈ G, a commutative semigroup acting on X such that (x, g)~(y, h) if hx = gy. In this paper, we shall construct the pseudoquotient space ß(ΠXi,ΠGi) where X is replaced by a cartesian product of countably infinite non-empty sets Xi and G by a direct product denumerable commutative semigroups Gi, i ∈ I an indexing set, such that ΠGi acts injectively on ΠXi.

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THE SEMI-TOTAL MONOPHONIC DOMINATION NUMBER OF A GRAPH

In this paper the concept of semi-total monophonic domination number of a graph is introduced. A set of vertices  of a graph  is called a total monophonic set if  is a monophonic set and its induced subgraph has no isolated vertices. The minimum cardinality of all total monophonic sets of  is called the total monophonic number and is denoted by.  A set of vertices  in  is called a monophonic dominating set if  is both a monophonic set and a dominating set. The minimum cardinality of a monophonic dominating set of  is its monophonic domination number and is denoted by . A monophonic dominating set of size  is said to be a  set. A set  of vertices in a graph  with no isolated vertices is said to be a semi-total monophonic set of   if it is a monophonic set of   and every vertex in  is within distance 2 of another vertex of . The semi-total monophonic AMS Subject classification:  05C12 number, denoted by , is the minimum cardinality of a semitotal monophonic dominating set of .

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RECENT ADVANCES ON RELIABLE METHODS FOR SOLVING TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM AND FUZZY TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM

The transportation problem is the most important and successful application of linear programming studied in the area of operations research. In the past few decades, new approaches have been developed to improve the components of the existing platform. This paper presents recent advances on reliable methods for solving transportation problem and fuzzy transportation problem through a survey table in which our comments as a remark has been included. An attempt has been made to provide a variety of methods to solve the transportation problem within a limited structure; through which ideas could be developed for designing new algorithms. It provides a better platform for further research work in the area of transportation problem.

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GAS TYPE DETECTION AND CONCENTRATION ESTIMATION USING THERMAL MODULATED RESISTIVE SENSOR AND NEURAL NETWORKS

In this paper, a new processing sensor data method base on neural networks and principal component analysis block is presented in order to identify the gas type and to estimate the gas concentration. Three gases in thirteen different concentrations have been examined including methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol. For temperature modulation, the stair-case voltage was applied to the sensor heater at spans of 40s in 200s. In each of the obtained curves, at any span, transient and steady state responses were recorded. These recorded properties are analyzed using the usual methods of pattern recognition. Principal component analysis was used to increase the selectivity of the sensor and the neural network was used to recognize the type and estimate the gas concentration. In this study, we have achieved the separation of gases successfully as well as average estimation error concentration was calculated to be 0.00358%.

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ULTRASOUND IMAGE ENHANCEMENT BASED ON FUZZY MEMBERSHIP FUNCTION AND RADON TRANSFORM

The main focus of medical image enhancement is to create an image which is more appropriate and efficient than the original image for the particular application. Several conventional and fuzzy based enhancement techniques have been proposed already for medical imaging. However, these methods develop various disagreeable visual issues such as level diffusion, uplifted noise level and over and under enhancement. To overcome these issues, this paper presents an enhancement technique based on normalisation, S function and radon transform. Initially, the input image is normalised so that the gray level of input image lies between [0,255] and fuzzified the normalised image by employing ramp function. Then S function is used to create a modification in the fuzzified image and subsequently, radon transform is carried out to avoid unwanted signal. Finally, the defuzzification process is done to show the effectiveness of the enhanced image. A simulation result demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed technique.

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CHEMICAL REACTION EFFECTS ON A CASSON FLUID FLOW OVER A VERTICAL POROUS SURFACE BY KELLERBOX METHOD

In the present study, the Casson fluid flow over a vertical porous surface with chemical reaction is investigated. The governing partial differential equations are converted into ordinary differential equations by using similarity transformations. The reduced system of equations is then solved using an implicit FDM known as the Keller Box method. The velocity and concentration profiles are examined for various changes in the different governing parameters like the Casson parameter, suction parameter, Grash of number, and the Schmidt number.

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ON A CLASS OF DIRAC OPERATORS WITH EIGENVALUE NONLINEARLY DEPENDENT TO BOUNDARY CONDITION

Aims: In this study, a class of Dirac operators with boundary conditions depend on the m−th degree polynomial of spectral parameter have been considered.

Results: Properties of spectral characteristic are investigated and uniqueness theorems for the inverse problem are proved for this operator.

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A NOTE ON GEOMETRIC SURFACES

The concept of fundamental group of a topological space is explored with Seifert van-Kampen theorem and how they contribute to differentiating between some geometric surfaces.  Some useful results and concepts of group theory together with classification of surfaces will serve as a prerequisite to enhance the study of the concept and some of its applications will be introduced, studied and proved.

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THE DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS IN BHASKARA'S FRAMEWORK: EXPLORATION OF ZERO AND INFINITY

The chief object of this paper is to give the true foundation of the calculus, differential and integral, in the doctrine of zero and infinity as given in the Lilavati of Bhaskara II.

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ON SOME NON-EUCLIDEAN PRINCIPAL IDEAL DOMAINS

It is usual to prove that every Euclidean domain (ED) is a principal ideal domain (PID). This work developed and used inequalities to show that every Euclidean domain (ED) is a principal ideal domain and that the converse does not hold. It shows how the field norm may be applied to prove a simple result about the ring R of algebraic integers in complex quadratic fields Q⌊ √-M ⌋ which are Euclidean domains (EDs) and principal ideal domains (PIDs). Finally, how universal side divisors may be applied to prove some results about principal ideal domains (PIDs) which are not Euclidean domains (non-EDs).

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A NOTE ON SD REPRESENTATION OF A SV MODEL WITH DG SOLUTION

This paper studies the optimal control representation of dynamic system of stochastic volatility model and presents a dynamic game solution to the problem. First, the optimal control problem in a SV model, in the form of dynamic system, is presented. Then, it is interpreted as a dynamic game and is solved using Bellman equation. The price model is taken from [1] and the SV model comes from Heston SV model.

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RATE OF APPROXIMATION BY SOME SEQUENCE OF MIXED INTEGRAL TYPE OPERATORS

In the year 1988 Guo [1] introduced the integral modification of Meyer Konig and Zeller operators and studied the rate of convergence for functions of bounded variation. Gupta [2] gave the sharp estimates for these operators. This paper is an extensive survey on the Meyer-K¨onig and Zeller operators. It includes most of the modifications they have undergone through the years. We compute rate of convergence of the defined operators by means of modulus of continuity.

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TWO-STEP INTEGRAL COLLOCATION-VARIATIONAL ITERATION METHOD FOR THE SOLUTIONS OF INTEGRO-DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

In this paper, an algorithm based on integral collocation and variational iteration method for solving integro-differential equations is presented. In the rst instance, integro-differential equations are reduced to a system of integral equations after which we replaced all the derivatives in the new system of integral equations with their equivalent new derivatives. These new derivatives were obtained by approximating the nth order derivative with truncated Chebyshev series and then integrated n-times to obtain expressions for lower-order derivatives and the function itself. After the second iteration, the residual equation is formed which is collocated at the chosen collocation points and extra n equations are also obtained from the boundary conditions. Computational results are given for test examples to demonstrate the effectiveness, reliability, applicability and efficiency of the new method. It is shown that the solutions obtained from the method have very high degree of accuracy.

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A SIMPLE AND EFFICIENT ROOT-FINDING ALGORITHM FOR DEALING WITH SCALAR NONLINEAR EQUATIONS: ITERATIVE PROCEDURE BASED ON GEOMETRIC CONSIDERATIONS

In this study, we present a simple and efficient root-finding algorithm for approximating the solution of scalar nonlinear equations. The proposed iterative scheme is based on geometric considerations using only the first-order derivative associated with the nonlinear function in question. The predictive capabilities of this numerical procedure for providing an accurate approximate solution associated with a nonlinear equation are tested, assessed and discussed on some examples.

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A GEOMETRY-BASED ITERATIVE ALGORITHM FOR FINDING THE APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS OF SYSTEMS OF NONLINEAR EQUATIONS

This paper is devoted to a new iterative method for finding the approximate solutions of systems of nonlinear equations. Based on some geometric considerations, a root-finding algorithm applied to a single equation is developed and coupled with Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel procedures with the aim of solving nonlinear systems. The numerical predictive abilities of this iterative method are addressed and discussed on some examples.

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FIXED POINT RESULTS ON A CLOSED BALL IN K-SEQUENTIALLY-COMPLETE PREORDERED QUASI-PARTIAL METRIC SPACES

Fixed point results for the self dominated mappings satisfying locally Hardy Roger type contractive conditions on a closed ball in K-sequentially 0-complete preordered quasi-partial metric space have been established. An example has been given. Many well-known recent results have been generalized.

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FORCING ROMAN DOMINATION IN GRAPHS

A set S of vertices is a dominating set if every vertex in V \ S has a neighbour in S. A Roman dominating function (RDF) on a graph G = (V,E) is defined to be a function f : V → {0, 1, 2} satisfying the condition that every vertex u for which f(u) = 0 is adjacent to at least one vertex v for which f(v) = 2. A Roman dominating function f of G can also be represented by a set of ordered pairs Sf = {(v, f(v)) : v ∈ V } . A subset T of Sf is called a forcing subset of Sf if Sf is the unique extension of T to a γR(G)-function. We define a forcing Roman domination number of Sf denoted by F(Sf, γR), as F(Sf, R) = min{|T| : T is aforcing subset of Sf }. The forcing Roman domination number F(G, γR) of G is degined as F(G; γR) = min{f(Sf, γR) : f is a γR(G) function}. Hence for every graph G, F(G,γR) ≥ 0. In this paper, we initiate a study of this parameter. We also obtain the forcing Roman domination number of paths, cycles, complete graphs, and complete multipartite.

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COMPACTNESS IN PYTHAGOREAN FUZZY TOPOLOGICAL SPACES

In this paper, the concept of Pythagorean fuzzy compactness, Pythagorean fuzzy almost compactness and Pythagorean fuzzy near compactness are introduced and studied. We give some characterizations of Pythagorean fuzzy almost compactness in terms of Pythagorean fuzzy regular open or Pythagorean fuzzy regular closed. Also, we investigate the behavior of Pythagorean fuzzy compactness under several types of Pythagorean fuzzy continuous.

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DETERMINING OPTIMAL INDEX OF WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT FOR INDIAN FMCG SECTOR (EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ON ITS CONTRIBUTION TO EFFICIENCY)

Firms with efficient working capital management generate more free cash flows will result in a higher business valuation. The present study aims to analyze the working capital management efficiency of firms in Fast Moving Consumer Goods industry in India selecting a sample of all the firms of CNX FMCG index of National Stock Exchange of India for the period from 2003-04 to 2014-15. Performance index, utilization index, efficiency index are used to measure the efficiency of working capital management. Empirical results proved that the Indian Fast Moving Consumer Goods industry performed remarkably well during the study period.

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DETERMINING OPTIMAL INDEX OF WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT FOR INDIAN FMCG SECTOR (EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE ON ITS CONTRIBUTION TO EFFICIENCY)

Firms with efficient working capital management generate more free cash flows will result in a higher business valuation. The present study aims to analyze the working capital management efficiency of firms in Fast Moving Consumer Goods industry in India selecting a sample of all the firms of CNX FMCG index of National Stock Exchange of India for the period from 2003-04 to 2014-15. Performance index, utilization index, efficiency index are used to measure the efficiency of working capital management. Empirical results proved that the Indian Fast Moving Consumer Goods industry performed remarkably well during the study period.

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DETERMINANTS OF BILATERAL TRADE BETWEEN CAMEROON AND HER TRADING PARTNERS: EMPIRICAL TEST OF THE GRAVITY MODEL

Exports have continued to play an important role in the economy of many developing countries. In this way the level of economic growth, employment and the balance of payments can be promoted. In Cameroon, the government has initiated several trade policy reforms aimed at promoting the export sector. This notwithstanding the country’s share in total world exports remains very low. Given the central role of exports in the economy, it was important to identify the plausible factors affecting export flows between Cameroon and her trading partners using an augmented gravity trade model. The panel dataset used covered a period from 1995 to 2014. The results showed that Cameroon’s GDP, importer’s GDP, real exchange rate, population and official common language had a positive and statistically significant effect on Cameroon’s exports. The study further showed that the distance between Cameroon and its trading partners had a negative and statistical significant effect on export flows. These results provide some policy insights which can enhance trade and foster economic growth, notably improvement in infrastructural development which is linked to transportation cost.

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DETERMINANTS OF CAPITAL FLOWS INTO NIGERIA: AN AUTOREGRESSIVE-DISTRIBUTED LAG (ARDL) APPROACH

The rate of capital flows into the emerging markets is alarming and has become a subject of debate in the literature. It is mostly believed that capital flows are beneficial to the economies of the developing countries as it engenders the efficient allocation of global resources thereby increasing the availability of capital required for investment and economic growth. Despite the general belief, the macroeconomic variables that determine capital flows remain controversial. In the light of this, the study attempted to examine the long-run and short-run determinants of capital flows into Nigeria. The study employed secondary data sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), FRED Economic data, and World Development Indicator between the periods of 1986-2014. Using the econometric technique of Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL), the study found that exchange rate (LnEXR) and stock market prices (LnSP) are important determinants of capital flows into Nigeria both in the short-run and long-run. It is, therefore, recommended that the government, through its policies, should make concerted effort in boosting the activities at the stock market in a bid to attract capital flows into the country.

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EVALUATING THE EFFICACY OF HEALTH CARE FINANCING IN NIGERIA: EVIDENCE FROM OGUN STATE

The ways a country funds its health care delivery system could be an indicator of how much importance is placed on the commodity and its consumers. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the efficacy or otherwise of healthcare financing in Nigeria. To achieve the objective of the study, different questionnaires were designed and administered to the patients and health practitioners of a public hospital in Ogun State. The total number of questionnaire administered was 50 copies (25 copies for the patients; 25 copies for the health practitioners) and all the questionnaires were returned. A multiple regression analysis was adopted to justify the effectiveness of healthcare financing options on health services in Nigeria. The findings revealed that tax –based healthcare financing is effective inthe purchase of health services in Nigeria. Also, the result indicated that out-of-pocket healthcare financing has significant effect on health services in Nigeria. It is therefore recommended that while out –of-pocket may be necessary as means of purchasing health services, the government should intensify the use of tax-based healthcare financing to facilitate the provision of sustainable healthcare service in Nigeria.

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CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURE: A STUDY OF LISTED DEPOSIT MONEY BANKS IN NIGERIA

While reviewing financial information in the annual reports of firms, each of the internal and external users of financial information has a different objective in mind for the firm. In effect, the same set of annual reports of the firm is being reviewed by different types of users with a different objective in mind. This paper aims to measure the extent of voluntary disclosure provided in the annual reports of Deposit Money Banks (DMBs) in Nigeria over a period of twelve (12) years from 2006 to 2017. Using three panel data regression models (the pooled, the fixed effects and the random effects OLS) voluntary disclosure scores of the DMBs is estimated on selected DMBs’ corporate governance attributes (Board Composition, Audit Committee Composition, Board Size, frequency of audit committee meetings and presence of foreigner on board). The study finds that board composition, audit committee composition and frequency of audit committee meetings are positively correlated with voluntary information disclosure and that board size and presence of foreigner on board are negatively correlated with voluntary information disclosure. The study recommends that regulatory authorities in Nigeria should ensure standardization in reporting formats for DMBs to allow for comparability among different DMBs. It is also recommended that government should provide incentives for more voluntary disclosures to reduce information asymmetry in the Nigeria Stock Exchange market and attract more foreign investments into the market, and hence boost the economy. Based on the findings of this study, it is further recommended that board independence should be encouraged by the regulatory authorities as it fosters more voluntary disclosure. Moreover, based on the findings of this study, policies that restrict board size should be favoured as banks with a larger board size tend to disclose less voluntary information.

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CERTAIN RESULTS ON N(K)-CONTACT METRIC MANIFOLD

In this paper, we study the curvature properties of N(k)-contact metric manifolds satisfying the conditions Projective Ricci pseudosymmetric Condition, W3-Ricci pseudosymmetric Condition, P.Q = 0, Q.P = 0, W3.Q = 0, Q.W3 = 0.

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METALS AND PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF LEAVES AND PEELS OF PAWPAW (Carica papaya) SOLD WITHIN PORT HARCOURT, RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA

Leaves and peels of pawpaw bought from open market within Port Harcourt metropolis were examined for metals and qualitative phytochemical compositions with the intent or aim to examine their phyto and ethno medical importance as agricultural waste products. The metals examined in the leaves and peels of the pawpaw were; manganese (Mn), potassium (K), sodium (Na), zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and selenium (Se). Their concentrations were in the order Fe > Mn > Zn > Mg > K >Cu > Ca > Ni > Na > Pb> Ar = Se in the leaves, while those of the peels were in the order Fe > Mn > Zn > Mg > Cu > Ca > K > Ni = Na > Pb> Ar = Se. The results of heavy metals in leaves and peels were not significantly different from each other, but were slightly higher in the peels than the leaves. The phytochemicals examined in the leaves and plants were flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, phenol, terpenoids, tannins, carboxylic acids, quinones and xanthoproteins. The phytochemicals detected in the aqueous extracts of the leaves and peels were; flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics, caboxylic acids and xanthoprotein, while methanolics extracts showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, phenolics, terpenoids and xanthoproteins. The presence of micronutrients and phytochemicals in the pawpaw plant might be the reason for its utility in the cure of different diseases and ailments.

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MENINGITIS; THE RESIDENT GUEST AND THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN NIGERIA (A CASE OF 2017)

This article seeks to review the preparedness of the health care system in the last outbreak of meningitis in Nigeria that has come to be our residential guest. Nigeria is one of the 26 countries within the extensive region of sub-Saharan Africa known as the "meningitis belt," where large epidemics occur. The outbreaks peak in the dry season in certain states is due to the low humidity and dusty conditions and usually end as the rainy season approaches, Meningitis is a tough disease and it is associated with overcrowding, which is why Nigeria records some of the highest incidences of the disease on the continent. Concerted efforts should centre on bringing the outbreak under control, as all stalk holders must work towards preventing outbreaks of this scale in the future. It is expected that States takes ownership of outbreak preparedness and ensure that all efforts put into preparedness translate to meaningful action for response. Hence local and international collaborations cannot be over emphasized in managing the epidemic.

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DIVERSITY OF MICROBES VIS-A-VIS Bacillus thuringiensis IN RICE FIELD SOILS OF NRRI, INDIA

Different microbiome and Bacillus thuringiensis diversity and dynamics of field soils of sole rain fed rice, and deep/shallow water rice-fish cultivation systems of National Rice Research Institute was assessed to enrich knowledge on functionalities of active microbial guilds of aforementioned micro-ecologies. Diversity and dynamics (x105 cfu/g soil, approx.) of microbial guilds viz. heterotrophs (1.04-7.87), spore formers (0.37-0.99), Gram negative bacteria (0.87-9.44), asymbiotic N2 fixers (0.10-0.17), nitrifiers (0.04-0.38), denitrifiers (0.09-0.38), spore crystal formers (0.003-0.02), actinobacteria (0.004-0.005) and fungi (0.003-0.01), as well as, indices (0.07-0.19 x 10-2) of spore-crystal forming bacteria i.e. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) were highly diverse in rain fed rice and deep/shallow water rice-fish farming field soils. Four spore-crystal forming bacterial isolates viz. TB426 and 432 of rice field, and TB436 of deep water rice-fish and TB442 of shallow water rice-fish farming field soils were diverse in phenotypic characters, antibiotic/salt (6–11% NaCl) tolerance, crystal composition (bipyramidal but variable sizes) etc. The Bt isolates (Bts) had 62.10-76.87 kbp genomic DNA (gDNA) and single plasmid (24.33- 42.50 kbp). The Bts (TB 426/432) had 12-14 cellular proteins (9.88-540.7 kDa). Phenotypic identities of TB426 and 432 were Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) var. galleriae, TB436 was Bt var. thompsoni/coreanensis and TB442 was Bt var. dendrolimus/sotto. The results proved structural and functional diversity of Bt population in NRRI rice soils of different micro-ecologies. The resident Bt with different toxin composition would be potent natural biocide and can be exploited for suppression of different rice field pests to sustain productivity.

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IMPACT OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA FUNGI ON PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF THUYA (Tetraclinis articulata Vahl masters) PLANTS UNDER DROUGHT CONDITION IN A FOREST NURSERY

This study focused on different parameters attached to the drought resistance of Thuya inoculated by an indigenous endomycorrhizal fungus. The mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Thuya plants were exhibited to two stages of water: the level of water stress and an irrigation normal level. The results showed that controlled mycorrhization significantly improves plant tolerance to water dryness. Our finding showed that the inoculation with endomycorrhizal fungi had a negative effect on the content of photosynthetic pigments. On the other hand, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) inoculation had a positive impact on the soluble sugar content, which was higher in AMF plants (251.4 mg/g) than in non-AMF plants (222.53 mg/g). Furthermore, the build-up of proline was lower in mycorrhizal plants (89.95 mg/g) than in non-mycorrhizal plants (194.71 mg/g). Also, the total soluble protein content was higher in mycorrhizal plants (257.84 µg/g) than non-mycorrhizal plants (225.49 μg/g) under water stress. These data clearly show that inoculation with endomycorrhizal fungi has improved the drought tolerance of Tetraclinis articulata plants, which could be a very interesting solution to reduce the adverse effects caused by drought and subsequently determine the success of the programs regeneration in Thuya forests.

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EFFECT OF pH STABILITY ON ALPHA AMYLASE EXTRACTED FROM Aspergillus niger ON STARCH FROM LOCAL RICE IN GHANA

Background: Alpha-amylases are one class of the amylase enzymes extensively synthesized in plants, animals, and microbes. They have been generally used in many industrial applications in a wide range of industrial processes such as food, pharmaceutical and detergent industries.

Due to their high catalytic and thermos stability property according to Yadav, fungal amylases are effectively applied in a wide range of industrial processes. These enzymes are affected by pH, temperature and/or substrates concentration.

Aim: This study aimed at determining the stability of alpha amylase from Aspergillus niger with varied pH conditions.

Methods: The kinetic stability of the enzyme was measured by determining its half-life (t1/2) and inactivation rate constant (kd) where pH was varied from 4.5 to 8.5 along with temperature from 50°C to 90°C. The inactivation rate constant was determined from the equation  while the t1/2 was determined from=.

Results: The activation energy of inactivation was determined from the Arrhenius plot of inactivation. The protein concentration was estimated to be 2.57mg/ml by the Biuret method. The amylase isolated was thermos table with an optimum temperature of 70°C, optimum pH of 6.5 and an optimum substrate concentration of 0.26%. The Km was 0.13% while the Vmax was 1.0×10-4g/ml. The kd values ranges from 0.0780 to 0.0814 min-1 while the t1/2 values ranges from 8.51 to 8.78min and the results observed for pH 4.5, 6.5, 7.0, and 8.5 are 4.821 x102J/mol, 9.342 x102J/mol, 28.025 x102J/mol and -9.362x102 J/mol respectively.

Conclusion: The stability of the enzyme is decreased by pH variation in the order pH 8.5 < pH 4.5 < pH 6.5 < pH 7.0 showing that the enzyme is stable in alkaline and acidic medium than in a neutral pH. The optimum substrate at which the reaction rate is independent of the substrate concentration was determined to be 0.26% (0.0026 g/ml)

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THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONAL THEORY IN CITIZEN TRUST IN LOCAL E-GOVERNMENT SERVICES

Trust in government (TG) represents to one’s explanations regarding the truth and ability of the movement, as long as the e-government services. E-government services can support to start citizen trust of government. In former study, very few is attentive on the significant of e-government services and trust in local government. To fill up these research gaps present study absorbed to found trust in local government services by institutional theory. The research is grounded on the quantitative field survey wherever 300 respondents after the rural area of Bangladesh have been measured as sample. Sample has been collected at Chittagong, one Union Parishad, in Bangladesh. The IBM statistics SPSS 21 and LISREL 8.7 used to perform statistical analysis. The theoretical outline is observed by structural equation modelling (SEM). This article suggests a model observe in what way e-government services (i.e., mimetic mechanism, coercive mechanism, normative mechanism) affect citizen trust in local government. Using Statistical equation model (SEM) in current research, it finds that mimetic and transaction services are associated with the e-government services while normative services does not associate. We conclude with implications and suggestion for future research.

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DETERMINANTS OF STOCK RETURN REVISITED: EVIDENCE FROM NIGERIA

This study examines the macroeconomic determinants of stock returns in Nigeria over the period 1985-2016 using the ARDL approach to cointegration and error correction model.  Our findings have shown that GDP is not significant both in the short and long run, while, Interest rate and money supply exert position positive and significant influence on stock market returns while inflation negatively affects stock market returns in Nigeria. Our findings have shown that GDP significant both in the short and long run, while, Interest rate and money supply positively influence stock market returns while inflation negatively affects stock market returns in Nigeria. It was also found that these macroeconomic variables significantly affect stock market returns in Nigeria. The results in general highlight the need government and monetary authorities to provide policies that will ensure sustained economic growth and development. CBN should continue its policy target on economic activities and investment.

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PERTINENCE OF SOCIAL CAPITAL IN THE ENHANCEMENT OF COCOA PRODUCTION IN SANTCHOU, CAMEROON

The importance of social capital is another new stylized fact in promoting agriculture. The study has as objective to examine the impact of social capital in the enhancement of cocoa production and to determine the challenges faced by cocoa producers in Santchou. Methodologically, we have constructed a social capital index through the application of Multiple Correspondence Analyses using primary data collected within the Santchou cocoa zone and the probit model is used for regression estimates. The result revealed a strong correlation between social capital and cocoa production, while the level of education, sex, marital status, financial status, experience in faming, household size and agricultural training are strongly corroborating with the determinants of social capital. In addition, farm size, level of education, application of farm inputs (pesticides and fertilizers), modern equipment, climate change, access to credit and land tenure system were observed to be the major challenges faced by cocoa farmers in Santchou. We suggest that cocoa farmer’s social network should be improved to enable them easily get assistant when necessary.

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THE CONTRIBUTION OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT SERVICES TO THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF KIGALI CITY: A CASE STUDY OF RWANDA FEDERATION TRANSPORT COOPERATIVE (RFTC)

The study was to establish the contribution of public transport services to the development of Kigali city. Glossily, the transport sector plays an important role in the economic development of a country, the transport network drives other sectors such as agriculture, trade or business sector and all other service sector. Though research transport services has been found to create employment, income, revenue, increase tax and infrastructure development as well as improve wellbeing of the people. The problem was that transport services does not offer the expected services and benefits in Kigali city and its economic contribution is not recognized by the local community. The specific objectives included to find out transport services contribution to economic development, to find out the factors that limit the contribution and the solution to the problems. Pearson correlations test indicates a positive and very high relationship between variables of this study. The researcher concluded that transport is an important element of economic development and several factors influence transport which also affects economic development. It was recommended that RFTC should bring modern busses for better transport and satisfaction of passengers. RFTC should also train drivers and conductors to improve professionalism service to passengers.

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Inter &amp; Active result of Tillage and element chemical on Maize (Zea mays L.) Performance on a damp Alfisol Southwestern, Nigeria

Abstract

A field trial was conducted in 2017 to research the interactive result of the land preparation ways and completely different rates of element plant food on maize performance and yield southwestern Nigeria. The experiment was a three by 3 factorial; conducted during a randomised Complete Block style (RCBD) in a split plot management with tillage systems (T): Convectional tillage (CT), Reduced tillage (RT) and No-tillage (NT) because the main plot whereas nutrient amendments (N) rates (0, 50, and a hundred and twenty kilogram N.Ha-1) as sub-plots issue and every one treatments were replicated thrice. Growth and yield parameters were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). No tillage had the smallest amount plant height, stem diameter and fodder weight however had the very best grains yield. Grain yield weren't statistically completely different altogether the tillage practices at different N rates applied however sixty kilogram N ha-1 looks best for maize production within the study space.

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ERYTHROPOIETIC impact OF LEAF AND STEM EXTRACT FROM DICLIPTERA VERTICILLATA ON ANAEMIC WISTAR RATS

Abstract

Dicliptera verticillata (Forssk) Ch. (Acantheceae) may be a yearly vascular plant used for the treatment of anaemia among the Ibibios and Annangs of Southern Nigeria. This study evaluated its acute toxicity profile, phytochemical constitution and also the organic process impact of its leaf and stem extracts on Phenylhydrazine induced anaemic Wistar rats. cardinal weanling male unusual person rats deliberation 70g-105g were divided into six teams of six animals every. Rats in cluster I served as traditional management (positive) and were administered zero.9% traditional isotonic solution. cluster II served as anaemic management (negative). teams III - VI were anaemic take a look at teams administered with hierarchical doses of three hundred and 600 mg/kg weight of Dicliptera verticillata leaf and stem extracts, severally, by oral gavages for seven days.

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BLACK STUDENT DISCIPLINARY CONSEQUENCES BY GRADE SPAN CONFIGURATION: A TX, MULTIYEAR INVESTIGATION

Abstract

Examined during this study were the consequences of grade span configuration on disciplinary consequence assignments and therefore the reasons for disciplinary consequence assignments for Black boys and Black ladies in American state faculties. The results of the study were statistically vital for every of the 3 faculty years examined. Higher percentages of Black boys and Black ladies UN agency were registered in {middle faculty|secondary school|lyceum|lycee|Gymnasium|school} settings were assigned to a Disciplinary various Education Program placement than were their peers in KG-8 school settings. Code of Conduct violation, fighting, and serious/persistent misconduct were high reasons for disciplinary consequences assignment. Code of Conduct violation consequence assignment was highest among students registered in KG-8 faculty settings.

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METABOLIC ENGINEERING OF α-TOCOTRIENOL THROUGH PTGS MECHANISMS AND ISOPRENOID/NON-MEVALONATE PATHWAYS IN PERENNIAL CROPS

Abstract

α-tocotrienol provides effective neuro and cellular protection against aerophilous stress and aging among fat-soluble vitamin analogs. Therefore, overwhelming it through natural food resources become common as concern is rising on the protection of ingesting it as a clinical supplement. The content of α-tocotrienol varies among plant species and varied elements of the plant. Boosting the amount of α-tocotrienol in perennial crops area unit a beautiful thanks to consume. Therefore, perennial crops that area unit lacking in α-tocotrienol were known. during this study, amaranth and leek was transiently remodeled to supply α-tocotrienol through post transcriptional mechanisms (PTGS) and targeted metabolic engineering of isoprenoid and non-mevalonate pathway. we tend to ascertained solely α-tocopherol suppression in amaranth and leek leaves in plant infiltrated with p5b5 whereas α-tocopherol suppression followed by α-tocotrienol synthesis in plant infiltrated with p5d9. Our results unconcealed that shift within the pathway from isoprenoid to non mevalonate to supply α-tocotrienol occur once reduction in α-tocopherol at a most level was achieved. Hence, counsel that variations of α-tocochromanols composition may be manipulated by triggering post transcriptional mechanisms (PTGS) that ends up in targeted metabolic engineering of isoprenoid and non-mevalonate pathway.

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DEGRADATION OF LDPE PLASTIC BY Pseudomonas aeruginosa nmp1 known BY organic chemistry AND 16S rDNA ANALYSIS

Abstract

Plastic baggage from agricultural soils were collected and bacterium were isolated Out of 3 microorganism isolates (B1, B2 and B3), B1 isolate was most potent for degradation of LDPE plastic. Its potentiality was measured by some strategies like weight loss strategies, mass loss by viscousness meter, biofilm growth, surface morphology by SEM, CO2evolution technique.

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“NEAR NORMAL” cardiograph in an exceedingly PATIENT WITH PERSISTENT ANGINA

Abstract

The “concealed” essence of the medical instrument analysis alone in identification anaemia of the posterior heart muscle wall has long been a challenge clinically. Here, we have a tendency to report a man with persistent typical angina pain and refined medical instrument changes World Health Organization underwent nascent X-ray photograph for suspicion of acute occlusion. diacritical mark occlusion was found and coronary intervention resulted in reperfusion.

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THE EFFECTS OF BLOOD LEAD ON THE psychological science SCORE OF third TRIMESTER PREGNANT girls within the KLANG natural depression, MALAYSIA

Abstract

Pregnant girls with high blood lead exhibit high risk to their craniate as placental transfer will happens to the craniate.

Objective: the target of this study was to spot the link between blood lead and also the psychological science score of girl World Health Organization were in their third trimester of physiological state.

Methodology: These respondents were underwent a routine antepartum check up at a teaching hospital placed in Klang depression areas. Blood lead concentrations were analyzed victimization plumbago chamber Atomic Absorption photometer. The psychological science scores were measured with World Health Organization Neurobehavioral Core take a look at battery (NCTB). The take a look at consists of seven things, that created of the Digit image, path creating, Digit Span, Benton Visual Retention take a look at, Pursuit Aiming, Santa Ana dexterity, latency and Movement Time tests.

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THE fully STANDARDIZATION strategies OF 153Sm FOR CALIBRATING medicine INSTRUMENTS IN land

Abstract

The Standardization completely of radioactive sources 153Sm to calibrate the medicine instrumentation had been dole out in PTKMR-BATAN. this is often necessary as a result of the radioactive sources employed in the sphere of medicine contains a terribly short half-life in alternative that to get a top quality measure results need special treatment. Besides that, the employment of medicine techniques in Republic of Indonesia develop apace. All the radioactive sources were ready by mensuration ways exploitation Kern ABT 220-5DM kind balance, traceable to SI. Standardization of 153Sm has been dole out 4phi beta (LS) – gamma coincidence ways, whereas the impurities has been dole out by gamma chemical analysis ways that graduated exploitation 133Ba, 152Eu, and 241Am. The results of completely measure was eighty eight.48 kBq/g with one.36 capitalize on the enlarged uncertainty, in coated issue, k = 2. This price to be used for calibrating a Capintec CRC-7BT radionuclide calibrator that may be a secondary commonplace instrument in PTKMR - BATAN. The results show that standardisation issue for Capintec CRC-7BT dose calibrator is one.05 by regarding four.6 % of the enlarged uncertainties.

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AVAILABILITY AND ADEQUACY of college FACILITY FOR EFFECTIVE educational DELIVERY IN FEDERAL AND STATE faculties OF EDUCATION IN NORTH CENTRAL STATES OF African country

Abstract

The study investigated the provision and adequacy of college facilities for effective tutorial delivery in schools of education in north central states of Nigeria. 2 analysis queries target-hunting the study, Descriptive survey was adopted for the study. The population of the study comprised of fourteen schools of education that embody five federal and nine state in hand colleges of education in north central states of Nigeria totalling 14 colleges of education. straightforward sampling by vote was employed in the choice of 5 states in North Central states of Nigeria wherever the man of science in person visited to look at the varsity facilities that are on the market and people that don't seem to be available.. These states embody Kogi, Plateau, Kwara, Niger and Nassarawa severally. a university of Education college Facilities Check-list (COESFC) was used as instrument to work out the varsity facilities on the market and their adequacy in federal and state schools of education in North Central States of Nigeria. Kuder Richardson was wont to check the responsibleness of the instrument and also the result yielded zero.83 showing that the instrument is eighty three% reliable to be used. the info collected was analyzed and also the result shows that the majority of the varsity facilities are on the market however inadequate. it absolutely was suggested that Management employees of varied schools of education ought to make sure that all the recommended facilities are adequately provided in schools by the govt and alternative nongovernmental

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MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AND AEROBIC BIODEGRADATION OF mineral inexperienced AND alkyl radical RED DECOLORISING microorganism ISOLATED FROM EFFLUENT CONTAMINATED SOIL

Abstract

Klebsiella pneumoniae KP thirteen, ready to discolorize alkyl red and mineral inexperienced was isolated and defined from laboratory effluent contaminated soil from Hislop faculty, India. The strain identification was meted out by 16S r polymer technique. This isolate was capable of utilizing alkyl red and mineral inexperienced as sole supply of carbon. The medium contained two hundred mg/L of di- ammonia gas phosphate and a thousand mg/L yeast extract in H2O. Dye degradation was meted out underneath optimum conditions of pH scale (7) and temperature (37°C) with vigorous shaking. enterics pneumoniae KP thirteen culture might be decolorising in mineral inexperienced and alkyl red to the extent of eighty five and ninety three severally in twenty four hours. The decolourised samples of alkyl red showed the presence of nitrites that indicates that the mode of biodegradation is aerobic and poisonous aromatic amines are so not being fashioned in anaerobic biodegradation. Thus, the strain of enterics pneumoniae KP thirteen is applied for aerobic degradation of recalcitrant radical and triphenylmethane dyes.

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ASSESSMENT OF economic condition standing OF CASSAVA FLAKES PROCESSORS IN NORTH CENTRAL Federal Republic of Nigeria

Abstract

This study assessed the poorness standing of Cassava flakes processors in North Central African nation information were collected with the employment of structured form designed to elicit relevant info on the socio-economic characteristics, poorness standing, determinants of poorness and challenges encountered by cassava flakes processors within the study space. a complete of a hundred and twenty respondents sampled at random were used for this study. Descriptive statistics, Foster, Greer and Thorbecke (FGT) index, Gini constant and Probit regression models were utilized in information analysis. The study unconcealed that cassava flakes process was a feminine dominated venture. The mean age of respondents was thirty two years with eighteen years mean years of expertise in process cassava roots into flakes. Cassava flakes process because the main supply of financial gain of respondents (68.3%). The study unconcealed that fifty two.7% of the sampled respondents were poor supported the poverty level. legal status, unit size, among others was the determinants of poorness among respondents. Lack of finance, poor valuation of finished product and lack of recent process facilities were among the challenges encountered by respondents. The study recommends the availability of poorness alleviation packages, value stabilization methods by government and personal investors in variety of subsidies and alternative credit facilities for cassava flakes processors.

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ASSESSMENT OF OXIDATIVE STRESS STATUS OF HYPERTENSIVE SUBJECTS IN KANO, NIGERIA

Abstract

The global burden of hypertension is rapidly increasing. Hypertension has been reported to be closely associated to oxidative stress. This work assessed the level of the oxidative marker malondialdehyde and that of the antioxidant, ascorbic acid in hypertensive and healthy control subjects. Results indicate significantly higher malondialdehyde and slightly lower ascorbic acid levels in hypertensives compared to healthy subjects. The results indicate higher oxidative stress and lower antioxidative status in hypertensive compared to the normal research subjects.

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MATERNAL THYROID FUNCTION AND NEONATAL MOOD DISORDERS

Abstract

The “Type of Article” of this paper is “Letter to the Editor”. This paper discuses about: “MATERNAL THYROID FUNCTION AND NEONATAL MOOD DISORDERS”. No formal abstract is available. Readers are requested to read the full article.

Keywords:

Maternal thyroid function;, central nervous system;, hyperthyroidism; thyrotoxicosis;, thyroid dysfunction, mood disorder;, norepinephrine

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STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE IN ONLINE, FLIPPED AND IN-CLASS SETTINGS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Abstract

This study takes an empirical look at the three-way comparison of different learning environments (online, flipped, and in-class) for an Introductory Managerial Accounting course. Student learning outcomes were measured using scores from twelve weekly assignments, midterm and final examinations held on campus, and overall class performance. The results showed that students registered in the online section outperformed those attending the flipped and traditional lecture classes.  The findings suggest that flipped-class and online learning pedagogies are more than a mere change in the delivery mode. To be successful, they need intense preparation. The heart of the flipped classroom is student engagement, including his/her realization of the responsibility for self-learning. No pedagogical approach, of course, fits all students alike. Students should not, therefore, be in any doubt about what to expect before registering for the class. Since the acquisition of critical reasoning skills is not a single-step process but is a continuum, future researchers need to focus on senior students with exposure to these pedagogical approaches from the beginning of their university studies.

Keywords:

Online learning, flipped learning, student performance

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INCREASING CRIME AMONG WOMEN IN THE STATE OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR: AN ALARMING ISSUE

Abstract

It was believed a few decades ago that crime was predominantly a male phenomena and the world of crime was mainly a man’s world. No doubt, such notions can be proved wrong. Women, like men, suffer from tensions, frustrations, jealousy, enmity and hatred which led to all sorts of crimes. The present paper focuses on dynamics of change that has been brought in the criminological field. In the present paper the issue of women committing offences can be located by showing the statistical data of women prisoners in the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

Keywords:

Jammu and Kashmir, male prisoners, prisons, women prisoners, punitive system

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HOW INDIVIDUAL ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES INFLUENCE KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION OF ADOLESCENTS WITHIN A WEEK-LONG OUTREACH BIODIVERSITY MODULE

Abstract

The relationship of adolescents with nature is considered to be of major importance. Consequently, fostering positive environmental values in line with related knowledge was a main intention of our four-day residential outdoor education module within the environment of a forest national park. Using a pre-, post-, retention-test design, we applied the 2-MEV model three times to monitor environmental values and cognitive knowledge, measured by a knowledge scale aligned with program objectives. Our student sample consisted of 333 fourth and fifth graders with a mean age of about 10 years. The typical 2-MEV structure consisting of two higher-order factors “Preservation” and “Utilization” was separately confirmed three times, consistently yielding remarkable structure stability and the dichotomous score pattern. While the factors correlate negatively with each other, their relationship with knowledge acquisition pointed to a positive relationship with preservation preferences. Nevertheless, the acquisition pattern clearly was negatively influenced by utilitarian preferences. The interrelationships of program contents, environmental values and knowledge acquisition are discussed in relation to educational planning procedures.

Keywords:

2-MEV model, attitudes, values, cognitive knowledge, outreach education, biodiversity, conservation

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Phytosynthesis of Nanoparticles and Its Applications - A Review

Abstract

The biosynthesis of nanoparticles is established as an emerging area of nanoscience research and development due to a growing need to develop environmentally benign method for nanoparticle synthesis. Biosynthetic methods using either biological microorganisms or plant extracts have emerged as a simple and viable alternative to chemical synthetic procedures and physical methods. Most of the chemical and physical methods are still in the developmental stage and various problems are often experienced with the stability of nanoparticles preparations, control of crystal growth and aggregation of particles. Recently, development of ecofriendly procedures for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles through plant mediated process is evolving an important branch of nanobiotechnology. It offers controlled synthesis of metal nanoparticle with well defined shape, size and composition. Plant parts such as leaf, root, latex, seed, and stem are being used for metal nanoparticle synthesis. Greener synthesis of nanoparticles provides advancement over other methods as it is simple, cost effective, stable for long time and reproducible. The nanoparticles are rapidly synthesized due to the exposure of metal salts to the plant extracts. The size and shape of nanoparticle are modulated by varying the ratio of metal salt, pH, temperature and concentration of the plant extract in the reaction medium. This review summarizes the phytosynthesis of nanoparticles, factors influencing its synthesis and its applications.

Keywords:

Phytoremediation, Heavy metal, nanobiotechnology

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Plant Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by using Leaf Extracts of Dioscorea oppositifolia L. and their Antimicrobial Activity

Abstract

Plant mediated synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is an increasing commercial demand due to the wide applicability in various areas such as electronics, catalysis, chemistry, energy, cosmetics and medicine. In the present investigation, synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using leaf extracts of Dioscorea oppositifolia (L.) and characterized by using UV spec, FT-IR, DLS and TEM. The extract incubated with agno3 showed gradual change in the colour of the extract from greenish to reddish brown with intensity increasing during the period of incubation. Hence the leaf extract act as a reducing and capping agent. Nanoparticles were characterized by using UV visible absorption spectra, FT-IR. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were generally found to be effective as antimicrobial agents against some important human pathogens which is affecting mostly and cause serious problems to human beings. FT-IR peaks were in the extract ranging from 1000-4000 cm-1 which confirmed the presence of polyphenols with aromatic ring and bound amide region required for the synthesis and stabilization of sliver nanoparticles.

Keywords:

Dioscorea oppositifolia L., Silver nanoparticles, FTIR, DLS, TEM, Human pathogens

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STUDY ON GENETIC CONTROL FOR PHORBOL ESTERS ACCUMULATION IN JATROPHA CURCAS GENOTYPES

Abstract

Aims: To obtain information on the genetic control of phorbol esters (PE) biosynthesis in J. curcas. A valorization of byproducts after oil extraction could contribute to a significant improvement in the economic sustainability of this new biofuel crop, but its use as animal feed is currently prevented by the presence of toxic PE.
Study Design: Direct and reciprocal crosses between toxic and non-toxic genotypes.
Place and Duration of Study: Ghana, Mexico and Italy, between 2010-2013.
Methodology: Two toxic genotypes from Africa and South America and two non-toxic genotypes from Mexico were used in the study as parental lines. The four genotypes were selected after analysis for complete homozygosis at 5 Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) loci.
The toxic genotypes were direct and reciprocal crossed with non-toxic genotypes to obtain six F1 populations and two F2 populations. The hybrid nature of F1 seeds and the genetic segregation of F2 were analysed with SSR markers. Parental, F1 and F2 seeds were individually analyzed for the whole PE content in the kernel.
Results: The set of markers has allowed the true hybrid nature to be confirmed for all crosses between toxic and non-toxic genotypes because the individuals were heterozygous at all loci. In the direct crosses between a toxic seed-bearing plant with a non-toxic pollinator all F1 seeds were toxic. Conversely, in the corresponding reciprocal crosses, all the seeds were non-toxic. These results show that in each case PE content in F1 seeds of J. curcas depends on the maternal phenotype and F2 seeds did not segregate for toxicity as expected for a trait under maternal control.
Conclusion: The results of this work pointed out a maternal effect on the synthesis of the PE in the seeds of J. curcas and probably the tegument, tissue of maternal origin, contributes most to the PE content.

Keywords:

Maternal effect, genetic variability, non-toxic accession, SSR genotyping

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αIg-UNIFICATION IN IDEAL TOPOLOGICAL SPACES

Abstracts

In the present paper, the concepts of connectedness have been extended in ideal topological spaces and some of the properties and characterizations of αIg-connectedness in Ideal topological space have been studied.

Keywords : αIg-closed set; αIg-continuous function; αIg-irresolute function; contra αIg-continuous function;  contra αIg-irresolute function; αIg-space; αIg-connected; αIg-T1; αIg-T2.

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OPPORTUNITIES AND PROSPECTS FOR BULGARIA PROVIDED BY THE EU-VIETNAM FREE TRADE AGREEMENT

Abstracts

As the process of ratification of the EU-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement is almost complete, the article aims at disclosing the prospects which the FTA provides for Bulgaria. The article firstly presents some insights from economic literature on the benefits of Free trade agreements. It then discusses the development of the institutional framework of trade relations between the EU and Vietnam, presents briefly the main features of the EU-Vietnam FTA and the current trends in the bilateral trade between Bulgaria and Vietnam. Finally some conclusions are drawn on the opportunities and prospects which the Agreement presents in front of Bulgaria.

Keywords : EVFTA; EU trade policy; Bulgaria-Vietnam bilateral trade; Bulgaria-ASEAN relations.

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INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF MATURITY ON PASTING PROPERTIES OF Matooke (Musa sp, AAA-EAHB)

Abstracts

Banana is an important crop in Uganda where it serves as both as a source of food security and household income. The most predominant bananas in Uganda are the East African highland bananas (AAAB-EAHB), locally known as matooke.Flour processed from matooke has good properties including among others: more than 80% starch content (db), which starch has good functional properties for confectionary and bakery products, as well as being gluten free. Matooke to be used for food are harvested at various stages of maturity, thus the stage of maturity has little effect on the food prepared as long as the sweetness due to ripening has not manifested yet. However, this may not be the case when harvesting matooke to process flour and therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of maturity on the pasting properties of matooke flour. Pasting properties of flour are important in a sense that they give an indication of the cooking and baking qualities of the flour, which are critical fictional properties in baking, confectionery and in pharmaceutical industry as a binder. The results showed that maturity had a significant effect on the matooke flour pasting properties. The flour from matooke harvested at 12–14 weeks had the highest average final viscosity (345.68 RVU) and highest average peak viscosity (445.3 RVU), which maturity range represented the completion of the starch deposition. The flour from matooke harvested at 15–21 weeks had a relatively lower average final viscosity (287.65 RVU) and a relatively lower average peak viscosity of (405.9 RVU) indicating that reduction in the starch content of the matooke had commenced. However, the pasting properties of the matooke flour at this range of maturity were similar despite the broad range of the period.

Keywords : Matooke; maturity window; flour; processing; starch content.

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HAEMATOLOGICAL RESPONSE AND EGG PRODUCTION OF CHICKENS FED WITH DIETS CONTAINING INSECTICIDE-TREATED MAIZE

Abstracts

The toxic effects of diets containing insecticide-treated maize were assessed on chickens. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated to contain maize treated with 4 pre-planting insecticides at recommended doses: control (T1), 20% chlorpyrifos at 2 ml/kg (T2), 20% imidacloprid and 20% metalaxyl-M at 2 g/kg (T3), 20% thiamethoxam and 20% metalaxyl-M at 2.5/kg (T4), 33% permethrin and 15% carbendazim at 2.5 g/kg (T5). Sixty 25-week old laying chickens were randomly allotted to the diets for 14 days in a completely randomised design. Each treatment had 12 birds. White blood cell (WBC) and Red blood cell (RBC) counts were determined according to standard procedures. Packed cell volume (PCV) was determined using haemotocrit cynometer. Data were analysed using ANOVA at α0.05. The PCV for birds fed T2 (24.00%) and T4 (22.00%) were significantly (P=.05) lower than the mean value obtained for those on control diet (28.00%). The WBC counts were significantly (P=.05) higher for the birds fed with experimental diets. Egg production was similar across the treatments. Birds fed with T2 (7.86 g/dL) and T4 (7.10 g/dL) recorded lower mean values for Hb. Insecticide-treated maize raised white blood cell counts of the experimental chickens which is an important indication that it is hazardous to the systems of the chickens and hence, such should be handled with extra care.

Keywords : Chickens; egg production; haematology; insecticide; toxicity.

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FUZZY HEMIRINGS

Abstracts

In this paper, we study fuzzy hemirings and introduce some of its properties. We also introduce normal fuzzy hemirings and some related properties are also described.

Keywords : Fuzzy sets; hemirings; fuzzy hemirings; normal fuzzy hemirings.

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SELENIUM BIOCHEMISTRY AND DISEASES

Abstracts

Selenium (Se) is a trace element, which is important in many biochemical and physiological process. It is toxic if taken in excess, because it produces an imbalance of nutrients in the diet. Se is incorporated as selenocysteine at the active site of a wide range of selenoproteins, which play an important role in many body functions, including in antioxidant defense and in the formation of thyroid hormones. Some selenoproteins metabolites play a role in cancer prevention. The biochemical role for Se is to regulate enzyme activities as a part of the active site of the enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, which is known as an endogenous antioxidant enzyme and thioredoxin reeducate (TR) that catalyzes the NADPH- dependent reduction. TR is a major redox protein for many enzymes/transcription factors. The level of Se in soil varies with type, quality and organic contents. Plants absorb Se from soil but its absorption by plants is affected by chemical and physical properties of the soil. In this review, we briefly describe the nature and types of selenoproteins, sources of Se in environment and the different mechanisms by which Se controls redox balance and immune function. Furthermore, we also describe role of selenium in health and diseases.

Keywords : Selenium; selenoproteins; antioxidant; deficiency; diseases.

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SOLVENT EFFECT ON THE STRUCTURES OF Co (II) SCHIFF BASE COMPLEXES DERIVED FROM 4-AMINOANTIPYRINE AND 2-HYDROXYBENZALDEHYDE (L1H) AND 2, 4-DIHYDROXYBENZALDEHYDE (L2H)

Abstracts

The title complexes are formed from the reaction of Schiff bases L1H or L2H with cobalt thiocyanate or cobalt azide in different coordinated solvents to afford solid materials with different colours ranging from red, dark green, greenish red to olive green depends on the solvent and the type of cobalt salt used. From the UV-Vis and IR spectra, these complexes exhibit binuclear structure with a coordination number six around each cobalt atom.
The solvents, EtOH, THF, CH3CN and MeOH, which are coordinated to the cobalt atom in the axial position transto either isothiocyanate or azide ligands can be replaced easily by methanol to give red complexes. In fact all the complexes are soluble in methanol and only the dark green complexes are soluble in certain organic solvents such as acetone and acetonitrile, the rest are insoluble in most organic solvents. Theses cobalt (II) complexes under this study are to be considered as solvent dependent.

Keywords : Schiff base; binuclear cobalt (II) complex; solvent effect; isothiocyanate; azide.

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DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF SINAT5 GENE IN GROWTH STAGES OF Zea mays

Abstracts

Proteolytic pathways of post translational protein modification and regulation by 26S proteosomes play key roles in plants developmental processes. One of the main pathways of post-translational regulation of the levels of specific proteins in eukaryotic cells is based on ubiquitination process in which E3 ligases such as SINAT5 (Seven in Absentia in Arabidopsis thaliana 5) transfer the ubiquitin to the target proteins. SINAT5 has been known to regulate auxin signaling and root morphogenesis by ubiquitination of NAC1 protein. For further identification, the expression and the relative level of maize SINAT5 transcript were analyzed using the basic and real-time PCR with template leaf materials separately collected from the vegetative and the flowering stages of maize plants grown under the normal growth conditions. The obtained results not only confirmed the presence of SINAT5 transcript in the leaf tissues of both growth stages but also revealed its high level of expression in the leaf samples of flowering stage. This may address the large numbers of protein targets for ubiquitination at flowering stage in compare to vegetative stage.   

Keywords : SINAT5; real time; RT-PCR; ubiquitin ligase.

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HEALTHY UNIVERSITY WORK CULTURE, DECISION-MAKING AND COMMUNICATION LEADERSHIP SKILLS

Abstracts

This study investigated decision-making and communication leadership skills as correlates of a healthy university work culture. The population consists of all university staff members in South-west Nigeria. Four universities were randomly selected; two public and two private universities out of thirty-one universities in South-west Nigeria. Fifty staff members were randomly selected from each university making two hundred samples. Descriptive research design method was used and the data collected analyzed shows the relationship between the leadership decision-making skill, leadership communication skill and a university healthy work culture in the selected universities. For data collection, three research questions and one research hypothesis were formulated and tested at 5% level of significance. The Research Instrument adopted was a questionnaire and was analyzed using Descriptive Statistics, and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Co-efficient (PPMC). The Results of the study revealed that there is significant positive relationship between leadership decision-making skill and leadership communication skill (P=0.000); leadership decision-making skill and a healthy work culture (P=0.030); and a healthy work culture and leadership communication skill (P=0.003). Among others, recommendations were made that university leaders, especially the administrative staff, should be trained on effective leadership communication skill which gives room for a good feedback that can enhance the growth of the university as well as project the image of the university positively.

Keywords : Decision-making; communication; leadership skills; healthy work culture; University.

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UNDERSTANDING NUCLEAR STRUCTURE WITH FINAL UNIFICATION

Abstracts

Progress towards final unification has proceeded by a series of ‘successive approximations’ allowing more and more accurate predictions over a wider and wider range of phenomena. Nevertheless, there is no single model available that fully incorporates the standard model of nuclear physics, quantum mechanics and general relativity. There is serious doubt about the currently believed basic concepts and advanced mathematics of unified models. In this context, by considering the strength of the Schwarzschild interaction as ‘unity’ and by considering the squared Avogadro number as a suitable scaling factor, the authors have made an attempt to understand the basics of nuclear physics with three assumptions and have developed many useful semi-empirical relations in a constructive approach. The key point to be noted is that the electromagnetic interaction and the strong interaction both seem to be associated with two different gravitational constants. It is hoped that the proposed assumptions and accurate results may be useful in developing a unified model of nuclear physics.

Keywords : Schwarzschild’s interaction; squared Avogadro number; strong interaction; nuclear structure.

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EXPONENTIAL REPRESENTATION OF XS-ORTHOGONAL MATRICES

Abstracts

In this paper, we discussed the concept of XS-orthogonal matrices and extended some results of Krishnamoorthy et al., [1] in the context of secondary transpose.
Keywords : Exponential matrix function; XS-orthogonal; XS-symmetric; XS-skew symmetric; XS-hermitian matrices.

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EVALUATION OF RESPONSE TO ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY (ECT) IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE AND REFRACTORY BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER

Abstracts

Background: There are numerous reports regarding the effectiveness of Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in borderline personality disorder. Their results are inconsistent and further investigation is needed. In this study, the effect of ECT was assessed in a series of patients which had not responded to the conventional treatment.

Materials and Methods: This is a case series report of 5 patients. They suffered from refractory borderline personality disorder and had been referred to principal investigator. They were all males with age between 22-24 years old. Treatment consisted of 16-24 bilateral ECT sessions under controlled, during a period of 6 months. All signs and symptoms were recorded according to DSM-IV-TR behavioral frequency checklist. Recordings at the beginning and at the ending of treatment were compared.

Results: The results show that there is a significant global improvement in all sectors. All patients showed some degree of improvement although the amount of response was different between subjects.

Conclusion: ECT in sufficient sessions can be regarded as a means of treating refractory borderline personality disorder. However, the small number of patients and the lacking of control group calls for more works.

Keywords : Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT); Borderline personality disorder (BPD); Refractory personality disorder.

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ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS CONCENTRATION IN ROADSIDE SOILS NEAR AN ALGERIAN NATIONAL ROAD

Abstracts

This study assesses and quantifies the contamination by heavy metals from soils near a road in western Algeria (RN35, Tlemcen). The physicochemical parameters of soils and total heavy metals concentrations were determined using standardized methods and atomic absorption spectrometry, respectively. The results showed that most of the soils were contaminated with cadmium, lead and zinc in a concentration ranges of 1.47 to 3.00 mg/kg for Cd; 8.00 to 39.75 mg/kg for Cu; 16.75 to 301.25 mg/kg for Pb and 68.00 to 1952.50 mg/kg for Zn. Pollution index of seven soils samples exceeds unity evoking significant polymetallic pollution. Monitoring measures and reduction lead content in gasoline should be taken into consideration in order to reduce concentrations of these pollutants and avoid their introduction into the environment and contamination of groundwater, wildlife and local flora.

Keywords : Roadside soils; heavy metals; contamination; pollution; Algeria.

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A STUDY ON OXIDIZING EFFECT OF AN EYE LUBRICANT MIXTURE OF CARBOXY METHYL CELLULOSE AND HYALURONATE ON THE TEAR FILM IN HUMAN EYE USING CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY

Abstracts

The study of the effects of the eye drops used in the two types of a sterile compounds (carboxy methyl cellulose sodium 0.5% (CMCS 0.5%) and sodium hyaluronate 0.2% (SH0.2%)) using electrochemical method by cyclic voltammetry in the natural media at pH=6.8 which is the same as tear film pH. This study aimed to evaluate the activity of both eye drops (carboxy methyl cellulose sodium 0.5% (CMCS0.5%) and sodium hyaluronate 0.2% (SH0.2%)) and redox effects on the eyes in tear film resembling media and blood medium.

The results were given for the CMCS0.5% in normal saline as an electrolyte in the cell of cyclic voltammetric technique, two cathodic current peaks of CMCS0.5% at 250 mV and -250 mV, While the result of voltammogram in distill water single reduction current peak of CMCS0.5% at -600 mV. But in blood medium the CMCS0.5% shows reduction current peak at -900 mV. The same antioxidants current peak appeared in KCl as an electrolyte at -100 mV, so the CMCS0.5% acts as antioxidant in the eye lubricant on the tear film in human eye and in different electrolytes.

The other compound of sterile eye drop is SH0.2% which was studied in normal saline that showed two oxidation current peaks at 250 mV and 500 mV and two reduction current peaks at 400 mV and -500 mV. While in the blood medium, it made one oxidation current peak at 1mV and other reduction current peak at -750 mV.

The both CMCS0.5% and SH0.2% eye drops can be used properly as a safe sterile eye drop regarding the chemical composition as they act as antioxidant agents in the neutral medium as in the tear media of human eyes.

Keywords :CMCS0.5%; SH0.2%; cyclic voltammetry; blood medium; normal saline.

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REMEDIATION OF CRUDE OIL-POLLUTED SURFACE WATER USING AQUA-GEL BENTONITE, PERIWINKLE SHELL CHITOSAN EXTRACT AND SAWDUST

Abstracts

Crude oil pollution in the oil producing communities has become a nightmare to host communities and indeed a threat to the biosphere. The coagulation and flocculation of crude oil-in-water using aqua-gel Bentonite, Periwinkle shell-Chitosan extract and sawdust in the presence of calcium hydroxide is investigated at room temperature using the jar test apparatus. In the study, Chitosan was extracted from periwinkle shell for use as coagulant in combination with sawdust and Bentonite in the ratio 0.375:1:0.375, also, the second order perikinetic functional parameters as Coag-flocculation constant (K), Collision factor for Brownian Transport (βBR), Collision Efficiency (εp) and Coagulation Period / half-life (τ1/2) were evaluated at varying pH and dosage. Nephlometric standard method was employed in the determination of turbidity in a jar text apparatus. From the kinetic study, the theory of Perikinetics was confirmed and the maximum efficiency of 84.41% correlating to the second order kinetics was recorded at pH of 12 and dosage of 11 g/l with a rate constant of 0.0002 l/g, βBR of 0.0004 and τ1/2 of 21 minutes.

Keywords : Coag-flocculation; kinetics; periwinkle shell-chitosan; aqua-gel bentonite; oily non-process water.

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ACHIEVING ORAL HEALTH THE NATURAL WAY: PART IV-HONEY

Abstracts

Honey is a sweet natural gift of nature. Honey either alone or as a mixture with any of the following-lemon, clover, milk, cinnamon or water is normally used in our daily life for treatment of fatigue, weight loss, indigestion, hearing loss, halitosis, pimples, influenza, heart diseases, toothache, hair loss, bladder infections, infertility etc. Commercially honey is used as moisturizer, hair conditioner, laxative, aphrodisiac, rooting hormone and as cleansers. This review article has been framed after going through several search engines and PUBMED indexed journals over the last ten years to explore the role of honey in oral health.

Keywords : Anti-bacterial; antioxidant; ayurveda; honey; ulcer.

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CHROMOSOMAL ALTERATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH BREAST CANCER 

Abstracts

Today, breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly occurring cancer among women. Several studies have suggested that the proportion of BC can be attributed to a genetic factor that may be as high as 30%. The aim of the present study was to describe the types and frequencies of chromosomal abnormalities (CAs) in BC patients. Fifty-one patients were analysed as part of an ongoing study of the cytogenetics of BC. Cytogenetic analysis of blood samples was conducted by Giemsa‑banding in patients with BC. The karyotype results were normal in 68.6% of 51 patients; however, CAs were detected in 31.4% of the patients. The 27.5% and 3.9% of the patients exhibited structural aberrations (transloca­tions, deletions, inversions, duplications and fragilities) and numerical aberrations, respectively. Specifically, the deletions and fragilities among structural aberrations were the most common karyotypes (9.8% and 7.8%, respectively) among the patients. Deletions included del(7p11), del(7q32), del(9p32), del(11q23) and del(11q15). Inversions were present in 3.9% of all patients, and included inv(21)(q11;q21) and inv(11)(p15;q12). Translocations were detected in one patient (2%) and the frequency of other CAs, different to those types already mentioned, was 5.9%. Regarding numerical CAs, two patients (3.9%) had aneuploidies. This study demonstrated that genetic instability existed in 31.4% of BC patients, and emphasizes the importance of combined cytogenetic analysis for the diagnosis of BC. The 7p11, 7q32, 9p32, 11p15, 11q12, 11q23, 21q11, 21q21, 15p11 and 17q23 regions are becoming a model for understanding chromo­somal regions in BC. It seems that the presence of 11q and 7q deletions may play an important role in the development of BC. If so, different chromosome anomalies might have different pathogenetic and/or prognostic significance.

Keywords : Breast cancer; chromosomal aberrations.

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A STUDY OF THE EXTENDED τ, β -GAUSS HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION

Abstracts

This paper deals with the study of a new generalization of Gauss hypergeometric function. We define here an extended τ, β-Gausshypergeometric function and various properties of this new function are investigated such as its integral representation, derivative formulas and Mellin transform. Fractional calculus approach of are also established. The results presented in this paper are of general nature and results given earlier by Parmar [1], Srivastava et al. [2], Virchenko and Rumiantseva [3] and Virchenko et al. [4] follows, as special cases.

Keywords : Generalized Pochhammer symbol; Gauss hypergeometric function; τ-Gauss hypergeometric function; Mellin transform and Fractional calculus.

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NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF ONE DIMENSIONAL WAVE EQUATIONS USING THE CRANK-NICOLSON METHOD

Abstracts

The description of Crank–Nicolson finite difference method for the numerical solution of hyperbolic partial differential equations, its numerical properties and its application to the one dimensional wave equation is presented in this project. The analysis of the method, i.e. consistency and stability was carried out and the method was found to be convergent. Numerical solutions of some wave equations were presented using MATLAB program, the results performed admirably when compared to the analytical solution.

Keywords : Finite difference; stability; boundary conditions; truncation; consistency.

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TETANUS FROM WOUND CONTAMINATION BY ELEPHANT DUNG: A CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF THE RECOGNITION AND EVIDENCE-BASED MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE TETANUS INFECTION

Abstracts

Tetanus, a vaccine-preventable neuroinvasive disease, is caused by Clostridium tetani. Although incidence rates in the western world have decreased drastically when compared with developing nations, these numbers will be on the rise given the increasing immigration rates to developed countries, as seen in recent outbreaks of several other vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States of America. This article highlights a case of a Zimbabwean man with an unexpected method of C. tetani inoculation through application of elephant dung on a malignant foot lesion, and the need for western-world physicians to be aware of this unique presentation. This review emphasizes the utmost importance of early and accurate tetanus diagnosis, and provides a review of the available literature on its coordinated multidisciplinary management approach, most of which is supportive and includes source control, toxin neutralization, airway management, muscle spasm control, hemodynamic support with vasopressors, adequate nutrition, and a discussion on vaccination. Given the bolstering immigration rates, vaccine-preventable diseases, such as tetanus, will become more prevalent in developed nations given that a large proportion of individuals from developing nations are unvaccinated. Physicians in the western world should be aware of these circumstances, and should target these patients in order to stride towards eradication of vaccine-preventable diseases such as tetanus.

Keywords : Tetanus; Clostridium tetani; vaccination; mechanical ventilation; tetanus toxoid.

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ETCHED 4HE-ION TRACKS IN CR-39: TRACK PARAMETERS AND CONSISTENCY CHECKS

Abstracts

Often α-particles and 4He-ions were detected in wide variety of applications by use of SSNTD.  Moreover, the investigation of the track revealing by chemical etching is performed with this particle radiation because of their easily availability. Therefore, a tremendous amount of experimental and calculated data for the track revealing were published over more than 40 years in the past. Unfortunately, the comparability of the data is difficult because very different experimental conditions were applied.

The present paper presents a systematic analysis of most recent experimental data of track diameters, track lengths, track etch rates, sensitivity, etch induction time and critical angle. A special aspect of the analysis is the use of constraints to check the consistency and reliability of the experimental data.

Keywords : Solid state nuclear track detectors; CR-39; 4He ions; track parameter; consistency checks; track etch rate; sensitivity.

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CASE SERIES: ATYPICAL ANTI-PSYCHOTIC INDUCED NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME

Abstracts

Background: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a potentially fatal condition composed of hyperthermia, extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), autonomic nervous system disturbances, and altered levels of consciousness due to idiosyncratic causes antipsychotic agent’s usage. Once the NMS symptoms and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) elevation observed, immediately withdrawal of causative medications and administration of amantadine, dantrolene, bromocriptine and supportive measures will result in subside of symptoms.

Aim: To report that the Atypical 2nd generation antipsychotics (Risperidone, Olanzapine and Quetiapine) shows more symptoms of Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) and typical anti-psychotics induced extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). Immediately withdrawal of antipsychotic agent’s and administration of amantadine with anticholinergics and supportive measures results in relieve from the drug induced symptoms.

Clinical Details: Collected two cases of Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) and extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) induced by the atypical 2nd generation antipsychotics and it was evaluated by the subjective evidences and objective evidences.

Outcomes: Patients relived from the atypical 2nd generation antipsychotics induced NMS and EPS with effective medication management.

Conclusion: In this case series, atypical 2nd generation antipsychotics (Risperidone, Olanzapine and Quetiapine) shows more symptoms of NMS. Immediately withdrawal of antipsychotic agent’s and administration of amantadine with anticholinergics and supportive measures resulted in recovery.

Keywords : Neuroleptic malignant syndrome; extrapyramidal side effects; atypical antipsychotic agent’s; serum creatine phosphokinase.

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A RARE CAUSE OF NEONATAL JAUNDICE AND WEIGHT LOSS

Abstracts

Background: Weight loss and jaundice in early neonatal period are common reasons for referral of new-born to paediatricians. The cause most of the time is related to inadequate fluid and calorie intake. Rare causes should be sought for in the presence of unusual clinical picture or when there is no response to initial usual management.

Case Presentation: We report a case of a new-born with classic galactosaemia who presented in unusual manner with only weight loss and jaundice without feeding problems. The final diagnosis of galactosaemia was unclear initially and only became evident following exclusion of more common differentials.

Results: Rapid recovery of early symptoms following commencement of appropriate treatment.

Conclusion: Future advancement of galactosaemia management could help to avoid long term complications which current management does not prevent.

Keywords : Jaundice; weight loss; galactosaemia; paediatrics.

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CYTOTOXICITY TESTING OF Clitoria ternatea ON CANCER –ORIGIN CELL LINES

Abstracts

C. ternatea is a wellknown medicinal plant in ayurveda, its common names including blue pea, Cordofan pea, butterfly pea, and Asian pigeonwings, belongs to the family fabaceae. It was originated from tropical Asia and later was distributed widely in South and Central America, East and West Indies, China, India where it has become naturalized. The flowers of C. ternatea have been investigated for its cytotoxicity on cancer-origin cell lines such as hormone-dependent breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), Osteosarcoma cell line (MG-63) and in normal VERO cell line. The anti-proliferation activities of the extracts were demonstrated by employing colorimetric MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) 2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay through time periods of 24, 48 and 72 hours. Results of this study showed that the flowers of C. ternatea had significant effects (p<0.05) against MG-63 with an IC50 value of 62.5 μg/ml and with MCF-7 as 31.2 μg/ml.

Keywords : Clitoria ternatea; cytotoxicity; cancer cell lines.

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THE DETERMINATION OF METABOLIZABLE ENERGY OF RAISING GRAPEVINE LEAVES UNTREATED AND TREATED WITH UREA AND MICROWAVE USING GAS PRODUCTION TECHNIQUE

Abstracts

The present study was carried out to determine fermentation characteristics, metabolizable energy (ME), digestible organic matter (DOM) and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) of raisin grapevine leaves (L), grapevine leaves treated with 0.5% urea (U) and grapevine leaves treated with microwave (M) using gas production technique. Two fistulated wether with average BW of 45±2 kg were used. The data was analyzed using a completely random design. The incubation times were 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h. The gas production of soluble and insoluble fractions (a + b) were 289, 317.09 and 246.66 mLg-1DM and the rate of gas production prices (c) were 0.0155, 0.0170 and 0.0272 (%/h) for treatments L, U and M, respectively. ME, DOM and SCFA of grapevine leaves were obtained 16.40 mjkg-1DM, 178.43% and 1.91 mlmol; and of grapevine leaves treated with 0.5% urea achieved 16.99 mjkg-1DM, 182.3% and 1.95 mlmol; and of grapevine leaves treated with microwave were calculated 18.35 mjkg-1DM, 192.91% and 2.2 mlmol, respectively. These showed statistically significant differences (P<0.05). The grapevine leaves treated with microwave (148.58 mlLg-1DM) due to the production of more gas than grapevine leaves treated with 0.5% urea and grapevine leaves (134.27 and 128.84 mlLgr-1DM) resulted low ME in this treatments compared to grapevine leaves treated with microwave.

Keywords : Metabolizable energy; microwave; urea; grapevine leaves.

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A STUDY ON "INFLUENCES OF WESTERN CONSUMERISM"

Abstracts

No doubt, in the present era of globalization, materialism and consumerism are dominated in mostly developed countries but the developing countries are not free from the influences of consumerism. For the authenticity and for the logic of these effects and influences, the historical proverb " the poor always imitate the rich" shows even within the country and even with the society of a country, this seems true because in every society whether it is Muslim or non Muslim, the trend of imitating the rich by the poor is found. So, at broad level, the influences and effects of one country spreads in the other countries that were indulging in trade or have common boundary and even due to globalization, these influences are prevailing day by day. In short, in this article, brief study is presented to show the influences of Western consumerism.

Keywords : Consumerism; culture; developed; developing countries.

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ROLE OF ANN AND FUZZY IN SOFTWARE COST ESTIMATION

Abstracts

This paper aims to provide a novel methodology for cost estimated; it is a hybrid of artificial neural network back propagation which is a computational approach and fuzzy logic,  which is a propositional calculus based on functional point of the training data set. These kind of solutions are regardless of mathematical views of the problem and it is useful for such case which does not have precise inputs, for instance in software cost estimation. There are different methods in four major categories such as algorithmic COCOMO-II (Constructive Cost Model) model, functional point, analogy, expert judgment, top down and bottom down method which have their own cons and pros.Their merits will be discussed in comparison with the methodology of the hybrid off ANN BP (Artificial Neural Network Back Propogation) and fuzzy and functional point; in order to achieve their advantages and disadvantages. It will lead us to know that which method should be used with specific conditions.

Keywords : Software cost estimation; machine learning; artificial neural network; ANN; back propagation; fuzzy logic.

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THE RELATIVISTIC SYNCHROTRON RADIATION IN THE FRAME OF THE MOVING PARTICLE

Abstracts

In the current paper we tackle the task of determining the formula for the synchrotron radiation as measured from a frame co-moving with the particle. This task has never been attempted before owing to the difficulty of dealing with rotating frames. Our paper is divided into two main sections, the first section deals with synchrotron radiation measured in the frame of the lab, the second section deals with synchrotron radiation as measured in a frame co-rotating with the particle.

Keywords : Synchrotron radiation (Bremsstrahlung); uniformly rotating frames; special relativity.

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THE EFFECT OF CONTEXT AND LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY LEVEL ON YOUNG EFL LEARNERS PROCESSING OF ENGLISH IDIOMS

Abstracts

Idioms are the most vital parts of every human language, because speakers can express their feelings and experiences better through figurative expressions. They are used to give life and richness to the language, by taking the existing words, combining them in a new sense, and creating new meanings, just like a work of art [1-3]. Though many L2 studies have explored the development of figurative language competence and the strategies employed during idiom interpretation, few studies have examined the relationship between idiom processing and L2 learners' reading comprehension in consonance with their level of language proficiency. This paper reports on a one-year study that aimed at investigating the development of young learners’ reading competence in relation to comprehending idioms. A total of 50 young EFL students aged 10 to 12 years old took part in the study. The findings of the study could provide practical guidance to EFL instructors, material developers and test designers with regard to the type of reading comprehension strategies EFL learners employ when exposed to idioms while learning English as a Foreign Language.

Keywords : Idioms; young EFL learners; similarity; effectiveness; strategies; reading comprehension.

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NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION AND SENSORY ATTRIBUTES OF EKOKI PRODUCED FROM MAIZE AND ENHANCED WITH SOY AND TIGERNUT MILKS

Abstracts

This study was carried out to determine the effects of soymilk, tigernut milk, soy/tigernut milk and water on nutritional quality of ekoki. White and yellow maize were separately grounded into coarse form; while soybeans and tigernut tubers were processed into milks. Portions of the ground maize and the milks were blended with addition of crayfish, palm oil, and spices into ekoki mash as follows: white ekoki with soymilk (WES), white ekoki with tigernut milk (WET), white ekokiwith soy/tigernut milk (WEST), yellow ekoki with soy/tigernut milk (YEST) and white ekoki with water (WEW) as control. The ekoki samples were cooked into paste and subjected to physicochemical and mineral analyses as well as sensory evaluation. The ekoki treatments which had protein content 14.31±0.16 to 16.74±0.20%, fat 9.90±0.29% to 12.29±0.21%, ash 3.51±0.13 to 3.85±0.04% and β carotene 122.33±0.58 to 149.20±0.26% were all higher than the control. There was significant (P = 0.05) difference in carotene content among the treatments with highest value in YEST. There was no significant (P > .05) difference in fibre and pH values between ekoki treatments and the control. Minerals except zinc, in all the ekoki treatments were higher than values for the control. In organoleptic evaluation, WEW had highest rating on flavour but least preferred on general acceptability. The use of soymilk, tigernut milk or soy/tigernut milk as blending liquid for ekoki production is recommended as this would enhance nutritional quality of ekoki and therefore promote health of the consumers.

Keywords : Maize; soymilk; tigernut milk; ekoki; physicochemical; mineral; sensory properties.

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MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF WEST NILE VIRUS WITH INFECTED IMMIGRANT BIRDS

Abstracts

The complex task of controlling infectious diseases has long been assisted by mathematical modeling. Control and preventions of malaria, cholera, cancer and other diseases have been achieved by modeling. This research is on Mathematical Model of the West Nile Virus with infected Immigrant Birds. West Nile virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus found in temperate and tropical regions of the world. Some obvious symptoms of infection with this virus include fever, headaches, fatigue, muscle pain or aches, malaise, nausea, anorexia, vomiting, myalgias and rash. In rare cases, West Nile virus can lead to inflammation of the brain (encephalitis), swelling of the spiral cord (myelitis), or swelling of the tissues around the brain and spinal cord (meningitis). The virus is transmitted majorly to female mosquitoes from infected birds. The infected mosquitoes could transmit the virus to man. This research work formulated a model to monitor the dynamics of the transfer of the west nile virus between birds and mosquitoes. The Model formulated is a non linear Ordinary Differential Equation. The model reveals that reduction of immigration of infected birds can reduce the peak of infection of the disease among birds. Numerical simulations however show that immigrant birds have no consequence on the total infected mosquito.

Keywords : Basic reproduction number; virus; equilibrium; local stability.

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PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS, ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PEELS’ EXTRACTS FROM Ipomoea batatas L.

Abstracts

Background: The emergence of MDR bacteria as well as the danger posed by oxidative 8 stress induced free radicals have caused an increase in the research into the development of new natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. Several natural sources including the leaves of Ipomoea batatas Lam have been explored for the presence of these bioactive compounds. However, the peels of this important plant have not been examined in this regard. The aim of this work therefore was to carry out phytochemical screening and determine the antimicrobial and the antioxidant potential of the peels from Ipomoea batatas lam.

Methods: The ethyl acetate and methanolic crude extracts were screened for the presence of phytochemicals. The colour intensity/ precipitate formation was used as analytical responses to the tests. The antioxidant activity was determined by employing the DPPH assay and the total phenolic content was also determined using Folin-Ciocalteau method. The antimicrobial test was done using broth micro-dilution technique according CLSI guidelines

Results: The phytochemical screening showed positive results for tannins/ phenolic compounds, terpenoids, reducing sugar, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids and lipids. The methanolic crude extract exhibited higher antioxidant potential while both crude extracts were inactive against the selected microorganisms.

Conclusion: Sweet potato peels contain important secondary metabolites with explorable medicinal potential.

Keywords : Antioxidant; antimicrobial; phenolics; phytochemicals; sweet potato.

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ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL MEDIA USAGE HABITS AMONG THE PEOPLE OF SAMSUN

Abstracts

Social media has become one of the indispensable parts of our lives. This platform allows people to make free calls, shopping, making friends, playing games, scoring companies etc. Although social media tools draw great interest on youth, they are used by all ages. In this study we investigated social media usage habit of people by latent class analysis. The data that we used in the study is a survey data that was made by face to face interview to 1065 people whose age interval is 16-67 in Samsun. Latent class analysis is applied to the dataset and in the light of this, social media usage activities is separated into three class which are named as ‘knowledge acquisition and agenda follow-up’, ‘amusement and memory sharing’ and ‘make friends, chat and communication’. We observed that the proportion of the person who appeared in class 1 is 0,1775, class 2 is 0,4638 and class 3 is 0,3587. In Class 1, persons most likely use Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. In Class 2, in additionally people also used Swarm and Foursquare. In Class 3, there is a significant increase in use of Swarm and Foursquare.

Keywords : Social media; latent class analysis; latent class probability; survey.

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SYNTHESIS AND MIXED MICELLIZATION STUDIES OF GLUCOSIDE SURFACTANTS WITH CATIONIC AMPHIPHILES

Abstracts

The micellar and interfacial behavior of mixtures of the nonionic dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl poly glucoside surfactants with cationic cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide were studied by surface tension measurements. Various physico chemical properties such as surface activity parameters (CMC, γCMC, Amin), the micellar and interfacial composition (Xm, Xσ), interaction parameters (βm, βσ) and activity coefficients (f1m, f2m, f1σ, f2σ) were evaluated. The micellar mole fractions were always higher than ideal values indicating high contributions of cationics in mixed micelles. Activity coefficients were less than unity indicating synergism in micelles. The negative free energies of mixing showed the stability of the mixed micelles of the surfactants. The wetting and foaming properties of mixed surfactant systems were also studied and they exhibit enhanced wetting and foaming properties.

Keywords : Mixed micelles; synergism; regular solution theory; wetting time; foaming properties.

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UNILATERAL AGENESIS OF THE INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY: REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND CLINICAL CONSIDERATION

Abstracts

The development of the internal carotid artery (ICA) begins at the 3-4 mm embryonic stage and acquires its mature shape by the end of the fourth week. Complex reconstruction of the terminal segment of the dorsal aorta and the third aortic arch underlies the formation of primordial ICA. Failure of this process leads to agenesis of the ICA in one of its seven segments with the following absence of the distal part of the vessel. Due to the plasticity of the cerebral circulation, the majority of people with agenesis of the ICA manage to stay asymptomatic. However, some geometric patterns of the compensatory blood flow are predisposed to failure, resulting in susceptibility to the development of aneurysms, ischemic attacks, and accidental arterial dissections. The wide-spread use of modern visualizing techniques allowed registration of quite a number of such cases, allowing systematic analysis and clinical evaluation of settled types of the collateral cerebral circulation and clinical tendencies in patients with agenesis of the ICA. Here, we report a case of unilateral agenesis of the ICA and additionally expose the results of systematic clinical analysis of 45 similar patients reported since 2000.

Keywords :Agenesis; internal carotid artery; collateral cerebral circulation; circle of Willis.

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BRONCHIECTASIS IN A NINE YEAR OLD GIRL: A RARE SYNDROMIC ASSOCIATION

Abstracts

Ataxia telengectasia (AT) is an unaccustomed multisystemic genome instability syndrome with an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. It is primarily characterized by a constellation of features including cerebellar degeneration, telangiectasias, recurrent sinopulmonary infections and increased susceptibility to malignancies. Diagnostic delays can culminate in irrevocable sequelae leading to significant morbidity.

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ENHANCED BIOREMEDIATION AND VEGETATION REGENERATION PERFORMANCE OF CRUDE OIL POLLUTED SOIL

Abstracts

Enhanced bioremediation of crude oil polluted soil by oil palm bunch ash and sawdust amendments was investigated to determine the capacities of the test materials to enhance degradation of the hydrocarbon content of crude oil polluted soil. One thousand five-hundred gram (1500 g) of soil was placed in each of five buckets labeled CT, NA, BS1, BS2 and BS3. CT (the control) was not given any treatment while the other buckets were each treated with crude oil at 6.7% (v/w) level of pollution. NA was not added any amendment material after pollution. BS1 and BS2 were each mixed with 200 g of oil palm bunch ash and sawdust respectively while BS3 was amended a mixture of 200 g of oil palm bunch ash and 200 g of sawdust. Results showed increase in soil pH from 8.7±0.04 to 10.5±0.06, 5.3±0.01 to 8.5±0.04 and 5.6±0.18 to 11.5±0.15 in BS1, BS2 and BS3respectively. Percentage total petroleum hydrocarbon content decreased by 65% in BS1and BS2 and 52% in BS3. Total nitrogen increased from 0.66±0.1 to 0.69±0.0% in BS1, was unchanged in BS2 and reduced from 0.4±0.0 to 0.2±0.0% for BS3 while average phosphorus increased from 0.4±0.0 to 23.0±4.2 mgkg-1, 0.3±0.0 to 1.8±0.4 mgkg-1 and from 0.2±1.0 mgkg-1 to 52.6±4.6 mgkg-1 in BS1, BS2 and BS3 respectively. There were vegetation regeneration in CT, NA, BS2 and none in BS1 and BS3. The amendment materials enhanced bioremediation of crude oil polluted soil but oil palm bunch ash inhibited vegetation regeneration.

Keywords :Pollution; crude oil; bioremediation; vegetation, petroleum hydrocarbon.

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SYNTHESIS AND SURFACE ACTIVITIES OF TWO NEW CHIRAL GEMINI CATIONIC SURFACTANTS

Abstracts

Two new Gemini cationic surfactants were synthesized using L-Tartaric acid, 2-propanol and N,N-dimethylhexadecylamine/ N,N-dimethyldodecylamine (P1 and P2). The new surfactants have four hydroxyl groups, different hydrophilic chains and two chiral centers. The surface activities were evaluated, and the minimum surface tension of P1 and P2 solution were 31.55 mN/m and 28.75 mN/m respectively. The foam-stability and foamability measurements are consistent with those of CMC. It was found that, the two surfactants display different superiority for foam foamability and foam-stability respectively.

Keywords : Gemini cationic surfactant; critical micelle concentration; foamability; foam-stability.

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SURFACE WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF BHINDAWAS LAKE (HARYANA, INDIA) USING MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES

Abstracts

Bhindawas Lake is an important resource for India relishing protected status since 1986. It is a man-made lake constructed to store excess waters of Jawaharlal Nehru Canal. It serves as an important breeding, feeding and wintering site for significant members of bird flora. Over past few years it is under serious pressures due to invasive species, eutrophication and siltation. The objectives of the present investigation were to (1) provide an overview of the present water quality in Bhindawas Lake, Haryana, India and (2) extraction of significant water quality parameters and identification of pollution sources using multivariate statistical techniques such as Cluster Analysis (CA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Factor Analysis(FA). Data matrix included analytical results of 17 water quality parameters at 18 sampling sites within the Lake monitored during pre-monsoon and monsoon season of 2014. Dendrogram resulting from cluster analysis grouped the sampling sites into 3 statistically significant clusters based on the spatial similarities in the Lake water characteristics. Principal component analysis and factor analysis yielded 5 factors that explained for 80.85% variation in the data. PCA/FA helped in identification of parameters namely minerals, salts, nutrients and organic pollutants, that greatly influence variation patterns of temporal data and contribute to high pollution loading for Bhindawas Lake. FA also suggested the probable sources of these pollution loadings could be soil leaching or erosion followed by runoff, non-point sources such as agriculture and anthropogenic sources. The results reveal that the Lake is under pressure due to non-point pollution sources and requires immediate attention and implementation of conservation and management strategies to maintain its ecological integrity.

Keywords : Bhindawas Lake; water quality; cluster analysis; principal component analysis; factor analysis.

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THEORETICAL STUDY OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL QUANTUM SYSTEM WITH GENERALIZED CUBIC-QUINTIC NONLINEARITY

Abstracts

We study the (1+1)-dimensional nonlinear Schr¨odinger equation with double nonlinear terms that are in the form of polytropic approximation and generalized from cubic-quintic formulation. We find the analytical solution of such equation model by the F-expansion method without introducing any integrability constraint. Based on the derived dark soliton solution, we calculate the polytropic index dependence of the soliton velocity and soliton ampitude and show the simulated dark soliton evolutionary variation because of different nonlinear strength, giving quantitative evaluation of the dynamical behavior variation of the typical (1+1)-dimensional quantum system that depends on the parameterized generalized cubic-quintic nonlinearity.

Keywords :Nonlinear schr¨odinger equation; cubic-quintic nonlinearity; soliton.

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EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS ON SOIL RESOURCE IN CHALLAWA INDUSTRIAL AREA, KANO, NIGERIA

Abstracts

The study was aimed at determining the effects of industrial effluents on the soil environment of Challawa industrial area, Kano State Nigeria. Profile pit soils were sampled in the areas affected by industrial effluents and the adjacent control area. Sampled soils were carried to the laboratories for physical (sand, silt and clay) and chemical (pH, OC, AP, Ca, Mg, K, Na, N, ECEC) properties determinations. The result of the analysis showed that different horizons of the affected pits had less sand than what was obtained at the unaffected pit (average 615.78 and 670 respectively), Apart from pH, nitrogen, available phosphorus content of the soils that were lower at the horizons from the affected area of the industrial site( on the average, pH 6.45; N- 0.20 g/kg; AP- 3.97 mg/kg), all other chemical properties (exchangeable bases like Ca (1.15 cmol/kg), Mg (0.4 cmol/kg) and Na (0.23 cmol/kg) were lower at the horizons of the unaffected profile pits. Other physical and chemical properties of the soils collected like the pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen and available phosphorus, Ca, Mg, K and Na were low in some pits and in some pits had higher concentration at the affected area. The revelation from the analysis showed that the top and upper horizons of the soil at the industrial site has been seriously tampered with by industrial effluents and inhabitants should be advised to plant mostly shallow rooted crops and cultivate on land farther away from the effluent sludge.

Keywords :Industrial effluents; soil profile; environmental pollution; land.

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PUBLIC SPENDING ON EDUCATION, GOVERNANCE AND EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES IN THE MENA COUNTRIES

Abstracts

This paper takes advantage of the educational development index to measure the influence of governance on the relationship between public spending in education and the educational outcomes particularly in the MENA countries for the period 2000-2010. This region continues to allocate a huge amount of resources to education but at the same time the quality of their institutions is low. The results prove that public spending on education and good governance affect positively the educational outcomes but being in the MENA region has a negative effect. This finding can be explained by the weak governance in these countries. In fact, more public funds on education associated with low governance cannot enhance educational outcomes. This result is confirmed for countries with low governance and for countries that despite the positive change of governance they still with low level.

Keywords :Education expenditure; corruption; effectiveness; educational outcomes; MENA countries.

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EFFECTIVENESS OF LOCAL INSTITUTIONS IN FOREST MANAGEMENT AFTER WITHDRAW OF EXTERNAL FUNDING: LESSONS FROM DEDZA, MALAWI

Abstracts

A cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the impact of Village Natural Resource Management Committees (VNRMC) as one strategy for promoting sustainable management of forest resources in Kanyama Extension Planning Area, in Dedza, Malawi. A total of 146 randomly selected households were sampled from the two villages (Tembwe and Mpango). Data were collected using a standard structured questionnaire administered through face-to-face interviews. Field measurements were conducted in existing village forest area (VFA) to determine forest cover change. The results revealed that there was a significant (P<0.05) increase in community participation in forest management between project period and after the project.  ion; forest cover; tree species di

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versity.

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EFFECT OF DIMETHYLBENZYLDODECYLAMMONIUM BROMIDE ON THE STRUCTURE REGULARITY OF MESOPOROUS SILICA MCM-41

Abstracts

Using the surfactant dimethylbenzyldodecylammonium bromide as structure-directing agent mesoporous silica MCM-41 was prepared by two synthesis methods A and B. The synthesis method A is a sol-gel process while B is a sol-gel process with thermal condition and salt addition (potassium iodide). The materials prepared were characterized by x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that simple sol-gel didn’t yield to regular hexagonal structure. Unlike, method B led to hexagonal mesoporous silica MCM-41 was synthesized by using cationic surfactant with bulky head groups.

Keywords :MCM-41; dimethylbenzyldodecylammonium bromide; salt; hexagonal structure; regularity.

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SOFT β−OPEN SET VIA SOFT IDEALS

Abstracts

In this paper, we introduced the notions of soft β− I−sets and soft β− I− continuous functions. Also we obtain some characterizations and several properties concerning these functions.

Keywords :Soft β−open (closed) sets; soft β− I−continuity; soft ideal.

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LOW BASED TRIPLE THERAPY FOR ELDERLY PATIENT WITH PRE-LIVER CIRRHOSIS HEPATITIS TYPE C CONTRIBUTES TO IMPROVE HEPATIC FUNCTIONAL RESERVE

Abstracts

We present the case of an 80-year-old Japanese female suffering from a genotype 1b HCV infection, with a previous history of post-treatment relapse of PEG-IFN (interferon)/ribavirin (RBV). The patient was retreated with telaprevir-based triple therapy, she achieved rapid virological response (RVR). Despite dose reduction of treatment because of adverse effect (AE), she obtained a sustained virological response (SVR). Furthermore, hepatic functional reserve improved.

This case suggests that in selected genotype 1 HCV-infected patients, a successful treatment can be obtained even with a very low dose of these therapy because of AE or reduced compliance for elderly patient with fibrosis.

Keywords :Chronic hepatitis; telaprevir; elderly patients; hepatic functional reserve.

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IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE EFFICIENCY OF THE QUANTUM DOTS SOLAR CELLS BY THE ANNEALING TREATMENT

Abstracts

In this works, we have prepared the quantum dots solar cells (QDSSCs) based on the TiO2/CdS/CdSe/ZnS photoanodes with the annealing temperatures for the reduced recombination and the increased performance efficiency in the QDSSCs. The results indicate that the highest performance efficiency obtained correspond to the photoanodes at 300°C. In addition, we also investigated the effect of the ZnS passivation coated on the recombination resistance, the chemical capacitance of the performance QDSSCs through the electrochemical impedence spectroscopy (EIS).

Keywords :Passivation; solar cells; quantum dots.

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EFFECT OF SOME PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL TREATMENTS AND TEMPERATURE ON THE SEEDS GERMINATION OF HAWTHORN: Crataegus monogyna Jacq.

Abstracts

Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of some physical (warm and cold stratification) and chemical treatments (scarification with sulphuric acid 98% at different durations) on the breaking of the double dormancy (endocarp inhibition and embryonic dormancy) affecting the seeds of oneseed hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.) collected from shrubs grow spontaneously in the mount of Tessala (West-Algerian). The germination was tested in an oven at 20°C and 25°C. Compared to the seeds not treated with sulphuric acid, chemical scarification for 30 and 60 min by sulfuric acid combined with warm and cold stratification improves the germination capacity of seeds. Indeed, these pretreatments (stratification and scarification) have allowed to obtain maximum germination capacities 62 ± 5.38% at 25°C and 57 ± 1.65% at 20°C; while the weakest capacities are noted with seeds not treated with sulphuric acid and that are subjected only to cold stratification 24 ± 5.08% and 25 ± 0.86% respectively at 20°C and 25°C. Also the scarification works favorably by improving the velocity coefficient and shortening the time latency. The scarification entrains the deterioration of seeds when it exceeds 60 min.

Keywords :Oneseed hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna Jacq.); germination; dormancy; stratification; scarification; mount of Tessala (Western-Algeria).

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AN EVALUATION OF THE GROWTH-MAXIMIZING SIZE OF GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE IN A DEVELOPING ECONOMY: EVIDENCE FROM NIGERIA

Abstracts

There has been a significant expansion in the size of government expenditure in most economies around the world. Many studies have shown that there is a negative relationship between government size and economic growth after a certain point of government participation in the economy is reached. This study, therefore, examines the optimal size of government (measured by overall government spending as a percentage of GDP) that maximizes economic growth in Nigeria between the periods 1985-2014. The overall results suggest that the optimal level of government spending is 17% according to the Scully log-linear model and 24% according to the quadratic model making a conclusive range of 17%-24%. The paper concludes that further expansion in the size of government, proxied by government expenditure, is encouraged for improved growth since current spending is below the range suggested by the result of the analysis. However, the study may not boost of same outcome if government expenditure is disaggregated and the government size is measure by the revenue generated.

Keywords :

Growth-maximizing size; government expenditure; economic growth; Nigeria.

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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXTERNAL DEBT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM ETHIOPIA

Abstracts

The study analyzed the relationship between external debt and the level of Economic Growth in Ethiopia for the period 1981/82 – 2014/15. Johansen co-integration test and Vector Error Correction Econometric Technique was applied by using data obtained from the National Bank of Ethiopia and Ministry of Finance and Economic Cooperation. Empirical results revealed that there was an indication of the “debt over-hang” problem and ‘crowding out’ effect of debt service, while the current external debt had a positive impact on real GDP growth during the study period. This is because the high accumulated debt would act as a dis-incentive to capital formation and the low level of domestic investment in the real sectors of the economy was not able to made positive impact on growth. Moreover, the payment on external debt soaked up resources obtained from loan and other sectors of the economy that otherwise channeled to development purpose, to serve pressing debt as returns from investment took a long time.

Nevertheless, to the extent that there is high resource gap between domestic saving and domestic investment in the country, to achieve some growth target, government may be forced to finance the gap by borrowing. However, as dependency on foreign resource is both risky and unreliable, the government should strengthen policies that encourage increased domestic saving, raise export earnings and create conducive environment for the inflow of foreign direct investment to finance the development activities. To reduce the “debt overhang” problem and crowding out effect of debt service on investment the government should pay debt on time and there should also be wise and proper utilization of foreign resources by investing on selective and productive investment.

Keywords :

External debt; debt service; economic growth; debt overhang; crowding-out effect; VECM; Ethiopia.

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NIGERIA CONSUMPTION FUNCTION – AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF THE PERMANENT INCOME HYPOTHESIS

Abstracts

Consumption plays a significant role in determining the size of the multiplier and the dynamic effects of the economy shock. It also constitutes the largest component of the aggregate expenditure of an economy. As a result, economists have propounded theories in a bid to explain the determinants of consumption. These theories include the absolute income hypothesis by Keynes, relative income hypothesis (RIH) by Duesenberry, permanent income hypothesis (PIH) by Friedman, and the life-cycle hypothesis (LCH) by Modigliani. The objective of this study is to test the performance of the PIH as a description of consumption expenditure in the Nigerian economy using annual time series data over the period 1980-2015. Using the Partial Adjustment Model (PAM) and the Adaptive Expectation Model (AEM) the study found that there exist a long-run relationship between consumption and income thus suggesting that consumption function under the PIH holds for the Nigerian economy.

Keywords :

Consumption function; permanent income hypothesis; partial adjustment model; adaptive expectation model; Nigeria.

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SYNTHESIS, GROWTH AND SPECTRAL STUDIES ON THIOSEMICARBAZIDE ZINC(II) PICRATE

Abstracts

Thiosemicarbazide zinc(II) picrate (TSCZP) was synthesized and its solubility in the dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethyl formamide solvents was  estimated. 0.01g of TSCZP was dissolved in 100cc of dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethyl formamide separately and the conductivity of the solution was measured using conductivity meter. Three dimensional crystal structure of the grown crystal was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction study. The TSCZP crystallizes in the triclinic system with space group P-1. The presence of the functional groups were confirmed from the Fourier Transform Infrared spectral studies. UV-vis-NIR spectral studies show that the transmittance between 385 and 1100 nm is about 60%. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses reveal the thermal stability of the crystal. The microhardness test was carried out, and the load hardness parameter was measured.

Keywords :A1. Characterization; A2. Growth from solution; B1. Organic compound. 

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SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND BIOASSAY OF NANO-MANCOZEB-A SYSTEMIC CLASS OF FUNGICIDE

Abstracts

Agriculture, the back bone of world's economy was facing critical problems due to repeated indiscriminate use of commercial pesticides in field's which led to environmental pollution. Nano pesticides are the best way to commercial pesticides. The penetration power of nano pesticides is more and control different diseases. Here in this communication we reported a novel nano mancozeb formulation using polypropyleneglycol as encapsulating agent. The size of the encapsulated nano mancozeb was obtained by using pade-laplace dispersion. The size distribution of nano mancozeb is obtained at 40-80 nm. Characterization was done by using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscope and Transmission electron microscopy. The bio activity nature of nano formulated mancozeb is many times more when compared to the commercial mancozeb.

Keywords :Mancozeb; nano-formulation; poly propylene glycol; bio-assay.

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EXAMINATION OF EFFECTIVE FACTORS ON HARDINESS IN SELF-EMPLOYED OCCUPATIONS

Abstracts

The present study examines the effective factors on hardiness in various professions in Kermanshah, Iran. We try to measure the hardiness level using standard questionnaires. To do so, using clustering sampling, 12 occupational groups including bakery, jewelry, confectionary, supermarket, coffee net, construction materials, clothing, footwear retail, mobile retail, stationery, airline agencies and cosmetic have been selected (50 people from each group and 600 people in total). Then, data analysis including analysis of variance (ANOVA) and linear regression has been performed through SPSS. The results of analysis showed that the factors such as education, cultural capital, gender, work experience and health have significant effects on hardiness.  Furthermore, the results indicated that the test of equality of means of hardiness for the occupational groups is rejected.

Keywords :Hardiness; self-employed occupations; Kermanshah.

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THE RELATIVISTIC DYNAMICS AS A QUANTUM EFFECT

Abstracts

In this paper we develop a Unitary Quantum Relativistic Theory. We show that the wavy nature of a quantum particle involves the relativistic dynamics of the wave-packet of this particle, and a field of interaction described by Lorentz’s force and three of the four Maxwell equations: the electromagnetic induction law, and the flow laws of the electric and magnetic fields. These equations arise from the group velocity, which is of the form of the Lagrange equation, and from a relativistic principle for wave functions, which asserts that in any system of reference a wave-function has a bounded spectrum with a velocity limit c. When a magnetic circuit law is considered for a field interacting with a quantum particle, this is an electromagnetic field, propagating with the velocity c.

Keywords :Wave-function, wave-packet, group velocity, Hamiltonian, Lagrangian, Lorentz force, Hamilton equations, Lagrange equation, Lorentz transformation, Maxwell equations.

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CYSTIC FIBROSIS: AN OVERVIEW WITH THE IMPACT OF GENE TECHNOLOGY

Abstracts

Cystic Fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder with no cure. It is one of the most common life-shortening genetic diseases in the Caucasian population, affecting more than 75000 individuals worldwide. This inherited multi-organ disease is associated with chronic lung infection, malabsorption, salt loss syndrome, infertility and numerous other comorbidities. Understanding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene mutation and function of CFTR protein has offered personalized treatment strategies to help those with CF. From in-vitro and in-vivo studies to pre-clinical and clinical trials, therapeutic drugs are finally having an impact, yet there are many more specific treatments under clinical investigation. This article summarizes the ongoing advances and technology in understanding the treatment of CF from more than two decades.

Keywords :Cystic fibrosis (CF); CFTR gene; lung disease; GENE therapy; vectors.

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A COMPLETE STUDY OF PARAMETRIC DEPENDENCE EFFICIENCY OF FIN-FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR (FINFET) DEVICE

Abstracts

In the present communication, we have investigated the characteristic of n-channel fin field-effect transistor (n-FinFET) at various temperature dependences. The temperature dependence of (I On/I Off) current ratio shows that thermal generation in the channel is the prime source of leakage mechanism existing in the current device. Moreover, the temperature dependence of Threshold voltage (VT) decreases sharply as compared to higher temperatures of the device. Drain Induced Barrier lowering (DIBL) almost varies linearly with temperature. The purpose of our paper is to study the variation of parameters of FinFET at various temperature effects. In the present study the device performance of FinFET of various parameters like (I On/I Off) current ratio, Threshold voltage Vth (V), Drain induced barrier lowering DIBL (mV/V), Sub-threshold Swing SS (mV/dec) and Trans-conductance Gm (S/um) with temperature effects (100K-400K), have been carried out using PADRE simulator from MuGFET’s. The simulation tool is based on drift-diffusion theory.

Keywords :FinFET, temperature, I on/I off current, threshold voltage, sub-threshold slope, DIBL, transconductance.

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BEHAVIOR OF SEVERAL DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS (DBPs) AND OTHER ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ALONG THE TREATMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF DRINKING WATER IN CÓRDOBA (SPAIN)

Abstracts

Evolution of 46 disinfection by-products (DBPs) and organic compounds have been monitored in the Treatment and Distribution System of drinking water of Córdoba (Spain). All the compounds investigated were included into five categories: aldehydes and ketones, trihalomethanes, halonitromethanes, halo-acetonitriles and haloacetic acids. In this way, only the half were detected in our study. Aldehydes-ketones and haloacetic acids were found in raw water not being then DBPs strictly, while THM, halonitro-methanes and haloacetonitriles appeared during treatment. Finally, all the DBPs detected showed much lower levels than those of the international standard consulted, that implying a very safety to consumer.

Keywords :Chlorination; chloramination; disinfection by-products; trihalomethanes; halonitromethanes; haloacetonitriles; drinking water.

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MALARIA CONTROL EFFORTS IN GANDHINAGAR DISTRICT OF GUJARAT WITH LESS DEPENDENCE ON INDOOR RESIDUAL SPRAY

Abstracts

Background: Under National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Indoor Residual Spray with effective insecticide is the main strategy to control malaria in the rural areas. It is a very effective tool in interrupting transmission of malaria if good coverage and quality is achieved.
Aim: To assess the impact of Indoor Residual Spray on malaria transmission and also to see how dependence on this activity can be reduced if all preventive actions are implemented timely and effectively with good quality.
Design: Rural areas of Gandhinagar district.
Setting: Malaria prone villages of Gandhinagar district where preventive actions were undertaken in an integrated manner during the period of 2005 to 2013.
Exploratory: Rural areas.
Outcome: Reduction in malaria incidence and eligible population for spray.
Analysis: Percentage and proportions.
Results: Intelligent and judicious use of Indoor Residual Spray helped in reducing Annual Parasitic Incidence from 8.5 in 2005 to 0.3 in 2013 in Kalol Taluka which was worst affected. The integrated approach adopted in the district helped to reduce the eligible population for spray from 54041 in 2006 to 8507 in 2014.
Conclusion: Indoor Residual spray is still an effective tool for malaria control, but its judicious use under proper supervision can give better impact and gradually dependence on this activity can be reduced by strengthening other preventive actions and thereby the results achieved can be sustained.

Keywords :Annual parasitic incidence, indoor residual spray, malaria.

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MALARIA CONTROL EFFORTS IN GANDHINAGAR DISTRICT OF GUJARAT WITH LESS DEPENDENCE ON INDOOR RESIDUAL SPRAY

Abstracts

Background: Under National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme, Indoor Residual Spray with effective insecticide is the main strategy to control malaria in the rural areas. It is a very effective tool in interrupting transmission of malaria if good coverage and quality is achieved. Aim: To assess the impact of Indoor Residual Spray on malaria transmission and also to see how dependence on this activity can be reduced if all preventive actions are implemented timely and effectively with good quality. Design: Rural areas of Gandhinagar district. Setting: Malaria prone villages of Gandhinagar district where preventive actions were undertaken in an integrated manner during the period of 2005 to 2013. Exploratory: Rural areas. Outcome: Reduction in malaria incidence and eligible population for spray. Analysis: Percentage and proportions. Results: Intelligent and judicious use of Indoor Residual Spray helped in reducing Annual Parasitic Incidence from 8.5 in 2005 to 0.3 in 2013 in Kalol Taluka which was worst affected. The integrated approach adopted in the district helped to reduce the eligible population for spray from 54041 in 2006 to 8507 in 2014. Conclusion: Indoor Residual spray is still an effective tool for malaria control, but its judicious use under proper supervision can give better impact and gradually dependence on this activity can be reduced by strengthening other preventive actions and thereby the results achieved can be sustained. Keywords :Annual parasitic incidence, indoor residual spray, malaria.

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As a scientific research publisher International Knowledge Press is gaining authors reliability to publish their research findings for its high standard quality peer review system. International Knowledge Press publishes high quality, high impact and peer reviewed research papers with a comparatively low price to encourage the emerging researchers belonging to the low and middle income countries. For the Running Issue concept of IKP journals, authors get the advantages for 'Zero Waiting Time' for the officially accepted manuscripts to be published without any little delay. It is also very attractive and beneficial to the newly emerging researchers for their academic career. The high standard quality peer review system of IKP enhances the knowledge and potentialities of researchers with excellent contributions from expert reviewers and editors. In this way IKP journals are constantly achieving their best as a scientific research publisher to uplift the advancement of science and technology all over the world.

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EVALUATION OF ACTIVITY AND MASS SPECTROMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO PARTIALLY PURIFIED THERMO-TOLERANT LIPASE FRACTIONS FROM THE FUNGAL CULTURE OF Aspergillus niger GN1 | Asian Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology

Fungal infestations of groundnut seeds were screened for thermo-tolerant lipases with stability over a wide pH range and temperature, desirable for industrial applications. DNA sequencing of ITS 1, 5.8S and ITS 2 regions indicated the isolate closer to Aspergillus niger with 99% identity and therefore designated as A. niger GN1 in this study. The pellet obtained from culture extract subjected to 65% ammonium sulphate precipitation was suspended in Tris-buffer and assayed for lipase activity. Two fractions of lipase (1 and 2) could be extracted at pH 4 and pH 9 respectively. Both lipase 1 and 2 fractions were characterized by LC-MS/MS spectroscopic analysis. The relative and residual activities of the enzyme fractions were high in the temperature range of 60 – 80°C and over a pH of 4 & 8 for lipase 1 and 2-6 for lipase 2 fractions. LC-MS/MS confirmed the presence of Lipase 1 (~32 kDa) and Lipase 2 (~30 kDa) fractions with 4 and 2 unique peptides respectively.

Please read full article – https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/AJMAB/

Keywords: Lipase, A. niger, thermo-tolerance, pH stability, protein characterization.

OVERVIEW OF POST-HARVEST TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION IN UGANDA |  Journal of Basic and Applied Research International

Agriculture is the mainstay for over 70% of Uganda’s population, contributing 22.5% of the national GDP through exports and employment. However, the sector experiences a series of challenges. Besides the production challenges like drought, pests, and disease, over 40% of the overall yield at the end of the season is lost due to poor postharvest handling methods. To plan interventions that enable improve the utilization of postharvest methods, it is important to understand what is currently being done. The purpose of this paper was therefore to assess the available post-harvest handling technologies utilized in Uganda. The study also captures extension service to farmers, benefits, and challenges associated with the use of post-harvest technologies across all regions in Uganda.

Please read full article – https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JOBARI/

Keywords: Agriculture, post-harvest technologies, Uganda

PEEL OF Citrus reticulata DERIVED PHYTOCHEMICALS AGAINST GLYCERALDEHYDES- 3 – PHOSPHATE OF ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA |  PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The phytochemicals or secondary metabolites from extract of Citrus reticulata may cure dysentery, primarily which is caused by Entamoeba hystolytica. To restrict the activity of Entamoeba hystolytica, several bio molecules can be deployed, of which the phytochemicals can be the best alternative. Molecular docking-based screening of a few phytochemicals revealed that few of phytochemicals effectively associate with the active site of the Glyceraldehydes- 3 – Phosphate and hence bears diagnostic and therapeutic potentials against Entamoeba hystolytica causing dysentry. “High positive values of -CDOCKER energy and -CDOCKER interaction energy” indicated that the Anthranalic acid may effectively inhibit the glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme thereby interrupting the life cycle of the organism.

Please read full article – https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/

Keywords: Phytochemical, biovia, discovery studio, Citrus reticulate, Entamoeba histolytica.

INVESTIGATION OF ANTI-BACTERIAL EFFECT OF MANGROVE PLANT Acanthus ilicifolius | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 

Mangroves have long been a source of biochemically unique and wide array of novel  natural products. The anti-bacterial effect of different extracts of the plant Acanthus  ilicifolius was determined in this study. The crude plant extracts of ethyl acetate, ethanol and methanol were tried against pathogenic microbes such as Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio harveyi    and Escherichia coli using agar well diffusion mehod. All the three extracts of the various segments of the A. ilicifolius showed potent inhibition against tested microorganisms. The results conclude that the inhibitory zone showed by ethyl acetate was higher than that ethanol and methanol extracts. 

Please read full article – https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5287 

Keywords: Acanthus ilicifolius, anti-bacterial effect, solvent extracts.

INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING STANDARD (IPSAS), AND FINANCIAL REPORTING AND COMPLIANCE IN NIGERIA: ISSUES AND BENEFIT (A SURVEY ANALYSIS) | Journal of Global Economics, Management and Business Research

Quality financial reporting plays an important role in government accountability and meeting its financial management responsibilities to its citizens. The implementation of IPSAS was an integral part of public sector reforms and based on a global trend to respond to requests for increased financial accountability and transparency from government which reflect significant democratic values.This research focused on issues and benefits of implementing IPSAS on the consistency of financial reports by evaluating theoretical and past empirical studies in meeting the requirements for utility of decision. The IPSAS adoption review showed that international best practices were presented to government agencies, international intergovernmental organizations and international organisations. It stressed the advantages of good governance, accountability and transparency. Further analysis highlights Nigeria's problems during the time focusing on openness, accountability, comparability, and management and decision-making processes. The study concluded that Nigeria's IPSAS adoption driving forces were to align its operations with the financial year, meet the requirements of partners, attract donors and be competitively comparable with other international organizations.

Please read full article – https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JGEMBR/article/view/5284

Keywords: Quality financial reporting, IPSAS, financial statement, standard and compliance.

INVESTIGATION OF BACTERIAL INHIBITORY EFFECT OF Solanum trilobatum SEED EXTRACT AGAINST DENTAL PATHOGENS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 

In the current examination, seed extracts of Solanum trilobatum was analysed for its capacity to repress the development of dental pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, S. salivarius, S. sanguinis and L. acidophilus). The collected seeds of S. trilobatum were appropriately washed and air dried at room temperature. Then squashed and extracted with acetone, petroleum ether and chloroform. The bacterial inhibitory effect of the extracts was analyzed by ager well diffusion technique at 200 µg/mL concentration. Phytochemical investigation was performed for all the extracts. The results revealed that the root etracts of S. trilobatum was best against all tried bacterial pathogens. Greatest inhibitory action was seen against S. salivarius (22 mm) and less inhibition was against S. sanguinis (9 mm). The phytochemical examination uncovered the wide range of phytoconstituents which may be responsible for its antibacterial potency. 

Please read full article – https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5285 

Keywords: Dental pathogens, acetone, bacterial inhibition, seed extract.

BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR APPROACHES IN Raphanus satives AFTER HEAVY METALS (COPPER & CADMIUM) EXPOSURE | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Raphanus sativus was chosen for studying the toxic effect for two elements (cadmium & copper) on some biochemical & molecular characteristic, so cadmium concentration (0, 5, 10, 15) ppm were determined from Cd (NO3)2 in addition to control (D.W.) as triplicate for each concentration and Rafanus seed irrigate after implementation in fertilized soil for 60 days.

On the other hand, Copper concentration was (0, 10, 15, 25) ppm which previously prepared from (Cu(NO3)2) in addition to control group represented by D.W.

Regarding soil, pH, E.C., Nitrate, soil texture values were determined to detect the soil characteristics before and after agriculture.

The results have confirmed at the end of the experiment and from plant species analysis that copper concentration and cadmium concentration in irrigation water were lead to change in ROS, SOD, CAT, MDA, GSH-px, total protein, total sugar, proline, chlorophyll & moisture content in Raphanus.

Two elements concentration (Cu, Cd) were measured in shoot & Root system studied prepared concentrations with control group so the copper concentration in control group after Cu exposure was higher than other group and also the concentration in root system was the highest in comparison to shoot system.

Molecular Results showed these concentrations, which have no effect on DNA status i.e. that no damage to DNA in plant with concentration increasing and this compatible with no significance effect on als gene amplification and more amplified was in 15 mg/l for Cu & 10 mg/l for Cd.

Please read full article –https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/

Keywords: Raphanus satives, heavy metals, biochemical and molecular characteristic.

OVERVIEW OF POST-HARVEST TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION IN UGANDA | Journal of Basic and Applied Research International

Agriculture is the mainstay for over 70% of Uganda’s population, contributing 22.5% of the national GDP through exports and employment. However, the sector experiences a series of challenges. Besides the production challenges like drought, pests, and disease, over 40% of the overall yield at the end of the season is lost due to poor postharvest handling methods. To plan interventions that enable improve the utilization of postharvest methods, it is important to understand what is currently being done. The purpose of this paper was therefore to assess the available post-harvest handling technologies utilized in Uganda. The study also captures extension service to farmers, benefits, and challenges associated with the use of post-harvest technologies across all regions in Uganda.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JOBARI/article/view/5168

Keywords - Agriculture, post-harvest technologies, Uganda

PEEL OF Citrus reticulata DERIVED PHYTOCHEMICALS AGAINST GLYCERALDEHYDES- 3 – PHOSPHATE OF ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The phytochemicals or secondary metabolites from extract of Citrus reticulata may cure dysentery, primarily which is caused by Entamoeba hystolytica. To restrict the activity of Entamoeba hystolytica, several bio molecules can be deployed, of which the phytochemicals can be the best alternative. Molecular docking-based screening of a few phytochemicals revealed that few of phytochemicals effectively associate with the active site of the Glyceraldehydes- 3 – Phosphate and hence bears diagnostic and therapeutic potentials against Entamoeba hystolytica causing dysentry. “High positive values of -CDOCKER energy and -CDOCKER interaction energy” indicated that the Anthranalic acid may effectively inhibit the glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme thereby interrupting the life cycle of the organism.

Please see the link :-  https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5169

Keywords - Phytochemical, biovia, discovery studio, Citrus reticulate, Entamoeba histolytica.



Moringa oleifera DERIVED PHYTOCHEMICALS AGAINST MALARIA: AN In silico ANALYSIS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Phytochemicals are plant derived biomolecules which are believed to protect cells from damage. It has been reported that Moringa oleifera L. (Moringaceae) is n economically important plant, distributed across tropics and subtropics whose extract is used to cure malaria. The plant extract contains different phytochemicals. Malaria is caused by Protozoan Parasite Plasmodium. L-Lactate dehydrogenase is one of its vital enzymes. In silico approach using Biovia’s Discovery Studio was used to see the molecular docking between phytochemicals derived from Moringa oleifera L. and the enzyme of interest. -CDOCKER energy and –CDOCKER interaction energy represents the strength of the interaction. Particularly, the phytochemicals hexadecanoic acid and anthraquinone can effectively deactivate the L-Lactate dehydrogenase enzyme and thus can interfere with the life cycle of Plasmodium.

Please see the link :-  https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5170

Keywords - Phytochemical, biovia, discovery studio, Moringa oleifera, Plasmodium.



Pavonia odorata DERIVED PHYTOCHEMICALS AGAINST DERMATOPHYTOSIS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Bioactive substance or Phytochemicals from Pavonia odorata plant extract can cure dermatophytosis. It is caused by Trichophyton rubrum. Molecular docking method applied using “Biovia Discovery Studio”. “High positive values of -CDOCKER energy and -CDOCKER interaction energy” suggested that hexahydrofarnesyl acetone can effectively deactivate the laccase enzyme thereby interrupting the life cycle of Trichophyton rubrum.

Please see the link :-  https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5171

Keywords - Bioactive, phytochemical, Pavonia odorata, Trichophyton rubrum, dermatophytosis.


EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FUNGICIDES IN THE CONTROL OF Botrytis cinerea Pers. in vitro AND in vivo IN STRAWBERRY (Fragaria×ananassa Duch.) | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of seven fungicides on Botrytis cinerea growth and control of gray mold in strawberry plants. Thus, the mycelial growth, germination and sporulation of an isolate of B. cinerea obtained from rotted strawberry collected from a strawberry farm located at Dlalha in Gharb-Loukkos region (Morocco) was tested in vitro in presence of seven fungicides currently used in the control of fungal diseases of strawberry crop. Additionally, the in vivo assay was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of these chemical products in repressing Botrytis development on strawberry plants versus different incubation and sampling time. Among the fungicides tested, Fenhexamid, Pyrimethanil were found to be most effective showing complete inhibition of mycelial growth even at lowest tested concentrations and during the four weekly intervals of incubation, Pyrimethanil, Pyraclostrobin + Boscalid, Thiram and Fenhexamid at ½ Recommended dose (RD) gave better result for sporulation inhibition than Cyprodinil+Fludioxonil (80.37%), Chlorothalonil (81.3%) or Mepanipyrim (58.87%) at the recommended dose. The effectiveness of Chlorothalonil was prevalent in inhibiting conidial germination (100%), while the other fungicides were less efficient with an inhibition percentages varying from 76.33 to 85.66% in presence of Cyprodinil+Fludioxonil, ranged from 79 to 79.66% respectively at ½ RD, ¾ RD of Pyraclostrobin+Boscalid. The pulverisation of strawberry plants with the mixture of Cyprodinil and Fludioxonil or Pyraclostrobin + Boscalid in the in vivo assay decreased the disease development to 92.56% and 92.74% respectively. Coformulations application provided an efficient and prolonged control against B. cinerea survival and development on leaves. In contrary, a colonization percentage of 59.49% was noted after Mepanipyrim sprays. Moreover, the plants showed increased fresh weight after treatment with Fenhexamid (8.3 g), Cyprodinil+Fludioxonil (8.1 g) and the mixture Pyraclostrobin+Boscalid (7 g). Moreover, strawberry weight was notably improved with an average ranged from 13 g and 17.7 g. In conclusion, with careful use of fungicides, mixing site-specific fungicides with multisite fungicides, the effective life of fungicides for gray mold control can be extended.

Please see the link :-  https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5173

Keywords - Gray mold, chemicals, efficacy, ED50, disease severity, strawberry plants.


In vitro MORPHOGENESIS OF FOLIAR EXPLANTS AND PLANT REGENERATION OF Actinidia deliciosa A. Chev. – A HORTICULTURAL IMPORTANT PLANT | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Actinidia deliciosa or Kiwi is an important horticultural plant. Common practice of propagation of the species is through stem cutting, but poor rooting of stem cuttings limits the production of clonal planting materials. Present study aimed at development of an in vitro propagation protocol using in vitro source leaves. About 5-8 week old leaves (intact, segments and scrubbed leaves) were cultured on MS medium fortified with BA (9 µM) and sucrose (3%), where within 5-6 days of culture morphogenic response initiated and after 4 week of culture 50.5% intact leaves responded with 5 shoot buds formation; while, 41.7 and 41.6% leaf segments and scrubbed leaf segments respectively responded and registered each 7 shoot buds formation.  Shoot buds proliferated and developed multiple micro shoots on MS medium with sucrose (3%) and BA (3 µM) where as many as 6.2 micro shoots developed in 58.3% culture per cycle. Well-developed foliated and defoliated micro shoots (4-5 cm long) were rooted on nutrient medium containing IBA (9 µM) where 50 and 56.25% rooting response registered respectively accompanied by 5 and 7 numbers of roots per shoot. The rooted plantlets were hardened on 1/4th strength liquid medium containing sucrose (1%) for 7-8 week followed by transferred to potting mix where ~82% transplants survived and 70% transplants established in the field.

Please see the link :-  https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5174

Keywords - Clonal propagation, defoliation and rooting, foliar explants, Kiwi.


A NON- INVASIVE, CLINICO-RADIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF 3D IMAGING FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF FURCATION INVOLVED CASES COMPARED TO THE CONVENTIONAL METHODS | Journal of Medicine and Health Research

Periodontal diagnosis of a multirooted tooth is essentially based on accurate diagnosis of the furcation involvement. Though the traditional diagnostic tools like clinical probing and radiological findings are the basic diagnostic measures, still they have some significant shortcomings. So, the 3-D technology like CBCT may be useful in cases of furcation lesions. Thus, the objective of the present study is to compare Degree II and Degree III furcation involvement by clinical probing, conventional (IOPA) radiograph and CBCT. In the present study, a total of 51, Degree II and Degree III mandibular furcation defect sites were measured by means of clinical probing, gridded IOPA x-ray and with CBCT.

The degree of furcation involvement by clinical probing (vertical component) were matched in 47.1% cases with IOPA X-ray (vertical component) and the findings of furcation involvement by IOPA X-ray (vertical) were matched in 56.9% cases with that of CBCT. Furthermore, measurements of furcation involvement by clinical probing (horizontal component) were matched in 51.0% cases with CBCT (horizontal) and finally, findings by clinical probing (vertical) were matched in 68.6% cases with CBCT (vertical). Hence in the present study, CBCT may be a better alternative, non-invasive method for diagnosis of Degree II and Degree III furcation defects in mandibular molars.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JOMAHR/article/view/5176

Keywords - Furcation involvement, clinical probing, intra oral periapical radiograph, cone beam computed tomography.

FORMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF MALTED BARLEY BASED SYMBIOTIC BEVERAGE BY RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY |  Journal of Advances in Food Science & Technology

The study aims to formulate fermented beverages by the addition of malted barley in whey water (100 ml) with inoculation of the strain of lactobacillus planturum and lactobacillus acidophillus at 37°C for 7h. Three different levels of malted barley flour (2-5%), sugar (1-3 g) and amount of inoculums (0.5%-2%) were optimized on the basis of their sensory attributes (color, flavor, consistency, and overall acceptability) and lactobacillus count by using response surface methodology. Malted barley flour (3.5%), sugar (2%) and inoculum (1.25%) was found optimum for preparation of fermented beverages. The physico-chemical and microbiological evaluations of the most accepted formulations were carried out at weekly intervals during the storage period of 21 days under refrigeration storage (7±1°C). Acidity and the viability of probiotic bacteria were 4.1 and 8.12 log CFU/ml, respectively at the end of the storage period, indicating the good keeping quality over three weeks.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JAFSAT/article/view/5175

Keywords - Barley, beverages, fermented, lactobacillus count, malting, whey.

ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIALITY OF BIOLOGICALLY SYNTHESIZED IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES |  PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

With the advancement of technology it was observed that nanoparticles can help in various fields, because of this reason the main focus is on the synthesis of nanoparticles. Different types of methods are used for synthesis of Fe3O4 NPs like chemical reduction method and biological method. Biological synthesis of Fe3O4 NPs is more preferable because of the many limitations of chemical method. Iron nanoparticles are easily synthesized with the help of watermelon peel extract [green part of the watermelon]. Due to presence of flavinoids and sitosterol watermelon peel extract act as solvent, reducing and coating agent. Characterization of synthesized Fe3O4 NPs can be done with the help of UV spectrophotometer in range of wavelength [250-450]. The synthesized iron nanoparticles also had antibacterial activity. This method has been found eco-friendly, cost effective and less time consuming.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5177

Keywords - Iron nanoparticles, Citrullus lanatus, and antimicrobial activity.

FACTORS AFFECTING ASYMBIOTIC IMMATURE SEED CULTURE AND in vitro PROPAGATION OF Paphiopedilum insigne (WALL. Ex. LINDL.) PFITZER – A HORTICULTURAL IMPORTANT VULNERABLE ORCHID |  PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Paphiopedilum insigne (Orchidaceae) is a vulnerable commercially important orchid owing to its attractive flowers. A successful attempt was made to develop an efficient low cost in vitro propagation protocol from immature embryos. Immature embryos from the 210 days aged green pods was cultured on nutrient media conjunct with organic carbon, plant growth regulators under different light conditions. Within 38 days first sign of germination was recorded as nodular swelling followed by protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) formation in 85% of cultured seeds after 70 days of culture on MS medium supplemented with sucrose (3%), NAA and BA (2 and 6 µM in combination). The PLBs differentiated to plantlets and culture proliferated on MS medium + sucrose (3%) + 4 µM each of NAA and BA where 9 shoot buds developed per explants. Well rooted plantlets were primary hardened by maintaining on 1/10th MS liquid medium and mixture of low cost substrata (sand: Decaying organic matter: brick pieces: Charcoal pieces: dried cow dung at 1:1:1:1:1 ratio.  Hardened regenerates were transplanted to community pots along with hardening substrata and maintained under semi-controlled condition in poly-house where 75% transplants survived. Over 1500 regenerates are established in the wild.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5178

Keywords - Asymbiotic embryo culture, horticultural orchid, Paphiopedilum insigne, vulnerable species.

PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF THE MICROBIOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS FOR THE REPRODUCTION OF RARE SPECIES OF TREE-SHRUB VEGETATION OF THE SOUTH OF THE CENTRAL RUSSIAN UPLAND |  PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

An important element of reforestation is the reproduction and reintroduction of rare and endangered species of tree-shrub resources. Methods of accelerated reproduction of red book species of shrubs Daphne altaica Pall and Cotoneaster alaunicus Golitsin have been developed for the purpose of their use in reforestation in the territory of the region. On an average, in three years the maximum survival was provided by the option using «Biogor KM»: soaking of cuttings in combination with double spraying of vegetating cuttings. The complex preparation «Biogor» of the series «KM» contributed to the provision of plants with the necessary nutrients and at the same time was a biological activator of soil fertility, a stimulator of plant growth.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5179

Keywords - Reforestation, Daphne altaica Pall, Cotoneaster alaunicus Golitsin, green blackening, vegetative reproduction.


STUDY OF THE MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF FERULA FOETIDA SEEDS FROM DIFFERENT MANGYSHLAK POPULATIONS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The paper presents the results related to morphological and anatomical characters of Ferula foetida seeds from different geographical origin. Seed samples collected from Tuyesu and Karynzharyk sands, and the surrounding country of the Tynimbay Shoky Upland (Western and Eastern parts). The morphological parameters were determined on the basis of the length and width of the seeds and the weight of 1000 seeds; and anatomical parameters were determined on the basis of the analysis devoted to the structure of the cross section of seeds in their central part.

The maximum values of morphological parameters were revealed in seeds collected in Karynzharyk Sands, and the minimum values are for plants growing in the surrounding country of the East Tynimbay Shoky Upland. The features of the anatomical characters of Ferula foetida seeds were described for the first time. All seed samples, regardless of plant growth, have the same structural plan and parameters of cells and tissues. The maximum sizes (10.19 ± 0.49 mm) of microscopic structures were noted for West Tynimbay Shoky Upland, and the minimum sizes (8.54 ± 0.37 mm) were recorded for ferule populations from East Tynimbay Shoky. The Weight analysis carried out showed that the maximum sizes (0.23 ±0.02), both of individual seeds, and of tissue and conceptacle sites, were identified for plants growing in Karynzharyk Sands, central part solid mass; the minimum values (0.16 ±0.005) were noted for samples collected in Tynimbay Shoky Upland. The morphological and anatomical sizes and weight of the seed material in Ferula foetida populations vary depending on the place of growth, which is explained by the difference in habitat conditions. Promising populations for the selection of seed material with subsequent introduction into the conditions of the Mangyshlak experimental botanical garden are proposed.
Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5180

Keywords - Ferula foetida, Mangyshlak, medicinal plant, seeds, morphological parameters, anatomical structure, population.

UNRAVELING THE PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING POTENTIAL OF MICROBES ASSOCIATED WITH Diplazium esculentum AND Clitoria ternatea | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The main objective to conduct the study was to isolate and characterize the rhizobacteria and unravel their plant growth potential and biological control using various biochemical tests. The study focuses on isolation of Bacillus species related with two himalayan medicinal plant namely Diplazium esculentum and Clitoria ternatea. By cultivation dependent approach 8 bacillus isolates were obtained and further screened for various plant-growth promotion activities. Out of all the isolates only one strain was found to be positive for the production of indole acetic acid. The production of indole acetic acid during plant-microbial interaction is of immence importance because the IAA is a major phytohormone, which controls the plant growth and development. This positive strain will further be characterized based upon 16S phylogeny and will be checked in pots for its plant-growth promotion activity and for the successful development of a commercial bioformulation.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5181

Keywords - Diplazium esculentum, Clitoria ternatea, rhizosphere, bacillus species, Indole acetic acid, plant growth promotion.

A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON EXTRACTION METHODS, PHARMACOLOGY, PHARMACOKINETICS AND CLINICAL STUDIES OF BIOACTIVE LEAD: 6-GINGEROL | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

A comparative study has been made between the extraction procedures of {6}-Gingerol based on the instruments, solvents, extraction time and extraction temperature. {6}-Gingerol is the biochemically and therapeutically active amongst various constituents possessed by ginger. The extraction of {6}-Gingerol to obtain high purity compound expresses a challenging and significant task in the pharmaceutical industry because it act as lead compound having anti-tumor activity. Various extraction processes are being used to acquire active constituent from Ginger. A growing body of research suggested that 6-Gingerol has an anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-mutagenic and anti-cholesterol target also. It concluded that pressurized liquid extraction procedure is the best which provide high yield as compared to other extraction processes.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5182

Keywords - Introduction, history, extraction processes, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics clinical affects.

ANTI-MICROBIAL ANALYSIS OF NEEM, ASHOKA, BAMBOO AND ARANDI PLANTS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Ricinus communis is plant of the castor bean or castor oil plant which is also known as Hindi name Arandi. Ricinus communis plants have high traditional and medicinal value to become a disease free healthy life and also have beneficial effects such as anti-oxidant, anti-histamic, Antinociceptive, anti-asthamatic, anti-ulcer, immune-modulatory, anti-diabetic etc. and many other medicinal propertiesthese activity of plant possess due to the important phytochemical constituents like flavonoid, saponins, glycosides, alkaloids and steroids etc. The authenticated Leaf drugs of Bamboo, Neem, Arandi and Ashoka were obtained from local area of Sujanpur, Pathankot and Himachal Pradesh and used for further proposed studies. In this study, the antibacterial activity of Neem, Ashoka, Bamboo and Arandi extracts towards significant microbes causing infection and infectious diseases has been investigated. Accoding to the three extracts of the plant sample which is water, water+ethanol, ethanol, has remarkably inhibited the growth of the tested bacteria i.e Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus acidophillus. All the reports and result said that E. coli give good activity as compared to lactobacillus.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5183

Keywords - Neem, arandi, ashoka, Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus acidophillus.

THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF Pogostemon benghalensis: AN UPDATED REVIEW | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pogostemon benghalensis also known as Hookloti is an annual, aromatic and undershrub, commonly found in Melghat-Maharashtra State in India. It has been the part of traditional medicinal system and being used to treat bacterial as well as fungal infections. Pogostemon benghalensis contains alkaloids, flavanoids, glycosides, gums, reducing sugars, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids, carbohydrate, phenolics. Pogostemon benghalensis has showed anti-tumour, antidiabetic, antibacterial, antioxidant activities. Further investigations exploring possible use of these phytochemicals as pharmacological agents are warranted. This review is an attempt to compile and documented information on different aspect of Pogostemon benghalensis. The present synthesis can guide future researchers for new insights in this plant species.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5184

Keywords - Phytochemicals, pharmacological potential, traditional uses, future research.

EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTY OF SEEDS OF Pongamia pinnata BY DPPH METHOD(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pongamia pinnata is commonly known as Karanj and Indian beech in English. The metabolites  present in this plant mainly  are from the class of flavonoids and oils. It also serves as a source of biodiesel. Many parts of this plant have great medicinal value like leaf and flower and possess the antioxidant activity as reported.  The aim of this study was to investigate and analyse its antioxidant properties of the principle secondary metabolite extracted from the seeds of plant. The antioxidant property was analysed by DPPH assay using n-hexane, DCM, ethyl acetate fraction and with the purified compound. The results of our study shows that the  ethyl acetate  fration of   plant seeds possesses significant antioxidant activity having IC50 values 42.51 μg/ml  which indicates that the products from this plant could be very much helpful for slowing down or preventing diseases which are induced by oxidative stress.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5185

Keywords - Medicinal plant, phytochemistry, Pongamia pinnata.


BIOREMEDIATION OF CADMIUM | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Environmental pollution caused by heavy metals has received increasing attention worldwide because of their recalcitrant and tenacious nature which leads to severe threat to environment superiority and life of both plants and animals, causing life threatening diseases in humans. Bioremediation is measured as one of the safer, cleaner, cost operative and environmental friendly technology for decontaminating sites which are contaminated with extensive range of pollutants which is due to the unawareness concerning production, use and disposal of hazardous materials. It uses numerous agents such as bacteria, yeast, fungi, algae and higher plants as main tools in treating oil spills and heavy metals existing in the environment. Arrival of lethal substantial metals in the earth by the various sources mainly by industrial activities present risky impacts to sea- going and earthbound living beings and furthermore to human life. Bioremediation is a process that debases, separate and expel contaminants from soil and water. It is a characteristic procedure which depends on microscopic organisms, parasites, green growth to change the contaminants present in condition. This review discusses the sources, techniques like situ and ex situ bioremediation and microorganisms utilized in bioremediation forms which corrupts contaminants present in condition and factors influencing the bioremediation. Complete pulverization of target poisons is conceivable by bioremediation technique.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5186

Keywords - Bioremediation, heavy metals, cadmium, ex situ, in situ, anthropogenic.

CHIA (Salvia hispanica) THE WONDER SEEDS: A REVIEW | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

These days fascination towards novel nourishments has lengthened and numerous individuals are moving towards this new way to live healthy. This can be accomplished by good eating routine and it would be conceivable when potential medical or health advantages of their nourishment are known to the payer. In this review, an effort has been made to provide an overview of the potential health benefits and possible neutraceutical properties of the chia seeds. Salvia hispanica (chia) comes under one of the novel nourishments because of its health benefits. There are numerous assortments of chia accessible in the market and each has its own advantages. Moreover, chia is the rich source of alpha-linolenic acid which cannot be synthesized by the body. This dietary rich fibre source has various therapeutic uses and has made its place in modern diet style of people.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5187

Keywords - Chia seeds, antioxidant, antihypertensive, alpha-linolenic acid.


A REVIEW ON MAGIC OF WONDER HERB: Tinospora cordifolia | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Tinospora cordifolia has gained popularity as Traditional systems of medicine over allopathic drugs and increased plant use as medicinal source for human diseased conditions as witnessed in the present scenario.  The Review article on Giloy illustrate the plant diversity, plant isolated active constituent, therapeutic activity of a T. cordifolia as listed amongst 29 highly prioritized medicinal plants. Giloy is an Ayurvedic Medicine as quoted in many traditional texts for the treatment of fever, Diabetes as anti-diabetic, Skin problems, in treatment of jaundice, Anti periodic, Antispasmodic, Anti inflammatory, Anti Arthritic, Anti Oxidant, Anti Allergic, Anti Stress, Anti leprotic, Anti Malarial, Hepatoprotective, Immunomodulatory and Anti Neoplastic activities.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5192

Keywords -  Giloy, Tinospora cordifolia, medicinal use, ayurveda, bioactive components.


EFFICIENT GREEN APPROACH FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF 1, 4-dihydropyridines UNDER SOLVENT-FREE CONDITIONS ADOPTED IN INDIA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The 1,4-Dihydropyridine derivatives are a class of compounds having diverse applications in the biological world. Seeking the importance of this class many methods have been developed to synthesize the desired products in diversified manners. As some of the very important derivatives are used for medical purposes, most of the researchers are looking for more convenient, efficient, and environmentally benign methods. This review concentrates on the solvent-free methods for the synthesis of derivatives specifically used in India, to acknowledge the efforts and contribution by the Indian researchers, also discussing the catalyst used, conditions, percentage yield, and some of the advantages-disadvantages. A systematic approach was selected to search the different databases.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5194

Keywords - 1,4-dihydropyridine, 1,4-DHP, environment benign, solvent-free synthesis, catalytic synthesis.



BIO-MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF TURMERIC (Curcuma longa L.), A DIETARY SPICE USED AS A FOLKLORE MEDICINE IN INDIA: A REVIEW | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Curcuma longa or commonly name as turmeric is a common ingredient used in Indian kitchen. Its health benefits have been recognised years ago in Ayurveda. It is not only the gem of Ayurveda but its medicinal potential is also recognized by modern medical science. Traditionally and historically, believed to be originated in the lands of South East Asian countries like India, China and Bangladesh, now is grown almost throughout the tropical and subtropical terrains worldwide. In the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent, turmeric is commonly known as “haldi”, and in the down south, it is called as “manjal”. The word turmeric is derived from the latin word-terra merita (meritorious earth) refers to the color of ground turmeric. The medicinal properties of this plant have been largely practiced for various diseases like asthma bronchial hyperactivity, rheumatism, diabetic wounds sinusitis smallpox, skin cancer, urinary tract infection, liver ailments. In this review we have summed up some of the important health benefits of turmeric, reviewed some new nanoparticle based formulations of turmeric which may have a great impact in the development of medical science as well as focused on its future prospects and difficulties regarding its future use. In conclusion, turmeric has wonderful medicinal properties which can be used in treatment of many diseases. With the help of nanotechnology we can inhance the properties of turmeric.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5195

Keywords - Bio-medicinal properties, turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), folklore medicine.


WASTE TO ENERGY: SUSTAINABLE APPROACH FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

With the advent of urbanization and globalization began the saga of ever-increasing consumerism and capitalism. To keep up with the developed nations, the developing countries too were quick to draw level resulting in their unbridled economic growth. Population growth directly contributes to increased waste generation. Over the years Indian population has jumped from 1028 million in 2001 to 1324 million in 2017. India alone chips in one-third of the total waste production in the world, yet is the least efficient in waste management. It generates more than 62 million tonnes of waste, of which less than 60% is collected and even less, about only 15% is actually processed and converted into something productive. Thus the need of the hour is to accept the gravity of the situation and start developing efficient and cost-effective measures to solve the problem and safeguard the environment. A plausible solution to manage the under-estimated trash is to convert it into something as treasured as energy and fuel, which many developed countries have already implemented. The substantial stockpile of waste can be circumvented by uncapping its potential to generate functional by-products like heat, fuel, energy and electricity by using what is called as Waste to Energy (WTE) technology. The focus thus should now move from traditional landfills, open dumps and incineration to proficient waste management systems like thermal treatment methods, biological treatment methods, landfill gas utilization, mechanical biological treatment and biorefineries. Off late even better technologies have come up, including biohydrogen generation from municipal solid waste (MSW). This review paper describes various cutting-edge technologies employed across the globe to effectively convert waste into energy and pave the way for a sustainable future for all.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5196  

Keywords - Waste to energy, mechanical biological treatment, renewable energy, landfill, biogas.


PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILING, ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES ON LEAVES EXTRACT OF Murraya koenigii | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Murraya koenigii is one of the herbal plants, originates in India and mainly used as flavouring agent in Indian cuisine and in many other Asian countries. Due to the presence of number of phytochemicals, curry leaves exhibit properties like antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancerous, antidiabetic, antiinflammatory etc. These are used to cure diseases like hypertension, hyperglycemia, cough, cold, skin infections, poisonous stings etc. Curry leaves are acidic in nature, bitter in taste having little pungent smell and are mainly used in dried form. For this present study, curry leaves were collected from Punjab agriculture university, Ludhiana. Different tests were performed in order to detect phytochemicals from curry leaves and to confirm its antimicrobial property. Pharmacological studies were done which involves study of morphology, physical properties and microscopic properties of Murraya koenigii. After performing qualitative and quantitative analysis, following phytochemicals were seem to be present in Murraya koenigii which are phenols, flavenoids, saponins, tannins, sugars, alkaloids etc. It was also seen that curry leaves show antimicrobial properties against E. coli and Saphylococus aureus which was seen by measuring the zone of inhibtion. Antioxidant properties were also detected in curry leaves by using UV 1800 spectrophotometer using DPPH.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5197

Keywords - Phytochemicals, antimicrobial, antioxidant, microbes.

A REVIEW: MICROBIAL ANTICANCER PIGMENTS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Cancer has become one of the biggest issues in the modern era with its treatment being a complex process which still can be unpredictable due to poor understanding of the cancer cells. The increasing number of cases without needed progress in therapy indicates the need of the hour to develop better treatments. Tobacco is the main cause of the cancer, followed by chemicals found in our environment. While the factors like tobacco can be avoided, others might be hard to avoid due to their presence in our environment. Conventional methods of anticancer therapies are effective only to some extent and in some cases leave worse effects on patient after treatment is done. Immunotherapy has been emerging out as the most promising research, especially the use of specific bacteria types. Using the pigments produced by them to fight of disease can bring a new range of biological drugs in the market with much better results. Different bacteria produce different pigments which have different colors, properties and mechanism of action. Though most of these pigments affect cancer cells by activating biomolecules that lead to apoptosis of cancer cells. This paper tries to look into a few bacteria and pigments produced by them, some of their properties and how they help to cure cancer and other diseases.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5199

Keywords - Microbial pigment, anticancer, bacteria.

BIOINFORMATICS: OVERVIEW AND ITS SCOPE IN ‘OMICS’ TECHNOLOGIES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Bioinformatics uses a framework of computer science and machine learning technologies to connect various disciplines such as biology, mathematics, statistics, genomics, proteomics, computers etc. The recent expansion of omics technologies such as genomic, transcriptomics, proteomics, epi-genomics that aimed to address the understanding of system biology; for example studying genomes of the various organisms say humans, plants, animals and deciphering relationship of sequence, structure & functions; development of body cells & tissues; understanding its metabolism as well as communication networks and pathways; interactions with environment; disease mechanisms etc.; requires parallel advancement and improvement in computer science & information technology. These omics technologies have generated massive and complex data. The need of accurate analysis of this data has led to emergence of this new research field of bioinformatics, which uses advanced computational tools to obtain global knowledge about living organisms and their interaction with environment. The current review discusses the advancement in bioinformatics, its applications and advantages and how it has evolved as an integrative approach to provide solutions to omics data for better understanding of biological systems.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5200

Keywords - Bioinformatics, omics, system biology, genomics.


SERINE RACEMASES FROM PROKARYOTES TO EUKARYOTES: AN OVERVIEW ON ITS ROLE AND EXISTENCE | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Serine racemase is an amino-acid racemase enzyme which exhibits pyridoxal 5-phosphate dependent metabolic activities of racemases and dehydratases. It has been reported in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Serine racemase metabolizes D-serine from L-serine and eliminates a water molecule from both serine forms to produce ammonia and pyruvate. Enzyme folding and activity is modulated by various co-factors, transcription factors and regulatory proteins. Initial evidence of the existence of serine racemase came from insects followed by extensive data research on bacteria, plants and mammals. In prokaryotes it is involved in antibiotic resistance and adaptation. Whereas, in eukaryotes such as mammals and plants, this enzyme acts as an important neurological compound involved in synaptic plasticity and regulation of carbon and nitrogen cycles, respectively. Dependence of bacterial and mammalian serine racemases on various physiological properties suggested that L-to D-amino acid racemization is evolutionarily conserved in these organisms. Pathophysiology of serine racemases in mammals has been linked to its involvement in various neurological syndromes like Schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson as well as in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This review comprehensively highlights established notions and current status of investigative pursuits variously reported for the distribution, modulation and pathophysiology of serine racemases and D-serine.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5202

Keywords - Antibiotic resistance, neurodegeneration, synaptic plasticity, D-serine, serine racemase, prokaryotes, eukaryotes.

QUALITATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF SWEET ORANGE (Citrus sinensis) PEEL EXTRACT-A PRELIMINARY STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Citrus sinensis is a rich source of bioactive compounds and the peels of this fruit also contain many phytochemicals. The present study highlights the impact different solvents on extraction yields and preliminary phytochemical screening of orange peels. The results obtained from this study reflect that solvent plays a very important role in extraction yield and in solubilizing biochemical compounds present in orange peels. Methanol has been identified as one of the effective extraction solvent in this study, resulting in the highest extraction yield (28%) in comparison to two other solvents used i.e. distilled water and ethanol. The preliminary phytochemical screening by qualitative tests reveals the maximum presence of phytochemical in methanol based cold percolation extraction method. The major phytochemicals found in orange peels were terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and phenols. The phytochemicals found in the orange peels have various medicinal properties such as antiproliferative, anti-diabetic, antihypertensive, and anti-cancerous.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5203  

Keywords - Phytochemicals, antiproliferative, antihypertensive, extraction yield, flavonoid, terpenoid.

ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF PIGMENT PRODUCING BACTERIA FROM VERMICOMPOST MANURE AND CHECK THE ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTED PIGMENT | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

In the present study an attempt was made to isolate pigment producing bacteria from vermicompost manure and evaluate antimicrobial activity of pigment. Sample was collected from vermicompost bin. Pigmented colony was isolated and characterized for morphological characters such as shape, color, size, texture, elevation, margin on agar plate, and Gram staining. The pigment producing bacteria was identification by VITAK-2 method and effect of pH on the growth and pigment production was checked. Extraction of pigment was done by liquid-liquid extraction method using chloroform and separated by using separating funnel. This pigment was further characterized for antimicrobial activity. The growth and pigment production were maximum observed from pH 6 to 7. Pigment produced by bacteria also has inhibitory effect on bacteria such as Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis. It was concluded that pigment showed inhibitory effect on tested microbes. Pigment has fluorescent property.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5204

Keywords - Pigment, antimicrobial activity, pigment extraction, pH.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF BIOSURFACTANTS: A MINI REVIEW | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Biosurfactants are surface active compounds produced by living systems, which are either excreted extracellular or on the microbial surfaces. Being surface active agents they reduce the interfacial tension between different phases. These are amphiphilic compounds, similar to chemical surfactants.

Biosurfactants are attracting attention of researchers in recent years due to their diversity, selectivity and applicability.  These potent molecules have vast range of applications in the different industrial sectors including pharmaceutical, cosmetics, food industry and detergents.

Currently, the methods for production of biosurfactants are cost intensive due to use of synthetic media. However, several procedures and techniques are being studied for the procurement of wide variety of wastes from agro-industrial used as a substrate like dairy wastes, vegetable oils, distillery wastes, starchy waste and animal fat. With the use of waste products for the biosurfactants production, the industrial applicability can be improved.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5205

Keywords - Agricultural wastes, bio-remediation, biosurfactants, microbes, pollutants, surface tension.

ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF GREEN TEA- A REVIEW | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Family of Camellia sinensis (Green tea) is Theaceae. Camellia sinensis is famous because of its more beneficial for health and consist of anti-oxidant, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and also helps in weight loss. Green tea was admitted by China’s people as powerful customary drink needed for the protection opposed to numerous health issues. The effectiveness of green tea is due to the fact that it contains a number of complex chemicals, which comprises of different classes of chemical compounds, such as amino acids, proteins, alkaloids, minerals, vitamins, polyphenols, etc. So, it is consumed worldwide as it has a number or health benefits. Thus, in this review article, green tea was selected for stressing on its advantages in various medicinal fields and phytoconstituents and recent researches that are done for its quality checking which assures its use in medicinal and pharmaceutical manufacturing. More research is needed to be done to know its other biological activities, active constituents, cheaper and simpler methods for its quality assurance that assures the prevention of its adulteration.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5206

Keywords - Camella sinensis, Theaceae, adulteration, anti-oxidant, polyphenols, phytoconstituents.

THE REMEDIAL AND CURATIVE ASSETS OF Catharnthus roseus: A REVIEW | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Green plants facade magic bullets that are responsible for the worldwide applications of plants. The remedial and curative properties of the plant are known to humankind for ages. Catharanthus roseus is a creeping herb that is included in the family “Apocynaceae”. “Catharanthus” meaning “pure flower” and “roseus” meaning “red” in the Greek language. It is an annual plant which grows in tropical areas. All parts of this plant contain one or the other type of phytoconstituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and steroids which have unique properties to serve the pharmaceutical industries.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5207

Keywords - Catharanthus roseus, phytoconstituents, curative, remedial assets.

GENETIC TRANSFORMATION OF Olea europaea (Olive) FOR FOLATE BIO-FORTIFICATION | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Olives are a standout amongst the most generally delighted food in nourishment. For olive organic product to meet dietary prerequisites, it is consequently important to fortify plant with the goal to meet nutritional requirement. This may help to tackle inadequate issues that emerge from malnutrition. Animals and human beings do not synthesize folates, but plants are real resources for it, thus unbalanced diet may cause folic acid deficiency which prompts to most usually neural tube defects, megaloblastic anaemia and numerous others posturing major worldwide heath issues. This has led to the fortification or addition of folates to regularly consumed foods like cereals flour and so on, through purpose of everybody promoting from the allied increase in folate level. Although, recently some staple foods like rice, maize had been seen successfully fortified, however the need of cooked flavoured food compels individuals to rely upon oily sustenance. Olives had been a first choice as far as light nature and clinical effects are concerned. One such approach to improve is through upgrade of folate in olives to build its wholesome substance. In this way the present study has been arranged to explore the prospects with fortification of olive oil which has not been yet attempted.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5208

Keywords - Olive, folate, bio-fortification, megaloblastic anaemia, vitamins, shoot formation, genetic transformation.

ASSOCIATION OF Helicobacter pylori IN CAUSING STOMACH PROBLEMS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

pylori is a gastric pathogen that effects almost every person leading to some serious gastric problems like ulceration, duodenal problems and even reported to be responsible for one of the fatal disease that is gastric adenocarcinoma if not cured properly. This review  focuses mainly  on the factors  that help this bacteria to modulate the host gastric epithelium.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5210

Keywords - Helicobacter pylori, virulence factors.

MEDICINAL APPLICATIONS OF BIOSURFACTANTS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The commercial application and use of biosurfactants in clinical or medical field has gaining more attention of the researcher because of their antiviral, antifungal and antibacterial activities, relevant molecules that could be used as therapeutic agents. In spite of that, it’s also used as antiadhesive agents that tremendously work against pathogens that might be used as suitable antiadhesive coating material for the insertional material used in medical field that leads to the reduction in hospital infections without using chemicals and synthetic drugs. They have emerged recently as auspicious molecules because of their novelty and versatility in structure along with other diverse properties which are useful in various therapeutic applications, This review is focussed on the current state of biosurfactant research in therapeutic and biomedical purposes, providing alternative new novel approach towards further upcoming research for the development of various versatile molecules with structural diversity and novelty for more advanced applications.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5211

Keywords - Antiviral activities, anti-adhesive coatings, anti-carcinogenic, antimicrobial agents, therapeutic agents.

CHEMISTRY OF TURMERIC: A GOLDEN SPICE WITH THE MULTIFUNCTIONAL BENEFITS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Turmeric is generally known for its use as spice in cooking. It is often considered as the king of spices.  Its use in the customary arrangement of medication for a considerable length of time and has been experimentally approved broadly. Through this review, researchers try to bring to notice the beneficial use of this naturally gifted spice called turmeric. Turmeric has always received considerable interest among the researchers/scientific community because of its medical and cosmetic properties. It is beyond doubt or debate that turmeric is being used for various reasons. Extensive researches time and again has proved that it has potential to treat many diseases. Curcumin a main ingredient of turmeric is the most effective in treatment. It is also beneficial and useful for skin treatment. It has different valuable properties such as antioxidant exercises and is helpful in conditions, for example, cancers, inflammation, etc. It likewise has antifungal, antimicrobial renal and hepatoprotective exercises. In this way, it has the potential against different cancer growth, diabetes, sensitivities, joint inflammation and other incessant and hard treatable infections. Both conventional and improved method of technology is used for producing turmeric and due to its multi benefits, day by day turmeric is occupying a major share in the world market specially with the entrance of latest technology and government support for small and medium scale industries.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5212

Keywords - Turmeric, curcumin, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, diabetes, cancer, eczema and cosmetics.

STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON BANK’S PERFORMANCE | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The importance of strategic planning and management as increased significantly in recent times. It is a means of enhancing organizational competitive advantage. In a swiftly changing competitive environment, human resources are one important source of competitive lead for an organization. However, linking to strategic planning and management, human resource management should be strategic that guarantees positive firm performance outcome. It has become even more necessary in the financial sector, especially for the banking and financial institutions, because of the integration of global financial systems and the resultant increase in competitiveness. Nepal has an established banking system with main challenge to strategic management of human resources and directly implicating to survival of the banks depend on its performance. In this view this study aims at exploring strategic human resource management practices and examining the impact of strategic human resource management practices on organizational performance of commercial banks in Nepal. This study uses a quantitative approach towards descriptive and explanatory casual research design with 6 numbers of banks and 507 numbers of employee as sample. It was found that strategic human resource management practices are a vital element in consideration of increasing the financial performance, business performance, organizational effectiveness, employee job performance, and benchmarked performance achievement.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JGEMBR/article/view/5209

Keywords - Strategic human resource management, human resource management practices, organizational performance, organizational effectiveness, commercial banks.

ANTIBACTERIAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF GARLIC: A REVIEW | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Garlic is second most important condiment after onion. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a member of family Alliaceae. It is an annual plant that possesses certain medicinal properties such as: Thorax Diseases, Asthma Diseases, Skin Diseases, Blood Disorder, Hypertension, Heart Attack, Ant diabetic, Antioxidant, etc. All these properties of garlic make it a prosperous medicinal agent which should be focused on to get its potential advantage in different fields. It also has been used for cooking purposes as a spice that can flavor foods during the cooking process. To study many effects of garlic extract and antibiotic compound allicin. The extract of fresh garlic is more efficient than 1 year old garlic powder for antibacterial activity. This traditional food ingredient enrich in nutrients disease resists. Garlic is not only good for adding flavor to food, it also prevents bacteria from growing. It is proves from couple of experiments, garlic naturally has antibacterial properties. Filter sterilized, garlic extract with water has ability to kill the bacteria and inhibits their growth.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JOBAN/article/view/5213

Keywords - Garlic, allicin, antibacterial property, pharmacological property, garlic powder extract.

POPULATION AND REGENERATION DYNAMICS OF Scaphium macropodum (Miq.) Beumée ex K.Heyne IN EVERGREEN BROADLEAVED FORESTS, VIETNAM | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Scaphium macropodum is a multipurpose tree species, native to the Southeast Asia. Its fruits are used for tonic and medicinal beverages, while light timber is used for furniture making. Due to overharvesting for fruits by cutting trees, the population and density have dramatically declined in nature. Therefore, understanding population and regeneration dynamics is important for sustainable management of S. macropodum. The investigation was conducted in poor, medium, and rich evergreen broadleaved forests in central Vietnam. The trees (diameter at breast height/DBH ≥ 5 cm), saplings (DBH < 5 cm and height > 2 m), and seedlings (height ≤ 2 m) were surveyed in seven representative plots of 1,000 m2 each (30.0 m × 33.3 m). The results indicated that 45 S. macropodum trees/ha were found in the rich forest, reducing to 23 trees in the medium forest and 20 trees in the poor forest. Meanwhile, 800 saplings/ha were found in the poor forest, reducing to 200 saplings in the rich forest, and 120 saplings in the medium forest. A similar pattern was found in seedlings. The regression between total stand crown area and total density of S. macropodum was found (R2 = 0.37), indicating higher canopy cover leading to a lower density of S. macropodum. It is concluded that to enhance the growths of seedlings and saplings of S. macropodum for fruit production, reducing the crown cover of natural forests is necessary. It, then, improves sunlight reaching to seedlings and saplings, and reduces competition between S. macropodum and other vegetation.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5215

Keywords - Canopy cover, disturbance, forest type, multipurpose tree, stand structure.

METAL STRESS ON SEED GERMINATION AND GROWTH | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Heavy metals are non-biodegradable which form the major group of environmental pollutants and can harm humans and other living organisms via food chains, often leading to toxicosis, thus are bringing attention towards themselves for studies and research. The heavy metals which can cause toxic effects to plants; leading to less productivity and effecting the agro-ecosystem; include lead, cadmium, copper, cobalt, nickel etc. The metal toxicity in plants manifest through an array of physiological and metabolic alterations which may include alteration in key enzyme activities, protein mobilization, photosynthesis and synthesis of metal detoxifying compounds due to induction of oxidative stress. There is an increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species on accumulation of metal ions in plant tissues which can be decreased with the help of antioxidants due to its ability to trap free radicals. Also in some plants metals as trace elements are essential for normal metabolic function but are toxic in higher concentrations thereby are hampering the physiological and metabolic functions of plants. Further, it has been observed that due to metal stress some plants produce heat shock proteins and which can affect the photosynthesis by destabilizing enzymes. This review is summarized to understand the effect of metal stress on seed germination and growth.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5216

Keywords - Antioxidants, metal, stress, seed, germination.

In vitro TISSUE CULTURE STUDIES ON Anagallis arvensis | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Anagallis arvensis, commonly known as Scarlet pimpernel, is an annual weed commonly found along roadsides. It has brightly colored flowers most often blue and pink. It is of great medicinal and biochemical value and is spread widely because of great ornamental value. But still very less, or negligible work has been done till now on this plant. In this particular paper, we did micropropagation trials with this plant to see the effect of various growth regulators.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5218

Keywords - Anagallis arvensis, callus, growth regulators, shooting, micropropagation, tissue culture.

TRADITIONAL FERMENTED FOODS& BEVARAGES OF HIMACHAL PRADESH | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Traditional fermented foods are those foods which are popularly consumed by the community and as an integral part of our diet. Early history these foods can be prepared in the household or in cottage industries by using simple techniques. In India there are many kinds of traditional foods varying among the diverse community due to geographical indications and variation in culture. In past, the best technique for preserving food was fermentation. Fermentation is one of the oldest technologies for the production of food products with desirable properties such as extends shelf life and other organoleptic properties. Fermentation increase the shelf life of food which preserve it by using lactic acid, alcohol and acetic acid and people got beneficial bacteria to modulate the digestive system by allowing proper digestion. Fermentation can be done by formation of two products: fermented food and fermented beverages. Fermented foods and beverages are products made by microbial organisms and enzymatic conversions of major and minor food components. The main role of this review is to highlight the role of fermented foods and beverages in human life and their benifits to them.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5219

Keywords - Traditional fermented foods, bevarages, enzymatic conversions.

PROSPECTS OF POTENT MEDICINAL MUSHROOM, Cordyceps militaris (CORDYCEPS): REALM OF PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The mushroom Cordyceps militaris (CM) is a renowned Chinese traditional remedy found in many Asian countries and some parts of Europe and North America. Cordyceps militaris an entomopathogenic fungus can be cultivated easily and commercially available than other Cordyceps species. It helps in the revitalization of the body system from ancient time and had the potential to treat cancer patients without harming the host. The objective of this article is to review the C. militaris chemical constituents, its production and its pharmacological activities.  Extracts from C. militaris, therapeutic agents or bioactive compounds such as cordycepin, ergosterol, exopolysaccharides and their subunits have a significant nutrient powerhouse and potential to exhibit anti-tumour, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiangiogenic activity, hypoglycaemic, antimicrobial, and possible in prognosis. Among all the compounds found in C. militaris, a sophisticated potent cordycepin is much abundantly found in cultured C. militaris. C. militaris has been cultivated under the lab-scale with standard nutrition and climatic conditions. Submerged mycelia produce more cordycepin than the aerial mycelia in the C. militaris culture media and upregulate the gene of biological process and molecular function. Hence, C. militaris is providing a deep understanding of all its components and creating novel therapeutic strategies to cure many diseases.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5220

Keywords - Cordyceps militaris, entomopathogenic, pharmacological, cordycepin.

POTENTIALS OF INVESTIGATIONS ON MISTLETOE RIBOSOME INACTIVATING PROTEINS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Ribosome Inactivating Proteins (RIP) catalytically inhibit protein synthesis by eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes and occur in plants and bacteria as defense molecules specifically induced during varieties of stresses. RIPs are structurally characterized and classified into Class 1 and 2 by both consisting of a catalytic domain(s) concerned with depurination of specific rRNA while class 2 additionally having a lectin subunit affinitive to specific sugar molecule(s) that binds cell surfaces. RIPs from many plants and bacterial sources have been studied for their anti-pathogenic and/or anti-disease characteristics including anti-viral and more prominently their anti-cancer attributes. One plant source is the mistletoes. Mistletoes are hemiparasitic plants found globally including India and infect almost all trees. This minireview discusses the prospective leads and potential applications from investigations on ribosome inactivating proteins from mistletoes as well as outlines various futuristic lines of investigations yet untouched.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5221

Keywords - Mistletoe, ribosome inactivating protein, Loranthaceae, lectin, viscum.

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA: ITS POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS AND THE EMERGENCE OF AGRICULTURE | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) is a group of microbes that colonize the plant roots and benefit plants by providing growth of the plant. It is also regarded as an attractive alternative of chemical fertilizer, by enhancing the use of PGPR we can reduce soil pollution, increase fertility of the soil. They also helps in nitrogen fixation in legume plants and also increase the supply of micronutrients such as phosphorus, sulphur, iron, zinc, cobalt, nickel etc. Furthermore, they helps in control of different plants related diseases such as fungal and bacterial diseases. PGPR also helps in enhancing of seedling germination, stand health, plant vigour, plant height, shoot weight, nutrient content of shoot tissues, early bloom, chlorophyll content and increased nodulation in legumes. Scientific researchers group are involved in the finding of different application of PGPR, its potential effect and mechanism. This review paper focuses on the benefical effects of PGPR.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5222

Keywords - PGPR, nitrogen fixation, micronutrients, seedling germination.

A SHORT REVIEW ON MEDICINAL PLANT- Moringa oleifera  | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

In the growing scenario of new disease, allopathy is lacking somewhere in fulfilling the needs of present medicinal demands. Also, the available marketed drugs are associated with a large number of side effects thus lowering the spectrum of treatment. So, the present demand is of the drugs having minimal or no side effects which can be achieved somewhat with the help of traditional herbal medicines. Herbal medicines are used in our history from a long time but lacking in specific receptor action. To extract out the active constituent of herbal drug and to use it specifically for a specific receptor is present scenario demand which is a tedious and time-consuming task. Our aim is to study the properties present in various parts or different extracts of herbal drugs so that they can be used specifically instead of whole drug to fight diseases. The present review focuses on an herbal plant Moringa oleifera and its pharmacological activities.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5223

Keywords - Moringa, taxonomic classification, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, cardiovascular.

INVESTIGATING THE GAIT PATTERNS IN FALLING-DOWN PREDICTION FOR THE ELDERLY USING MACHINE LEARNING | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Many falls usually lead to chronic complications for the elderly. Four common causes of falls include slippery floors, the level of brightness, stairs, and residential obstacles such as a rug. These are linked to household activities, and therefore, the fatal falls often occur when an elderly person stays home alone, a timely contact to the doctor is not possible.

Objective: The study aimed to apply a dynamic functionality embedded in a microcontroller to detect true falls and activate alarms, promptly.

Methods: The accelerometer embedded in Arduino NANO 33 IoT measured the 3-axis acceleration in the gait cycle. The 3-axis acceleration characterized the dominant frequency and mean peak. These two characteristics could distinguish between real falls and fake falls. Actual falls were defined as the ability to continue moving after a fall. Acceleration data was then analyzed using the double integration to find the foot clearance in the four most common causes of falls.

Results: The study demonstrated that foot clearance was decreased in the four situations and that Arduino NANO 33 IoT could accurately distinguish between real falls and fake falls, proving the device's ability to detect falls that constitute an emergency.

Conclusions: The potential for the Arduino Nano 33 IoT was confirmed to detect falls in senior citizens through this study. The Arduino Nano could distinguish between real falling and fake falling, regardless of whether it is walking or running before the fall.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JIRMEPS/article/view/5225

Keywords - Accelerometer, cost function, fast Fourier transform, gait pattern, household activities, minimum foot clearance, motion tracking, senior falls.

A MINI-REVIEW ON ANTI-CANCEROUS PROPERTIES OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS  | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

In recent era maximum human population is severely affected globally by cancer disease due to which constant demand for new therapies are required to treat and prevent this deadly disease. Today attention is drawn towards naturally occurring compounds by researchers and scientists that can show less toxic effects than the allopathic treatments such as chemotherapy. In cancer, an irregular proliferation of cells takes place which can attack and demolish the normal cells resulting in an imbalance to human body. The plant derived chemotherapeutic agents are found to be effective to cure the disease in spite of several synthetic agents which can be toxic and thus the studies are going on to explore the natural compounds effective against such ailments. Therefore in this mini review an attempt is made to appraise some medicinal plants having anti-cancerous properties. All the plants reviewed here show potential and are good candidates for advanced studies because of their anticancer activity.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5232

Keywords - Cancer, anticancer activity, medicinal plants, chemotherapeutic agents.

SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF FRUIT, SEEDS AND LEAVES AS ANTIOXIDANTS: A REVIEW | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Fruits and other herbal plants are a rich source of antioxidants as they contains abundant amount of bio active compounds like phenols and flavonoids. Present review concentrates on the combined or synergistic effect of bio-active compounds which is present in these fruits and herbal plants. There are several researchers who have observed that the combined mixtures of various fruit extracts as well as mixtures of herbs increase the antioxidant activity and also help to achieve desirable results. The high antioxidant activity due to the synergism of different fruits and herbs is applicable to reduce the oxidative stress as well as to prevent disease like cancer, cardiac disorders and as an anti proliferative agent. The antioxidants that are obtained from natural sources are far better to consume than that of synthetic antioxidants (butylated hydroxytoluene) as they have side effects on our health and are too expensive. This review is helpful to understand the significance of synergism in different plants and fruits due to the presence of different essential bioactive compounds in them.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5233

Keywords - Fruits, bio-active, anti proliferative, synergistic, antioxidant, extract.

BIO PRESERVATIVE POTENTIAL OF BACTERIOCINS: CLASSIFICATION, MODE OF ACTION AND APPLICATION: A REVIEW | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Increasing demand of natural over chemical preservatives initiated the rigorous research on the novel products isolated from the microorganisms having biopreservative potential to unfold the new range of antimicrobial agents to defend the food borne pathogens efficiently. One such antimicrobial compound bacteriocinis synthesized by various microorganisms. Bacteriocin is a protein molecule that possesses antimicrobial features and protects food borne pathogen, research is more focused on discovering novel bacteriocins at industrial scale. Present review is focused on bacteriocin’s classification, their mechanism of action and applications in food industry.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5234

Keywords - Antimicrobial compounds, bacteriocins, biopreservatives.

DIVERSITY OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH CAROB TREES (Ceratonia siliqua L.) IN WESTERN ALGERIA | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The carob tree is a leguminous plant originating in the Mediterranean region. It is used in many reforestation and ornamentation programs. The aim of this study is to characterize the diversity of AMF associated with the carob tree and the importance of their role in the integration of a semi-arid ecosystem in Western Algeria. Samples of soil and roots in the rhizosphere of ten carob specimen were taken in different areas in the northwest of Algeria: Hassasna, Nedroma and Ouled Mimoun. Physicochemical analyses were carried out as well as enumeration and morphological and anatomical analyses of the spores. The roots were trypan blue- dyed to determine the level of mycorrhization. The results showed that the soil of Ouled Mimoun is the richest of the three sites in organic matter, and contains the largest proportion of nitrogen and available phosphorus. It also has the largest spore count: 641 per 100 g of soil. Furthermore, the study revealed the presence of 16 morphotypes of AMF spores in all three sites, Glomus and Acaulospora genera being the most abundant. Likewise, microscopic observation of the roots revealed the presence of all the structures typical of AMF including vesicles, hyphae and arbuscular structures. The level of mycorrhization in the roots sampled in Ouled Mimoun was the highest with a mycorrhization frequency of F=94%, an intensity of M=44% and an arbuscular rate of A=94%. The mycorrhizal abundance and high infectivity of the carob roots taken in the site of O.Mimoun, an old plantation site, reflect the physicochemical characteristics of a fertile and more lively soil, in particular its organic carbon and nitrogen content. Another explanation may be that indigenous AMF communities, apparently more resilient and better adapted to the edaphic conditions, have gradually replaced the fungi introduced.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5224

Keywords - Acaulospora, ecosystem, endomycorrhiza, glomus, semi-arid.

BIOCHAR: A GREEN AMENDMENT FOR INDIAN SOIL | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

India is an agricultural land and is facing challenges like increasing population and changing climate, which needs to be addressed. Conversion of agricultural waste to manure that boosts the yield of the crops and retains nutrients and moisture in soil as well, ages back to thousand years. Biochar, which can be synthesized by different heat treatment methods such as torrefacation, pyrolysis, gasification, hydrothermal and flash carbonization, is rich in carbon. Type of biomass and its composition, conditions of heat treatment such as temperature, time and heating rate manipulates the properties of biochar. Augmentations of biochar in soil increment the richness as well as lessen green house gas emissions and remediate the polluted soil moreover. The physio-chemical properties of biochar emphatically impact its application in agriculture. This review summarizes the biochar production methods and recent advances in biochar research in context to agriculture.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5229

Keywords - Biochar, agricultural land, soil enhancer, biomass, pyrolysis.

PHARMACOGNOSTIC AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROFILE OF Lallemantia royleana BENTH. IN WALL. (LAMIACEAE) | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Lallemantia royleana Benth. in Wall. is herb which is cultivated an annual, biennial or perennial, belonging to the family Lamiaceae, commonly known as balangu. It is grown throughout Western Asia, India, Pakistan and Northern regions of Iraq.  It act as a diuretic, cardiotonic, sedative etc. and used for treatment of common cold fever, joint pain, rheumatism, renal disorder, weakness of heart .but in  the recent research many pharmacological effects has been proved it act as an antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidepressant, anxiolytic, sedative, antiemetic, hypolipidemic, etc. The purpose of this review is to elaborate the chemical composition and beneficial effect of L. royleana as a medicinal plant.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5230

Keywords - Lallemantia royleana, medicinal plant, Rehanaberry, balangu.

PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL REVIEW ON Crinum latifolium | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Plants of the genus Crinum (Amaryllidaceae) are widely used in folk medicine in different tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The Indian species Crinum latifolium was traditionally used to treat rheumatism, fistula, tumors, earaches, rubefacient, and prophylactic management of different types of diseases. These herbs were prescribed for healing purpose also. However, 7% of Crinum species used worldwide for medicinal purpose. In phytochemical analysis twenty alkaloids and other compounds have been identified recently. This review is helpful for explore phytochemical and pharmacological potential of Crinum latifolium.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5231

Keywords - Crinum latifolium, Crinum (Amaryllidaceae), folk medicine.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERFORMANCE OF TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICE PROVIDERS IN UGANDA EVIDENCE FROM UGANDA TELECOMMUNICATIONS LIMITED (UTL) | Journal of Basic and Applied Research International

This article sets out to investigate factors affecting the performance of telecommunication service providers in Uganda, using Uganda Telecom Limited as a case study. It identifies and examines the metrics used to measure performance in telecommunication service, investigates the factors affecting performance of Uganda Telecom Limited, and recommends appropriate performance improvement strategies. The study employed a descriptive research design that involved both quantitative and qualitative research methods. Primary data was collected using a five scale Likert questionnaire, administered to a total of 106 respondents. Data collected through the questionnaires were entered into SPSS v.21 statistical software and analysed for descriptive statistics. Findings revealed that the performance of Uganda Telecom Limited was influenced by both external and internal factors.  In the final discussion, the article presents the metrics used to measure performance of the case study company and advances performance improvement strategies. In all, the article provides useful insight into the telecommunication service industry not only in Uganda but also in other developing countries.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JOBARI/article/view/5226

Keywords - Mobile telephony, performance, telecommunication service providers, UTL.


AUTOMATION OF GAS TUNNEL KILN USING RELAY LOGICS AND VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES | Asian Journal of Current Research

Automation is one of the major concerns in any industry today. Automation is encompassing virtually every Walk of life required right from agricultural to space technology. Plant Automation is the necessity for the Manufacturing industry to survive in today’s globally competitive market .It relates to the working of the system at all times without any human intervention. In this paper we are designing a control circuit for the automation of Gas Tunnel Kiln (GTK) using relay logics and Variable Frequency Drives (VFD's) because the present doors and the movement of the transfer car in and out of the kiln are being operated manually and the temperature of the kiln is very high and hence manual operation is not safe. As whole, the process of charging and discharging of the green Insulators is being automated. The first step towards this is designing ladder diagrams which can be implemented using hardware components and simulation is done using LADSIM - PLC Simulator.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/AJOCR/article/view/5235

Keywords - Automation, gas tunnel kiln, relay logics, VFD’s.

EBOLA VIRUS: GENETIC DIVERSITY, SYMPTOMS, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENTS | Asian Journal of Current Research

Ebola virus is one of the most deadly pathogen known to infect humans Ebola virus disease has been diagnosed in the US, originating from patients who travelled during incubation period.  The first recognized Ebola outbreak occurs in 1976 near the Ebola River in Zaire (now in Congo). Before the 2014 epidemic about 2300 cases with greater than 1500 death has been documented from this disease. Ebola virus belongs to the Filoviridae family and genus Ebola virus. The disease has evolved a global public health menace due to large immigrant population. It is also termed as Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF). The transmission of virus to people from wild animals and spreads with in the human population via human to human transmission. Pregnant women who are recovered from Ebola virus still carry the virus in breast milk or Symptoms of hemorrhagic in pregnancy related fluid and tissues.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JOCRIMS/article/view/5236

Keywords - Genetic diversity, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment.

PLANT-DERIVED ANTIMICROBIALS (PDAms) TO CONTROL URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Urinary Tract Infection has been recognized second most common infection after respiratory infection and is most frequent in women, accounting for nearly 60% of overall UTIs. Caused by single bacterial species E. coli, which is the most frequently infecting organisms. We undertook this study to know the prevalence of MDR E. coli among various urine samples and to find out antibacterial activity of different herbal extracts against these resistance strains. Out of 40 samples 9 isolates of E .coli (22%) were recovered, which were considered for study. Among these 9 E. coli isolates, 2 (28.6%) were found multiple drug resistant (MDR). The isolates showed high levels of resistance to Amoxycilin (AMX25), Oxacilin (OX1), Ceftazidime (CAZ30) and Ceftriaxone (CTR30). Nine plant species were screened for anti MDR activity and out of  9 plants  the maximum zone of inhibition was observed in the aqueous extract of  Terminalia chebula (22 mm) & Callistemon (22 mm)] which were found  more potent than the previous studies. In conclusion, the prevalence of MDR Producers at our study was lower in comparison to the prevalence reported from other studies. The high rate of resistance in bacteria for antibiotics need alternative drug line to control UTI.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5237

Keywords - Antimicrobial resistance, Escherichia coli, MDR, UTI.

NOVEL CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID-19) –DETECTION, TREATMENT AND EFFECT ON GLOBAL ECONOMY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

COVID-19 a viral pandemic caused by novel coronavirus COVID19 which was the modified form of SARS CoV-2 and MERS CoV-2 was first found in Wuhan, China but nowadays it had spread all over the world. More than 213 Countries and Territories around the world have affected by the coronavirus COVID-19 and many more nations have been going through most critical situations in health and financial contexts as well. So many major attempts are made practicing to overcome negative impacts of this viral infection but there is no permanent solution has not been found yet. No availability of either vaccine or therapeutic antiviral drugs till now in any country to prevent and cure this infection. As the COVID19 infections were asymptomatic, the proper serodiagnostic tools also very essential besides the real time PCR as it takes much time for the results. Some of the practices have been running continuously like detection methods and alternative treatments for this major virus respiratory infection. But the major issue to be resolved patients are found be in again re-infection by COVID19.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5238

Keywords - COVID-19, pandemic, coronavirus, SARS CoV-2, global economy.

EVALUATION OF Syzygium travancoricum Gamble LEAF EXTRACTS FOR ITS PHYTOCHEMICALS, ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Syzygium travancoricum Gamble leaves crude extract (petroleum ether, chloroform and ethanol) were investigated for phytochemical constituents, antimicrobial assay and antioxidant activity. The results of qualitative phytochemical analysis showed the absence of saponins and presence of alkaloids, tannins and phenols, sterols, terpenoids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, carbohydrates, oils and fats in all three solvent extracts. Anthroquinones and glycosides were present in petroleum ether extract and ethanol extract but absent in chloroform. Proteins and amino acids were present in chloroform and ethanol extracts but absent in petroleum ether extract. Antimicrobial study revealed that the fungal pathogens (Candida albicans, Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus niger) and bacterial pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli, Klebsiella sp and Pseudomonas sp) were resistant to all the extracts. Micrococcus luteus, Shigella flexneri and Enterococcus faecalis were resistant to petroleum ether extract but sensitive to ethanol extract than chloroform extract with an inhibition zone of 14, 14.5 and 12.3 mm diameter respectively. The total phenolic content of the petroleum ether, chloroform and ethanol extracts of S. travancoricum was determined to be 5.70, 23.34 and 27.76 µg of GAE respectively. Total antioxidant activity and reducing capacity of ethanol extracts showed a maximum absorbance of 1.60 and 2.31 at 1000 µg/ mL concentration followed by chloroform (1.13 and 2.05) and petroleum ether (0.25 and 0.88). Among the three solvent extracts tested ethanol extract showed highest percent inhibition of 96.11%, 97.11% and 96.16% in DPPH, nitric oxide and ABTS scavenging assay respectively, followed by chloroform and petroleum ether extract.  The percent scavenging activity of the three extracts increased with increase in concentration of the crude extracts.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5242

Keywords - Syzygium travancoricum, phytochemicals, antimicrobial activity, total phenolic content, antioxidants.

EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE METHOD OF THE STEP-BY-STEP CONTROL AND TREATMENT OF HEMORRHAGE IN OBSTETRIC PRACTICE | Journal of Case Reports in Medical Science

The article describes a surgical hemostasis of hemorrhaging in pregnant women giving birth by cesarean section. Special attention is paid to the development of risk groups for obstetric hemorrhaging, full screening, and coagulopathy prevention, timely detection of placental position and attachment anomalies. There is an overview of modern approaches to obstetric hemorrhaging prevention using surgical techniques, as well as blood-saving technologies. The article analyzes the outcome of caesarean section in two groups with obstetric hemorrhage. The largest share of obstetric hemorrhage is the detachment of the normally located placenta and placental pathology.  A prospective study has been conducted to assess the effectiveness of the phased control and treatment of hemorrhage during caesarean delivery. The authors divided all the patients into two groups depending on the methods of intraoperative treatment. In group I, hemorrhaging was treated by using the proposed step-by- step control and treatment tactics (cesarean section indications were hemorrhaging due to premature detachment of low or normally located placenta in the first group) and second group were treated according to the Protocol of the treatment of hemorrhaging adopted in the hospital.

Please see the link :-  https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JOCRIMS/article/view/5241

Keywords - Obstetric hemorrhaging, surgical hemostasis, detachment of the normally located placenta, placenta previa, uterine scar, caesarean section.

IMPACT STRENGTH OF KENAF FIBER AND CORN COB ASH ROOFING TILES FOR SUSTAINABLE HOUSING DEVELOPMENT | Journal of Basic and Applied Research International

In this research work, the impact strength characteristic of Kenaf Fiber (KF) and Corn Cob Ash (CCA) Roofing Tiles made with varying percentages of KF and CCA was examined. The Impact test was carried out according to ASTM [1] and ASTM [2] using a manually operated impact-tester machine. Mat Lab R2013a model was used to analyze the results of the impact strength. The average impact strength obtained were 98.776, 91.904, 85.463, 79.021 and 69.144 kJ/m2 for 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% Ash contents respectively. The impact strength remained constant at 118.530 kJ/m2 with the addition of CCA at 0, 5, 10 and 15% but decreased at 20% cement replacement at the first trial. Mathematical models were developed for predicting impact strength of KF and CCA roofing tiles using Mat Lab R2013a model. The results show that corn cob ash and kenaf fiber can be used for sustainable housing development.

Please see the link :-  https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JOBARI/article/view/5240

Keywords - Corncob ash, kenaf fibre, impact strength, sustainable housing development.

SHAPE-CONTROLLED PLANAR PARAMETRIC CURVE WITH SHAPE PARAMETERS | Journal of Basic and Applied Research International

To adjust the shape of the curve conveniently, we exploit a class of shape-controlled planar parametric curve with shape parameters in this paper. The proposed curve inherits the properties of the classic cubic Ferguson curves, what’s more, the shape of the curve can be adjusted as desired by modifying the shape parameters. A suitable choice of shape parameters can make the quasi-Ferguson curve satisfy C2 continuous. Besides, the most smoothness and the shortest arc length of the quasi- Ferguson curve are obtained by solving the optimal shape parameters.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JOBARI/article/view/5245

Keywords - Quasi-Ferguson curve, shape parameter, C2 continuous, energy optimization, arc length.

In silico ANALYSIS OF EFFECT OF PHYTOCHEMICALS FROM Paprika oleoresin (Capsicum annum L.) AGAINST DIAMINOPIMELATE DEHYDROGENASE OF Clostridium tetani CAUSING TETANUS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani. Strikingly, during particular molecular events, tetanus increases mainly, thereby serving as a possible clinical biomarker. Furthermore, further downstream events can also be triggered by tetanus, promoting the detrimental process. Several bio molecules can be deployed to reduce the activity of tetanus, the phytochemicals of which may be the best option. Molecular docking-based screening of a few phytochemicals showed that the phytochemicals interact effectively with the protein's active site and thus have diagnostic and therapeutic tetanus potential.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5246

Keywords - Phytochemical, biovia, discovery studio, Paprika oleoresin, Clostridium tetani.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF Semecarpus prainii King. LEAF EXTRACTS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

For phytochemical examination, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in petroleum ether, chloroform and ethanol extracts were subjected to Semecarpus prainii leaf extract in the present research. The existence of all the components except saponins in ethanol extract was revealed by phytochemical analysis. Saponins, anthroquinones, glycosides were absent in chloroform and petroleum ether extract, oils and fats were absent in chloroform extract, but were present in petroleum ether extract, among the tested phytochemicals. The antimicrobial activity findings showed that S. With aureus, L. About monocytogenes, E. Klebsiella sp, coli. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were immune to all extracts tested. Maximal inhibiton zone against M was shown by ethanol extract. (12.7 mm) luteus, Shigella sp. (12.3 millimetres) and E. Faecalis, which was almost identical to the normal antibiotic used (14.5 mm). Various techniques such as total phenolic assay, total antioxidant assay, power reduction assay, DPPH assay, ABTS and nitric oxide scavenging activity were evaluated for the antioxidant activity of leaf extracts. Important results were shown by all the tested techniques. The overall phenolic content was found to be 47.69, 98.69 and 118.36 mg-g gallic acid equivalents, respectively, of petroleum ether, chloroform and ethanol extracts. The ethanol extract displayed substantial total antioxidant activity of 501 µg of GAE accompanied by chloroform (292 µg of GAE) and petroleum ether extract (84 µg of GAE). Reducing power assay of the checked plant was in order of ethanol > chloroform > petroleum ether. At 1000 μg-mL concentrations measured, the ethanol extract showed a maximum absorbance of 2.88. Radical scavenging activity (percent) was expressed in the DPPH, ABTS and nitric oxide assay of petroleum ether, chloroform and ethanol extracts, and the results obtained showed that ethanol extract was more potential than petroleum ether and chloroform. These experimental results would help provide the theoretical foundation for conventional knowledge of the use of plants to control various diseases.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5250

Keywords - S. prainii, phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity.

PHYTOCHEMICAL, FTIR AND NMR ANALYSIS OF CRUDE EXTRACT OF Pogostemon benghalensis LEAVES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Pogostemon benghalensis belongs to the Lamiaceae family, commonly referred to as Hook loti, and is native to subtropical and tropical parts of India. It is commonly found in Melghat, where it originates under the shrub in the form of large patches along the banks of the river and is an annual, aromatic. Based on the polarity of the solvents, the leaves were extracted with chloroform, acetone, ethanol and water using the cold maceration method at around 15 °C. The presence of terpenoids and lactones in the acetone extract was shown in the sample through phytochemical screening of these extracts. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed the presence at 3373 cm-1 and 1708 cm-1 of different functional groups such as NH(amine), OH(carboxylic acid),=C=O(lactone), C-N(cyano)from the IR absorption bands in the high wave area and classified the active compounds by comparing the obtained compounds with the standard graph. Using H1 NMR (Nuclear magnetic resonance), the number of protons present and the electronic state of the protons in the different compounds were analysed. In order to isolate the active compounds that can be used to determine their therapeutic implications for the development of new drugs, further research should be carried out.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5247

Keywords - Pogostemon benghalensis, phytochemical, terpenioids, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, functional groups, nuclear magnetic resonance.

POTENTIAL OF ENDOPHYTES AT TREATING TUBERCULOSIS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

It is estimated that Tuberculosis TB hits 10 million people globally and among them 1.5 million died from this disease. Now a days, world is facing another worst form of TB i.e. Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB). The MDR-TB is the form of TB in which the disease pathogen exhibits resistance to two most powerful first line anti-TB drugs, isoniazid and rifampicin. However, toxic side effects and frequent use of these drugs has led to an increasing incidence of MDR-TB. In this context, natural and alternative resources may be worthful. Among them, some medicinal plants have been mentioned in Ayurveda and Unani medicinal system for TB cure, and several medicinal plants are known for TB treatment by folks, tribal people or being used traditional/indigenously for the purpose. The present study plans to explore endophytes from plants known to the tribal and local vaidya for their anti-mycobacterial properties.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5248

Keywords - Endophytes, tuberculosis, multi-drug resistant tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

PERSPECTIVES OF HEAVY METALS REMEDIATION: A REVIEW | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

As a result of their recalcitrant and tenacious nature, the toxicity of heavy metals has attracted growing attention worldwide, resulting in deleterious effects on the surrounding shelf life of plants and animals, and chronic diseases in humans. There is a wider opportunity for technological advances, with a focus on cost-effectiveness and reducing the effects of anthropogenic activities on the ecosystem, as well as pursuing the above-mentioned possibilities alongside new environmental conservation initiatives. Microbial remediation for a wide variety of pollutants is considered to be a promising technology for remediating polluted areas. There is the ability for microbial flora to treat oil spills and recalcitrant heavy metals. There are traditional mechanisms that don't seem to be illustrious, but as an emerging technology, bioremediation remains the first option. This paper aims to provide an analysis of the disadvantages of bio remedial agents and so on. The introduction of recent biotechnological developments in heavy metal emissions, which has the ability to mitigate the natural environment and pose a danger to metal contamination, needs to be introduced. In simple words, bioremediation is one approach that uses living cells such as microbes to treat the atmosphere or infected area and is better than traditional methods of treatment. Moreover, bioremediation is a well-established approach for the remediation of different forms of pollutants. In general, the process operates under conditions that enhance the activities of either the native microorganism or the introduced species, particularly those elements that transform or degrade under conditions that are appropriate for the microorganism's optimal efficiency.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5249

Keywords - Nanoremediation, heavy metals, accumulation, augmentation, anthropogenic activities, alleviators.

NEW REMARK ON THE PROPERTIES OF STABLE INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEMS OF A CERTAIN ORDER OF LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS | Journal of Basic and Applied Research International

The purpose of this paper is to investigate and provide appropriate and required conditions for a certain order of linear differential equations to guarantee the stability characteristics of internal control systems. This refers to an exponentially stable global equilibrium (point or position) of a system with properties of input and output. The classical Liapunov theorem that allows us to reduce the study of stability to an algebraic problem (computation of the matrix's own values) is stated and proved. We also introduce the functions of the quadratic Lyapunov and matrix equations of Lyapunov that enhance the results of the given objective. Without proof, the Routh-Hurwitz criterion was given. Since the findings of this study vary from the results and methods obtained in the literature, the results of this study are fundamentally new.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JOBARI/article/view/5251

Keywords - Properties of stable internal control, system, Lyapunov functions, linear differential equations.

IMPACTS OF MOLYBDENUM ON DROUGHT TOLERANCE OF SOME MAIZE (Zea mays L.) CULTIVARS AT SEEDLING STAGE | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

One of the factors that inflict drastic effects on maize growth and productivity is drought stress. The harmful effects of drought stress on many crops have been proven to mitigate molybdenum (Mo). This paper presents the results of experiments on the effects of Mo on drought tolerance at the seedling stage of three varieties of maize, namely CP333, HN45, and HN68. Two experimental formulations were used: the control group was watered (F I) and the treatment group was sprayed from sowing to the stage of two true leaves with Mo liquid 0.03 percent (F II). After that, 1-day, 3-day, and 5-day artificial drought treatment was provided by stopping watering and spraying. The results show that, compared to the control group, Mo increased the drought resistance of three maize varieties. CP333 with its drought tolerance indices of 3207.10 in F I and 3613.37 in F II was the most drought tolerant line, followed by HN45 with 2790.62 in F I and 3213.14 in F II, and HN68 with drought tolerance indices of only 2621.79 in F I and 3012.53 in F II was the least drought tolerant cultivar. In addition, Mo was also shown to have a direct effect on the drought tolerance of maize varieties. The findings of the research serve as a theoretical basis for proposals to increase the resistance of certain maize cultivars in Vietnam to drought.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5252

Keywords - Maize, Zea mays, molybdenum, drought tolerance, seedling stage.

SURVEY ON THE OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF MAJOR CASSAVA ARTHROPOD PESTS IN SIERRA LEONE | Journal of Biology and Nature

In Sierra Leone and Africa as a whole, insect pests constitute the greatest limit to the production of cassava. The objective of the study was to generate up-to-date information on the country's status of cassava insect pests. The aims were to determine, map and determine the prevalence, incidence, magnitude and distribution in the country's major geo-political districts.

During the rainy season survey, a total of 171 cassava farms were visited nationally, while a total of 193 farms were visited during the dry season survey, with an average of 15 farms per district.

Important differences in percentage frequency, severity score and prevalence of the major cassava pests with respect to district, cassava variety and season are shown by the outcome of the survey. In most districts, the percentage incidence and severity scores of the major insect pests were higher in local cassava varieties compared to enhanced varieties. Compared to the rainy season, the population of insect pests measured was typically higher during the dry season. In the southern and eastern parts of the country, the grasshopper population of one of the most dangerous insect pests of cassava was generally higher and more harmful compared to the northern and western areas of the country. As the main insect pests found from the survey will serve as a guide in the training of cassava farmers in the management of these insect pests, which will ultimately lead to an increase in farmers' yield and income, the results of this survey will support cassava farmers.


Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JOBAN/article/view/5253

Keywords - Arthropods, distribution, incidence, management, prevalence, population.

RULES EXTRACTION OF FORMAL DECISION CONTEXTS BASED ON FOUR-WAY CONCEPT LATTICES | Journal of Basic and Applied Research International

The rule extraction of formal decision contexts based on the four-way principle lattice is mainly discussed in this paper. First in the formal decision sense, we reject the four-way principle lattice and use the example to explain it. Secondly, under the specified formal decision framework, we address the extraction of rules and outline decision rules and rejection of the redundant law. Finally, we analyse the relationship between the classical lattice concept, the three-way lattice concept and the four-way lattice concept.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JOBARI/article/view/5254

Keywords - Formal decision context, four-way concept lattice, rules acquisition, consistent set.

INFLUENCE OF PERCEIVED TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP OF SCHOOL PRINCIPALS ON FOLLOWERSHIP STYLES OF TEACHERS IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS | Journal of Global Research in Education and Social Science

The study focused on defining the effect of school principals' perceived transformational leadership on the follow-up styles of graduate teachers in Sri Lanka's public schools in the Colombo district. Therefore this study aims to achieve four research goals: 1) Identify the follow-up styles among graduate teachers in public schools in the Colombo district; 2) Analyze the relation between graduate teacher follow-up styles in public schools and their demographic variables; 3) Identify the level of transformative leadership of principals of schools perceived by graduate teachers; 4) Investigate the effect on the follow-up styles of graduate teachers in public schools of the perceived transformational leadership of principals. A questionnaire survey (n=496) based on Kelley's (1992) Followership Questionnaire and Bass & Avolio's (1990) Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire was conducted to gather data on respondents' follow-up styles and the extent of their principals' perceived transformative leadership. Semi-structured interviews with ten deliberately chosen teachers were performed to reflect various types of styles of followership. Efficient followers were the largest number of graduate teachers in public schools in the Colombo district. Age, teaching service and service under the respondents' incumbent principal revealed no significant association with their styles of followership, while respondent teachers' gender and school form revealed a significant association with their styles of followership. 45% of respondents considered that disruptive leadership features are always exhibited by their principals. Finally, the findings indicated that higher levels of perceived transformational leadership of principals increase the likelihood of good followers for graduate teachers and minimise their likelihood of becoming moderately effective and unsuccessful followers.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JOGRESS/article/view/5256

Keywords - Followership styles, perceived transformational leadership, graduate teachers, school principals, public schools.

CLASSIFICATION OF FLORA OF AGROPHYTOCENOSES GROWING IN THE SOUTHWEST OF THE CENTRAL RUSSIAN UPLAND (RUSSIA)  |  PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The classification of biological objects and structures, defining structural features and properties, represents their theoretical principles. The development of a classification scheme that would represent the characteristics of their formation requires a broad range of anthropogenically transformed flora of the developed industrial and agrarian regions. This newly established classification makes it possible not only to classify the structural characteristics and genesis of the agrophytocenosis flora and its impact on regional flora growth, but also to make a probabilistic forecast for the development of different topological flora levels. The southwestern flora analysis of the Central Russian Upland helped to differentiate types of anthropogenic flora transformation that share similar structural and developmental characteristics. The flora of agrophytocenoses, in which different classes, species, subspecies, and groups of flora are formed due to its heterogeneity, is one of the distinguished forms of flora. A classification of agrophytocenic flora of the area is developed on the basis of the study of 83 fields of agricultural crops and the analysis of the similarities and differences in their species composition and structure. The results indicate that the key factors leading to the development of different agrophytocenic flora classes, organisms, sub-species and groups at different levels of their organisation are the type of ownership (agricultural holdings, farms, long-fallow lands); agricultural technologies for a specific crop (row crops and continuous sowing crops) and the spatial differentiation of vegetation.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5257

Keywords - Anthropogenic transformation, flora, agrophytocenoses, segetal species, classification.

ISOLATION AND MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF A NOVEL Fusarium oxysporum FROM SUMAC PLANT | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Rhus coriaria Sumacs L. As a food spice, food colourant and preservative, it has long been used and is now used in cosmetics, medicines and in the animal leather industry.

Fungi infecting this plant were isolated and identified by morphological and molecular methods, particularly by PCR and ITS region sequencing for the most dominant isolates.

The isolation results showed that the highest frequency of Fusarium oxysporum was 27%, followed by Cylindrocarpon, Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani and Alternaria sp. With frequency rates of 23%, 20%, 16% and 10% respectively, whereas the Verticillium dahlia and Cephalosprum sp. With a pace of 2 percent for both, they were the least common.

New Fusarium oxysporum isolates that were registered with the GeneBank database were discovered by sequencing.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5258

Keywords - Fusarium oxysporum, Rhus coriaria, PCR, sequencing.

ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL RELATIONSHIPS IN THE FOROPHYTE – ENDOEPIPHYTE MEROCONSORTIUM BY THE EXAMPLE OF THE “Quercus robur L., OAK STAND - PATHOGENIC POLYPORACEAE OAK-GROWING COMMUNITY” BIOSYSTEM | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The study artefacts were Quercus robur L. Oak stands with their meroconsortia - oak-growing colonies of pathogenic Polyporaceae fungi. The studies were performed in the oak forests of the southwest of the Central Russian Upland during 2011-2018. The "oak tree stands" biosystem can be considered as an example of the "phorophyte-endoepiphyte" meroconsortium cenopopulation, a pathogenic Polyporaceae oak-growing group. The endoepiphyte-meroconsortium subsystem is a representation of the phorophyte subsystem, and if phorophyte is regarded as the key environmental factor, it can be considered as an independent system.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5259

Keywords - Meroconsortium, phorophyte, endoepiphyte, pedunculate oak Quercus robur L., community of pathogenic Polyporaceae on oak.

THE EFFECT OF LOW-INTENSITY COHERENT RADIATION ON THE EFFICIENCY OF RHIZOGENESIS OF PLANTS OF THE GENUS Rubus L. | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The article presents research findings on the impact of laser irradiation on the rooting of plant microcuttings of the Rubus genus. The effects of helium-neon (λ = 632.8 nm) and red semiconductor laser (λ = 655 nm) on rooting frequency, root formation intensity, root growth and shot growth have been studied. It was developed that 1,5-2,2 times the use of LCR increased the efficiency of rhizogenesis, accelerated root formation, and shoot growth.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5260

Keywords - Rubus, clonal micropropagation, laser irradiation, rhizogenesis process, microcuttings.

Alternative Approaches in the Management of Male Factor Infertility: A Contemporary Review | Asian Research Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics

For married couples, infertility is a big life problem and the male factor leads to nearly half of the cases. Male infertility assessment requires numerous testing methods and new, up-to-date treatment modalities are available. Current research has been investigated to analyse the risk factors and alternative treatments for infertile couples' male partners.

Please see the link :- https://www.journalarjgo.com/index.php/ARJGO/article/view/30133

Keywords - Lifestyle factors, obesity, heat exposure, cigarette smoking.

Influence of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Arachis hypogea Rhizosphere Microbial Community  | International Journal of Plant & Soil Science

The effect of 4000 mg zinc oxide (ZnO, 99 percent, 30 nm) nanoparticle on the physicochemical and microbiological properties of modified organic manure ultisol and loam soil cultivated using standard methods with Arachis hypogaea was assessed. The findings suggest different effects in relation to the soil type on the physicochemical properties. The pH of the control loam ultisol was 7.85 ± 0.17 and 8.3 ± 0.12 in the modified ultisol, while the control loam was 7.15 ± 0.17 and 7.41 ± 0.11 in the modified soil, respectively, suggesting a disparity of 1.06 and 1.04 times greater than the controls. At 57.82 ± 0.54 percent, 50.81 ± 0.22 percent and 55.97 ± 0.04 percent, the phosphorus concentration was 1.14 times lower in the modified ZnO ultisol and 1.07 times higher in the modified loam soil compared to the respective controls at 59.97 ± 0.02 percent. The control and modified ultisol organic matter content was 2.28 ± 0.32 percent and 0.91 ± 0.02 percent, 3.68 ± 0.36 percent and 0.36 ± 0.02 percent in the control and modified loam soil. The nitrate concentration in the control ultisol in the changed soil was 0.05 ± 0.01 percent and 0.03 ± 0.01 percent. Compared to 0.02 ± 0.01 percent in the treated soil, the nitrate in the control loam soil was 0.08 ± 0.01 percent and these variations were significant at p = 0.05. The concentration of nutritional salts was reduced and iron, copper, exchangeable acids, exchange ability, clay and silt in the changed soils increased in comparison. In addition, heterotrophic ammonia and nitrate-oxidizing bacterial populations were inhibited and denitrifying organisms were stimulated in the changed soils. The Pseudomonas, Xanthobacter, Enterobacter, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Citrobacter, Nitrosomonas, Agromyces and Rhizobium genera were members of the organisms. The physicochemical properties of the soil were modified by ZnO nanoparticles, which exacerbated the negative impact on microbial abundance and varied with the form of soil.

Please see the link :- https://www.journalijpss.com/index.php/IJPSS/article/view/30333

Keywords - Ultisol, loam soil, ZnO nanoparticle, bacterial abundance, soil properties.

Re-thinking Metronidazole: Anti-microbial Synergism of Hexane Extracts of Garcinia kola and Aframomum melegueta | Journal of Advances in Microbiology

Aims: This research evaluates knowledge, attitudes, and practice with regard to food poisoning treatment. It compares the antimicrobial effects of Garcinia kola (Gk) and Aframomum melegueta (Am) seeds with Metronidazole and Gentamicin as standards.

Study Design: A survey with questionnaires was carried out among community Pharmacists in Lagos, Nigeria on drug of choice for suspected food poisoning and the responses analyzed. Hexane extracts of Gk and Am seeds were used on selected microbials that cause food poisoning.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacognosy; Phytochemistry Laboratory and Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology; Pharmaceutical Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy. University of Lagos.

Methodology: Agar diffusion assays were carried out using and using Gk and Am with Metronidazole and Gentamicin as controls. Gas chromatography and Mass spectroscopy of the extracts was also carried out to ascertain the possible active phytocomponents.

Results: Our discovery on knowledge showed that 98.6% of the interviewed Pharmacists use Metronidazole for food poisoning treatment. 41.7% of the respondents prescribe Ciprofloxacin while 66.7% prescribed Tetracycline as adjunct medications. Gk and Am exerted powerful anti-microbial effects in a dose dependent manner. Gk on S. typhi showed 1.4-1.7 cm zone of inhibition (zi) at 200mg/ml and with E. coli, 1.2 cm at same concentration. Am with S. typhi showed1.2-1.8 cm and E. coli 1.5 cm zi at same concentration too, much better than Gk. Their mixture for the synergistic experiments had 2.0-2.2 cm and E. coli, 2.4 cm zi at 200 mg/ml, the best performance of the extracts as anti-infective agents against food poisoning. 19 compounds were discovered through GC/MS in Gk and 31 in Am. They each exerted more antimicrobial effects than Metronidazole and their mixture used for synergistic experiments compared favorably with Gentamicin.

Conclusion: Hexane extracts of Gk and Am are good alternatives for the treatment of food poisoning. The study encourages further drug discovery research in order to ascertain the particular bioactive compounds in the extracts responsible for their powerful antimicrobial actions. Metronidazole is not the drug of choice for food poisoning management.

Please see the link :- https://www.journaljamb.com/index.php/JAMB/article/view/30266

Keywords - Aframomum melegueta, Garcinia kola, Gas chromatography, Herbal medicine and Metronidazole.

Analysis of Fish Consumption Pattern among Kogi State University Students, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria | Asian Journal of Advances in Agricultural Research

This study analyzed the pattern of fish consumption among Kogi State University students in Anyigba. It described the socio- economic characteristics of respondents, determine the effects of socio-economic characteristics on fish consumption, describe the types, forms, reasons for fish consumption and identify the constraints affecting fish consumption among the respondents. Multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select a sample size of 150 respondents. Well structured questionnaire coupled with interview scheduled were used to elicit primary data from the respondents. Descriptive statistics, binary logit regression and 3- point likert scale were used for data analyzing. The results showed that majority (60%) of the respondents were female, 72% were unmarried with an average household size of 3 persons and average income of N 20, 000 per month. Their sources of income were from parents and guardians. The result of the binary logit regression indicated that age (-1.21), income (0.99), price (-0.19), taste (0.65), health benefit (2.31) and price of substitute (0.68)  influenced the consumption of fish at 1%, 5% and 10% level of significant respectively. The types of fish consumed were majorly mackerel fish (45.33%), followed by tuna (27.34%). Iced fish were  mostly (40%) consumed, followed by 20.67% steamed fish and 7.33% were consumed in grilled form. 43.33% consumed  fish for health benefits, 24% consumed fish due to affordability and 14% consumed fish due to availability. Among the constraints facing fish consumption were allergy, proximity, storage and cost with mean score of 2.37, 2.16, 2.10, 2.36 and 2.38 respectively. Thus, fish and fish products were mostly consumed by the respondents with high consumption rate recorded by the female students. The prices of fish should be stabilized, adequate cold storage facilities should be purchased by the fish mongers and the university Fishery department should expand their ponds for efficient production.

Please see the link :- https://www.journalajaar.com/index.php/AJAAR/article/view/30124

Keywords - Fish, consumption, pattern, Kogi, university, students.

Analytical Study of Plastic Mulching in Tuberose and Melons in Dharmapuri District of Tamilnadu | Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology

Dharmapuri is a versatile district with a wide variety of crop diversity from millets to vegetables under protected cultivation. Tuberose and melons are livelihood crops for small and marginal farmers with limited irrigation water source. About 80% of the cost of cultivation is spent on weed management in tuberose. Productivity in melons is affected due to soil-borne diseases and fruit flies.  Front line demonstrations for the use of plastic mulching was conducted to address the issues. The demonstrations were conducted in farmers’ fields and each farmer field is considered as one location. Results of the demonstrations were analysed in various perspectives including economic benefits so as to showcase the positive outcome of the plastic mulching technology.  There was about 15 – 20% increase in the melons and 18 - 22% in the case of the tuberose. Though the increase in productivity cannot be correlated only to plastic mulching, the improvement in the fruit quality (95% of first grade fruits) attributed by plastic mulching especially in melons. Weed management cost was reduced in tuberose by 80%. In melons the reduced crop duration by 6 – 8 days indirectly reduced the cost of cultivation and added to the net returns of the crop. The economic benefit of the technology were realised by farmers.

Please see the link :- https://www.journalajaees.com/index.php/AJAEES/article/view/30390

Keywords - Plastic mulching, tuberose, melons, musk melon, water melon.

Subchronic Toxicological Assessment of Dr Iguedo Goko Cleanser® on Lipid Profile and Serum Antioxidant Enzymes in Exposed Wistar Rats | Asian Journal of Biology

Dr Iguedo Goko Cleanser® is a polyherbal mixture promoted as an effective herbal remedy for numerous diseases. Study aimed to evaluate the toxicity concern of the polyherbal mixture (PHM) on lipid profile and oxidative status in Wistar rats of both gender. Acute toxicity study was conducted using modified method of Lorke. Thirty Wistar rats of bother gender were randomly divided into six groups (5/group) and exposed to the polyherbal mixture for 60 days via oral gavage. Control groups (1 and 4) received 10 mL/kg distilled water, while groups 2-3 and 5-6 received 476.24 and 158.75 mg/kg body weight of Dr Iguedo Goko Cleanser® respectively. On 62nd day, animals were sacrificed under diethyl ether anaesthesia; blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture for biochemical analysis. PHM significantly (p < 0.05) increased high density lipoproteins (HDL) levels in male rats as well as high dose female rats relative to control. However, low dose female rats recorded low HDL levels relative to control. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density and very low density lipoprotein levels were significantly reduced in all test groups relative to controls. The low dose males (LDM) had reduced serum glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity; while increased and decreased GPX and glutathione (GSH) activities were respectively recorded for female rats. Male rats had dose-dependent increase in malondialdehyde. The recorded reductions in serum lipids suggest that the polyherbal mixture may have hypolipidemic potentials. While the increased malondialdehyde as well as decreased GPX and GSH indicate lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress inducing potentials of the PHM. Despite the positive modulation on lipid profile, findings suggest utmost caution on chronic use as its oxidative stress inducing potentials is considerable.

Please see the link :- https://www.journalajob.com/index.php/AJOB/article/view/30093

Keywords - Herbal remedy, hypolipidemic, dyslipidaemia, oxidative stress, toxicity.

A Study on Second Order Rotatable Designs under Tri-diagonal Correlated Structure of Errors Using a Pair of Balanced Incomplete Block Designs | Asian Journal of Probability and Statistics

In this paper, a study on second order rotatable designs under tri-diagonal correlated structure of errors using a pair of balanced incomplete block designs is suggested. Further, the variance function of the estimated response for different values of tri-diagonal correlated coefficient and distance from centre  for  ( - factors) are studied.

Please see the link :- https://www.journalajpas.com/index.php/AJPAS/article/view/30205

Keywords - Second order rotatable designs, tri-diagonal correlated errors, balanced incomplete block designs.

Relationship Underlying Seedlings Composition and Abundance of Mature Tree Species at Coral Rag Forest of Mnarani Ruins | Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry

The tropical regions have a rich diversity of tree species which provide the basis for a number of different forms and scales of economic activity. This study therefore was conducted with an aim of enhancing the knowledge of tree species diversity (seedlings and mature trees), and their relationship at the site. The experiment was laid out in three transects and quadrants in the forest: for mature trees the transects measured 100 m by 20 m, whereas for the seedlings quadrants measured 5 m by 5 m. That is along the ocean (T1), along human settlement (T2) and along the forest path (T3). Data was collected by counting mature trees species and seedlings. Data was analysed using R software 3.4.4 and results showed that a total of 22 tree species were recorded in the forest. In T1, the highest (22) species richness was recorded with 4 tree species restricted to the site (Bourellia nemoralis, Flueggia virosa, Turraea wakefieldii and Eryithrinia abyssinica). Combretum schumanii was most abundant in mature trees (89) followed by Lecaniodiscus fraxinifolius (36), Ochna thomasiana (21) and Adansonia digitata (14). All the above abundant species except Adanosnia digitata (2) were also abundant in seedlings with (189), (11) and (21) seedlings respectively. In T2, 9 tree species were recorded. Azadirachta indica was the most dominant in both mature trees (40) and seedlings (261) while Sterculia appendiculata recorded the lowest (1) and (0) respectively. T3 was rich with three exotic tree species namely Delonyx regia, Azadirachta digitata and Lannea schweinfurthii. Lecaniodiscus fraxinifolius was the most common with (35) followed by Combretum schumanii (11). While the seedlings were (23) and (67) respectively.  In conclusion, it was evident that anthropogenic factors reduced species richness and the corag rag forest had more indeginous tree species and good seed recruitment.

Please see the link :- https://www.journalajraf.com/index.php/AJRAF/article/view/30105

Keywords - Anthropogenic factors, biodiversity, seedling recruitment, sustainability, replenishment.

Optimizing Potato (Solanum tuberosum), Plant Transplantation through Micropropogation | Asian Journal of Research in Botany

Aims: A pot experiment was set to identify the most effective symbiotic couples during the acclimatization of Solanum tuberosum vitroplants inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF).

Methodology: The answer to inoculation of 5 strains of MA fungi Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus aggregatus, Rhizoglomus fasciculatum, Rhizoglomus intraradices, Rhizoglomus manihotis is evaluated on potato varieties Aïda, Atlas and Odessa. For each variety, the experimental device was totally randomized with 5 replicates. The experiment lasted 3 months.

Results: The F. mosseae strain has the highest mycorrhizal dependencies with 81.51% and 70% respectively in the Atlas and Aïda varieties. Adessa is less than 40% dependent on all strains of fungi tested. In the Atlas variety, the F. mosseae strain significantly stimulates the aerial biomass of the plants, which reaches 723.32 mg compared to the other mycorrhizal and control strains. The production of minitubers was stimulated by mycorrhizal fungi. In the Aïda variety, the two strains F. mosseae and R. aggregatum averaged 2.80 and 2.72 minitubers per plant, respectively. With the Atlas variety, F. mosseae and R. intraradices result in the most significant production of minitubers.

Conclusion: The different species of fungi tested do not have the same level of efficiency towards these varieties. Nevertheless, they all promote plant development and potato production compared to non-ininoculated controls. Mycorrhizal dependence is more observed with both Atlas and Aïda varieties.

Please see the link :- https://journalajrib.com/index.php/AJRIB/article/view/30122

Keywords - Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, potato, micropropagation, acclimatization, Glomus sp, Solanum tuberosum.

Problems and Remediation of Some Polluted Soils in Benue State, Nigeria | Asian Soil Research Journal

Exploitation of natural resources is a vital condition of human existence. Population growth leads to competition on the natural resources thus, creating negative impact on the environment leading to the destruction of ecosystems and pollution. The concern here is that human existence is under threat. Benue soils are shallow, underlying clay accumulation with poor internal drainage. This drainage problem often results in problems such as over flooding causing land, water, and air pollution. Crusting is also part of the problems of the soils and may lead to low infiltration and poor seedling germination and emergence. It is hereby suggested that to remedy these problems, land should be used wisely to the benefits of human existence while protecting its value for the use of future generation. Fertilizer and chemicals such as herbicides importation and manufacturing must meet specifications to safeguard the environment. Soil organic matter should be maintained through adequate fertility of the soil and soil survey to avoid failure and to protect the environment. Technology and innovations that fit easily into the existing farming systems should be adopted for easy acceptance by farmers. Importations of machines and implement must meet specifications. Indigenous engineers should be encouraged and supported by the government to design machines that are suitable for the soils and the environment.

Please see the link :- https://www.journalasrj.com/index.php/ASRJ/article/view/30084

Keywords - Remediation, environment, ecosystem, degradation, resources.

Perceived Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors among Adolescents in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | Asian Journal of Research in Cardiovascular Diseases

Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess the level of knowledge and perceivement of cardiovascular risk factors among male adolescent students and the practiced healthy lifestyle.

Methods: A cross-sectional multistage study targeted adolescent male students from public secondary schools in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. They were surveyed by using a self-administered questionnaire. The participants were categorized as knowledgeable and perceiving the cardiovascular risk factors risk or not.

Results: A significant association with four factors were likely found to act as CVD predictors among adolescents like limited knowledge on prevention (AOR = 0.519, 95% CI = 0.358-0.752); inadequate information on diseases severity (AOR = 0.444, 95% CI = 0.284-0.696); low ability to promote health (AOR = 0.447, 95% CI = 0.295-0.677); and, non-confidence in practicing a healthy lifestyle (AOR = 0.584, 95% CI = 0.407-0.839).

Conclusion: Curriculum school inclusion of positive health practice might help much in improving the perceiveness on cardiovascular disease and better awareness in the coming generation.

Please see the link :- https://www.journalijrrc.com/index.php/AJRCD/article/view/30106

Keywords - Adolescent, knowledge, behavioral risk factors, cardiovascular diseases, secondary school student.

Integrated Distribution Network Design through Simulation | Asian Journal of Research in Computer Science

Simulation is important to validate quick-response scenarios, providing an extent on how technology can effectively upgrade a process. Thus, computer simulation is a crucial aspect for supply chain management. The present paper analyses a distribution problem which involves inventory supply planning. Then, a simulation model was developed to evaluate its current performance and to provide a better operation scheme. The advances of this work extend on the modelling and simulation of distribution networks that must comply with retailers’ demands at end points.

Please see the link :- https://www.journalajrcos.com/index.php/AJRCOS/article/view/30153

Keywords - Distribution networks, computer simulation, arena, inventory management, supply chain.

Cash Flow Optimality and Investment Returns: Investors Expectations in Listed Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria | Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting

This study investigated the impact on investment returns of cash flow optimality in selected listed manufacturing companies in Nigeria. There were 66 manufacturing companies listed on the Nigerian stock exchange. For a span of 10 years, 25 of these manufacturing companies were deliberately chosen (2010-2019). The study used data collected from the selected manufacturing companies' reported financial statements. During diagnostic tests, panel data analysis was used and an application of the Hausman test offered the criteria for choosing between Random Effect Models and Fixed Effect Models. In order to determine between Random Effects and Pooled OLS, Jarque-Bera Normality, Breusch, and Pagan Lagrangian multiplier tests were performed to validate the Hausman test results. The study found that cash flow optimality, AdjR2 = 0.099; Wad-chi2(4, 245) = 22.22; P-value = 0.000), had a positive statistically relevant return on assets. In addition, the analysis showed that a positive statistical effect on Tobin's Q was demonstrated by cash flow optimality (AdjR2 = 0.130; F (4, 245) = 2.884; P-value = 0.025). The study therefore proposed that managers of manufacturing firms should ensure that all strategic decisions are channelled in this direction, because the nature of investment is the anticipated returns, and ensure that efficient resource management and cash flow are optimally controlled to meet investor return expectations.

Please see the link :- https://www.journalajeba.com/index.php/AJEBA/article/view/30247

Keywords - Cash flow, cash ratio, current assets, investment returns, return on assets.

Effect of Fermented Lamtoro Leaf (Leucaena leucocephala) Meal on Growth Rate of Giant Gourami Fingerlings (Osphronemus gouramy) | Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research

The objective of this study is to determine the proportion of the addition of fermented lamtoro leaf to the growth rate of gourami fingerlings in fish. The test fish used was gourami from Farming Production Gurame and Nilem-Singaparna, Tasikmalaya, amounting to 320 tails with a length of 4-6 cm. An aquarium with a total of 16 parts and a scale of 40 ⁇ 30 ⁇ 30 cm3 was the container used in this study. During the study, the density of gourami fingerlings was 20 fish-tails/aquarium with 40 days of long maintenance. 5 percent of the fish body biomass is the feed provided. The research was conducted at the Fisheries Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia, from 8 November 2019 until 14 February 2020. This study used a Fully Random Design (CRD) experimental approach consisting of four treatments and four times the repeated feeding of commercial feed (control), resulting in 10 percent, 15 percent, and 20 percent of lamtoro fermentation leaf meal. Fermentation of lamtoro leaves will boost nutrient content after fermentation based on the results of the study, as seen from the presence of increased protein content from 21.88% to 26.11% and decrease in crude fibre content from 46.33% to 20.85%. The addition of lamtoro leaf meal fermentation results in up to 15 percent of commercial feed, resulting in a 1.90 percent daily growth rate, a 2.05 feed conversion ratio and a 70 percent survival rate.

Please see the link :- https://www.journalajfar.com/index.php/AJFAR/article/view/30138

Keywords - Giant gourami fingerlings, fermented lamotoro leaf meal, daily growth rate, feed conversion ratio, survival rate.

A Comparative Study on the Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel and Aluminium by Synthesized Inhibitors in Organic Acidic Medium | Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences

Mass loss and the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) method were used to study the efficacy of corrosion inhibition on mild steel and aluminium using synthesised inhibitors, i.e. In trichloroacetic acid, N-Benzylidene aniline (CI1) and N-Benzylidene 4-methylaniline (CI2) (TCAA). Research indicates that both mild steel and aluminium are vulnerable to organic acid corrosion such as TCAA. In contrast to mild steel, aluminium is more vigorously corroded by TCAA from these two metals under the same conditions, and synthesised inhibitors CI1 and CI2 are approximately the same for mild steel and aluminium.

Please see the link :- https://www.journalajocs.com/index.php/AJOCS/article/view/19035

Keywords - Corrosion inhibition, mass loss, inhibition efficiency, surface coverage, corrosion rate SEM.

Correlation between Anti-Mullerian Hormone Levels and Sexual Dysfunction in Infertile Women | Asian Research Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics

Objective: The goal of the study was to determine the association between levels of Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and sexual dysfunction in infertile women.

Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was done on 558 infertile women. The participants were divided into three different AMH groups i.e. first AMH group (poor responder with ≤3 oocytes), second AMH group (normoresponder with 4–9 oocytes), and third AMH group (high responder with ≥10 oocytes). The values of the total Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) variable were divided into three FSFI levels: level 1 (below 23), level 2 (between 23 and 29), and Level 3 (above 30). The participants were divided into two groups: the first group with normal weight (BMI<25) and the second group with overweight (25<BMI<30). The FSFI questionnaire as a standardized and validated self-report was applied for measurement of the female sexual dysfunction.

Results: Participants had a mean age of 30.14 years and a mean BMI of 24.81. 64.87% of the participants were overweight and 35.13% were overweight. 55.4 percent of the participants are at level 1, 42.3 percent at level 2, and 2.3 percent at level 3 with respect to the overall FSFI stages. The average of the first AMH group was 0.58±0.27, the mean of the second AMH group was 2.38±0.89, and the mean of the third group was 6.42±1.58. There was a substantial difference in terms of all the total FSFI subdomains between the three AMH classes. The overall FSFI level 1 participants had a p-value=0.00, those at level 2 had a p-value=0.00, and those at level 3 had a p-value=0.005.

Conclusion: AMH is inversely associated with sexual dysfunction. The overweight participants had a higher AMH value. Sexual therapy, identifying the factors causing sexual dysfunction, and offering sufficient care are important to resolve female sexual dysfunction among infertile women.

Please see the link :- https://www.journalarjgo.com/index.php/ARJGO/article/view/30134

Keywords - Anti-mullerian hormone, body mass index, female sexual function index, sexual dysfunction.

The Kinetics, Mechanism and Effect of Contact Time on the Adsorption of Cadmium and Glyphosate to Alfisol | Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology

This study was performed using Alfisol as an adsorbent, both of which are important inorganic and organic pollutants, to adsorb Cadmium and Glyphosate. Before usage, the soil samples were air-dried and permitted to move through 2mm sieve while the normal protocols were used for its analysis. Kinetic data were tested with pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models and it was concluded that all adsorbate adsorption models adopted pseudo-second-order kinetics, while an intraparticle diffusion model was used to research the nature and mechanism of adsorption procedures. For glyphosate, a complete linear intraparticle diffusion plot was obtained, indicating that intraparticle diffusion was the rate-control stage in its adsorption, but the opposite is the case for cadmium adsorption. Cadmium peak removal occurred after 50 minutes with an equilibrium of more than 250 minutes, while glyphosate peak removal occurred after 30 minutes. It can be inferred that Alfisol can be used successfully for both cadmium and glyphosate adsorption, thereby showing a possible method of environmental remediation.

Please see the link :- https://www.journalcjast.com/index.php/CJAST/article/view/30837

Keywords - Adsorption, alfisol, cadmium, glyphosate, intraparticle diffusion.

Carbon Sequestration and Productivity Potential of Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) Hybrids and Varieties under Coastal Eco-System of Maharashtra | Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology

During the period 2004-2016, a field experiment was conducted at the All India Organized Research Project on Palms, Regional Coconut Research Station, Bhatye (DBSKKV, Dapoli), Maharashtra, (India) to evaluate the carbon sequestration and productivity potential of twelve coconut hybrids and three varieties laid out with three replications in a randomised block configuration. The findings showed that the two hybrids, GBGD x ECT (127.6 nuts/palm/year) and COD x LCT (108.0 nuts/palm/year) were superior in terms of nut production, followed by WCT x MYD (107.6 nuts), ECT x GBGD (106.9 nuts) and 'Pratap' as standard. In addition, the coconut orchard contributed significantly to the improvement of the above and below ground carbon stock. In the East Coast Tall variety (312 kg/plant and 27.32 t/ha respectively), the above ground biomass and carbon stock registered was the largest, followed by the hybrid WCT x GBGD (308.69 kg/plant and 27.01 t/ha respectively) and the lowest was in the hybrid MYD x ECT (138.71 kg/plant and 12.14 t/ha respectively). In the hybrid ECT x MYD rhizosphere, the highest soil carbon stock of 39.12 t/ha and 37.16 t/ha at 0-30 and 31-60 cm depth was reported and the lowest soil carbon stock (35.52 t/ha and 34.71 t/ha) was observed in the hybrid PHOT x GBGD.

Please see the link :- https://www.journalcjast.com/index.php/CJAST/article/view/30838

Keywords - Coconut hybrids, carbon sequestration, nut yield, standing biomass, soil carbon stock.

Mapping of Soil Micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn) in the Transition Zone of Northwestern Foothill of Shivaliks of Kathua District Using GIS | International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry

Objective: To analyse and map soil micronutrient status using GIS in the transition zone of the NW foothills of the Kathua Shivaliks area.

Methodology: Composite surface soil samples from two hundred and six (206) randomly dispersed locations across the entire district were obtained at a depth of 0-15 cm using the global positioning system due to undulated topography (GPS). To produce prediction maps of the soil properties, the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method was adopted. The digitization and map generation process was done with ArcGIS 10.3.

Results: The usable copper content in the soil of the hilly areas ranges from 0.4 to 14.4 mg kg-1 with a mean value of 3.75 mg kg-1 after soil sample analysis. The zinc content available ranged from 0.25 to 5.60 mg/kg, respectively. The usable surface soil manganese content ranged from 5.60 to 78.10 mg kg-1 with a mean value of 23.97 mg kg-1. The iron content available ranged from 11.30 mg/kg to 92.00 mg/kg with a mean value of 38.57 mg kg-1. In plain areas, the usable copper content in the soil ranges from 2.08 to 34.90 mg kg-1 with a mean of 8.94 mg kg-1. The minimum and maximum values of the copper content available are higher. The zinc content available ranged from 0.25 to 5.60 mg kg-1, respectively. According to the plot, due to elevated soil pH, available zinc is the lowest visualised in plains. The available manganese content of the surface soils ranged from 2.500 to 57.40 mg/kg with a mean value of 27.03 mg kg-1. The iron content available varied from 0 to 66.10 mg kg-1 with a mean value of 41.68 mg kg-1.

Conclusion: The mapping of micronutrients ranging from low to high ranges was performed successfully. The technique was found to be efficient in identifying the availability of micronutrients in the study area, helping policy makers to frame potential fertiliser distribution and application policies.

Please see the link :- https://www.journalirjpac.com/index.php/IRJPAC/article/view/30228

Keywords - Iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), IDW, GPS, ArcGIS.

Oil and Agricultural Commodity Markets of Pakistan: Looking for a Preferable Trading Avenue | Journal of Economics, Management and Trade

The primary objective of this study is to identify the effect of oil prices on Pakistan's future and spot markets for agricultural products. Secondly, the report compares research findings to indicate that the demand for trading agricultural products in Pakistan is less susceptible to oil prices. Futures (futures of 1 and 2 months) and spot rice and sugar prices are considered to be proxies for the prices of agricultural products serving the respective markets. Analysis of oil price sensitivity is carried out through the Vector Error Correction model. In addition, the Granger Causality method for the study of causality is used. Futures (futures of 1 and 2 months) and spot rice and sugar prices are known as substitutes for the prices of agricultural products representing derivatives and spot markets, respectively. From October 2012 to October 2017, time series data consisting of 7 variables from 60 observations will be analysed. Then the observations are subject to comparison and discussed.

Please see the link :- https://www.journaljemt.com/index.php/JEMT/article/view/30262

Keywords - Agricultural futures, futures market, vector error correction model, granger causality, rice futures, Pakistan mercantile exchange.

Screening of Common Herbal Medicines as Promising Direct Inhibitors of Sars-Cov-2 in Silico | Annual Research & Review in Biology

Background: Molecular docking has recently been used for drug design in the pharmaceutical industry and is a powerful method for identifying ligand-substrate interactions at the level of molecules. Because an anti-viral drug that targets new coronavirus key proteins needs to be developed urgently, in silico docking has been used to achieve this objective.

Materials and Methods: Thirteen herbs are known for their antioxidants, and their capacity to inhibit SARS-COV2 spike protein and key protease Mpro has been selected for antiviral properties. Pdb files were submitted to the swiss dock online registry for RBD (Receptor Binding Domain) region of spike protein and for Mpro and mol2 files for all herbs understudy. The docking results were analysed using chimaera software. For docking assessment, full-fitness energy and hydrogen bond interactions were considered. Via AMES and ADMET studies, pharmaceutical kinetic properties for compounds with good binding results were assessed.

Results: All compounds showed negative maximum fitness energy, suggesting that both SARS-COV2 spike protein and main protease are capable of complexing, but some of the herbs form very powerful hydrogen bonding with the spike protein RBD site and the Mpro catalytic site, such as coumarylquinic acid, while stigmasterol only has good spike protein binding. According to AMES test findings, both substances tend to be safe drugs for humans.

Conclusion: coumarylquinic acid and stigmasterol have strong silico-binding properties, further in vitro experiments require the use of viral infected human lung cells, and testing of the ability of compounds to inhibit viral entry and replication could support the findings of the analysis.

Please see the link :- https://www.journalarrb.com/index.php/ARRB/article/view/30260

Keywords - SARS-COV2, docking, COVID-19, spike protein, mpro inhibitors, natural herbs.

Comparative Studies on Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Properties between Schiff Base Co(II) Complex and Peroxo Complex | Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences

Thin layer chromatography (TLC), elemental tests, magnetic moment, conductivity measurements, UV-Vis., IR and ESI-MS spectral studies were synthesised and characterised by a new Schiff base Co(II) complex and - peroxo complex. The cobalt ion during the single pot reaction was involved in direct complexation with the Schiff base (SB) ligand derived from o-aminobenzoic acid and cinnamaldehyde. IR spectral data showed that the Schiff base ligand was coordinated by azomethine group nitrogen and carboxyl group oxygen to the metal ion (COO-). The values of molar conductance showed that both complexes are of a non-electrolytic nature. Four pathogenic bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli & Shigella dysenteriae with standard Kanamycin-30, were tested for the antibacterial activity of the complexes. The findings showed that both forms of complexes have moderate to heavy antibacterial activity and that all studied species have a comparatively greater capacity for the peroxo complex.

Please see the link :- https://www.journalajocs.com/index.php/AJOCS/article/view/19036

Keywords - Schiff base, Peroxo complex, o-Aminobenzoic acid, Cinnamaldehyde, antibacterial activity.

Evolution of the Surgical Management of Cauda Equina Syndrome | Asian Journal of Orthopaedic Research

Cauda equina syndrome arises secondary to lumbosacral nerve root entrapment, mostly a result of lumbar disc herniation. Clinically, it manifests as sciatica, saddle anesthesia, lower limb weakness, and bowel/bladder dysfunction. Surgical management has developed significantly over the past decades. This literature review aims to shed light on surgical interventions for this condition. Results from 22 original articles have been summarized. Most authors advocate for emergency surgical intervention in all cases. Surgery is performed via an open or endoscopic technique. Open surgery involves lumbar discectomy with laminectomy. It can be carried out with a conventional operative microscope. In contrast, endoscopic discectomy utilizes a minimally invasive incision that minimizes blood loss and the duration of hospital stay. Recent radiologic advances including intraoperative X-ray fluoroscopy, CT scan and ultrasonography have also markedly improved surgical outcomes for lumbar discectomy.

Please see the link :- https://www.journalajorr.com/index.php/AJORR/article/view/30133

Keywords - Cauda equina, management, surgery, evolution.

The Zubair-Inverse Lomax Distribution with Applications | Asian Journal of Probability and Statistics

In this article, an extension of Inverse Lomax (IL) distribution with the Zubair-G family is considered . Various statistical properties of the new model where derived, including moment generating function, R´enyi entropy, and order statistics. A Monte Carlo simulation study was presented to evaluate the performance of the maximum likelihood estimators. The new model can be skew to the right, constant, and decreasing functions depending on the parameter values.

We discussed the estimation of the model parameters by maximum likelihood method. The application of the new model to the data sets indicates that the new model is better than the existing competitors as it has minimum value of statistics criteria.

Please see the link :- https://www.journalajpas.com/index.php/AJPAS/article/view/30206

Keywords - Zubair-G, Inverse Lomax, Simulation, Entropy, Monte Carlo.

Sign Language Digit Recognition Using Different Convolutional Neural Network Model | Asian Journal of Research in Computer Science

In current times, an overwhelming number of world populations are special in that they do not have a large language due to the absence of their hearing capacity. People with hearing disability have their own language called Sign Language, but it is difficult for general individuals to understand[1]. Additionally, sign digits are a significant piece of communication dependent on gestures. So it is necessary for a machine interpreter to enable them to talk to general individuals. These days, it is noteworthy to make their language justifiable for the computer vision-based arrangements of the general person. We plan to build a model based on CNN to deal with the identification of Sign Language digits in this job exploration. To train (70 percent), validate (20 percent) and evaluate (10 percent) of the network, a dataset of 10 classes is used. To train and measure the accuracy of sign digits, we consider three distinct CNN network models. Among the three models, pre-trained CNN dependent transfer learning performs better with test accuracy of 92%.

Please see the link :- https://www.journalajrcos.com/index.php/AJRCOS/article/view/30154

Keywords - Sign language, convolutional neural network, transfer learning, digit recognition.

Early Lung Cancer Prediction Using Neural Network with Cross-validation | Asian Journal of Research in Infectious Diseases

The name of lung cancer is lung carcinoma. It is a condition that contributes to uncontrolled cell growth in the lung tissue, which is a malignant tumour. Generally, lung cancer is caused by smoking and the use of tobacco products. Two large small-cell lung carcinomas and non-small-cell lung carcinomas are classified. Surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy are lung cancer therapies. Lung cancer is one of the world's most common causes of death. Early detection of this disease will assist both the medical care unit and doctors in providing patients with countermeasures. The goal of this paper is to discuss an automated method that takes feedback from influential causes of lung cancer and identifies patients with higher risks of being affected by this disease. This paper proposes a neural network classifier followed by the k-fold cross-validation technique as a predictive method. This suggested approach is later compared with another Gradient Boosting Classifier baseline classifier to justify the efficiency of the forecast. Experimental findings suggest that the study of interfering causes of lung cancer with an accuracy of 95% will effectively achieve the disease classification model.

Please see the link :- https://www.journalajrid.com/index.php/AJRID/article/view/30153

Keywords - Lung cancer prediction, neural network, cross-validation, gradient boosting classifier, automated tool.

A Key Input for Reducing of Mechanization Cost in Smallholdings: Mini Tractor Drawn Multi Task Toolbar  | Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology

The present study aims to determine the key input for reducing of mechanization cost in smallholdings: Mini tractor-drawn multi task toolbar. Farm power and mechanization are essential inputs agricultural production system and will raise the labour and land productivity. Inadequate equipment and practices can damage severely natural resources. A focus on only one aspect, primary tillage (or) seeding (or) tilling (or) spraying results in low utilization rate which is not profitable to small holder farmer. Hence the attempt was made and developed "multi-task tool frame" that can house all the components required for a variety of operations such as seeding, fertilizing, weeding, tilling, spraying and transportation thereby reducing investment, operating cost, time and fuel for operation. The use of multi-task tool frame could reduce the cost of sowing and fertilizer application reduced from Rs. 3800/- to Rs. 1674/- per ha through developed machine planting. Moreover, the man hour requirement came down from 152 hour to 3 hours. Combining the spraying and weeding operation found to be good in 1st speed ie 1.8 kmph over the 2nd speed 3.2 kmph. However, the cost of reduction was 71 percent in machine operation when compared to manuel weeding & spraying and 44 percent over independent machine (spraying weeding) operation, moreover and saving in man-days about 48 man days per hectare. Fuel-saving of 8.15 Lha-1 which amounts to 47.8% due to combining the two operations like tilling and spraying compared to independent operations.

Please see the link :- https://www.journalcjast.com/index.php/CJAST/article/view/30839

Keywords - Tractor, machine planting, weeding, primary tillage.

The Relevance of Post Graduation Research in Agricultural Sciences in Selected Indian Universities | Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology

The study was conducted in selected farm universities in Karnataka state namely Raichur, Dharwad and Bangalore Agricultural Universities for the period 2015-16 and 2016-17 to know about the relevance of post graduate research in agricultural sciences. The preferred research areas focused in various subjects of agricultural sciences were categorized and studied the relevance on the major fields of specialization in these farm universities. The results show that among various post-graduation disciplines numerically highest research relevance was observed in agronomy and least relevance was observed in crop physiology. Hence, the study suggests that research areas should be focused on current regions of overall agriculture development and research relevance should be focused on present problems which can address the farming communities about the current pressing agricultural development problems.

Please see the link :- https://www.journalcjast.com/index.php/CJAST/article/view/30840

Keywords - Education, agriculture, relevance, post graduate, plant science.

Consumption of Tiger Nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) Improves Haematopoiesis in Wistar Rats | International Journal of Research and Reports in Hematology

Background: The consumption of tiger nut has often been relegated only to the poor due to its affordability.

Aim: This study is therefore aimed at assessing its effect on haematological parameters in Wistar rats.

Materials and Methods: Twenty-four adult Wistar rats were divided into four groups of six each. Animals in group A were administered normal saline solution while those in groups B, C and D were administered 1, 2 and 4 mL/kg body weight of undiluted tiger nut  milk respectively for twenty-eight days. The administration was done 12 hourly via the oral route. At the end of the administration, the rats were sacrificed after an overnight fast under diethyl ether as anesthesia. Blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture. Haematological parameters were determined using standard methods.

Results: A dose-dependent increase was observed in packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) of animals treated with tiger nut milk when compared with those in animals in the control group. The increase was significant (p<0.05) at all instances except in the PCV of animals treated with 1 mL/kg body weight of tiger nut milk that were not significantly different from those in control animals. However, tiger nut milk had no significant (p<0.05) effect on mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) when compared with those in control animals. Tiger nut milk administration was observed to increase white blood cell (WBC), lymphocyte, neutrophil and platelet in a dose-dependent manner when experimental animals were compared with those in the control group. The increase was significant (p<0.05) at all instances except in the lymphocyte and neutrophil of animals treated with 1 mL/kg body weight of tiger nut milk that were not significantly (p<0.05) different from those in control animals.

Conclusion: Results of this present study indicate that tiger nut possesses haematopoietic properties and can be used to boost blood levels especially in anaemia patients. Furthermore, the plant possessed the ability to boost the immune system and thus defend the body against xenobiotics.

Please see the link :- https://www.journalijr2h.com/index.php/IJR2H/article/view/30118

Keywords - Haematopoiesis, immune system, tiger nut, stress-resistance.

Second Hand Smoke Exposure among Pregnant Women in Nigeria | Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research

Background: Despite the ban on smoking in public places in Nigeria, second-hand smoke exposure is common across the country. It is increasingly being viewed as a severe women’s issue because of the high prevalence among women, and its harmful effects on pregnant women. However, second-hand smoke exposure among pregnant women in Nigeria is hugely under-researched.

Aim: This study aims to determine the prevalence of second-hand smoke exposure among pregnant women in Nigeria, and determine their knowledge and avoidance behavior towards second-hand smoke.

Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 314 pregnant women in ten health facilities in Sokoto state, Nigeria. The health facilities were selected through simple random sampling.

Results: The prevalence of second-hand smoke exposure was 72.9%. The majority of the respondents (61.1%) were exposed to second-hand smoke in homes of others, 20.4% in school, 18.5% in restaurants, 43.3% in their own homes, 49.7% in public transport, 20.4% at work, and 15% in health facilities. Factors significantly associated with second-hand smoke exposure included knowing it causes miscarriage (OR=0.39, 95% CI=0.23 – 0.64, P= <.001), and being able to keep a distance from smokers (OR=0.5, 95% CI= 0.28 – 0.76, P=.002).

Conclusion: This study revealed a high prevalence of exposure to second-hand smoke. Knowledge about the harmful effects of second-hand smoke was one of the significant factors associated with exposure. These findings indicate the need for appropriate education of all pregnant women about the harmful effects of second-hand smoke and adequate enforcement of the ban on smoking in public places.

Please see the link :- https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/article/view/30550

Keywords - Second-hand smoke, exposure, pregnant women, avoidance-behavior, Sokoto, Nigeria.

Utilization of an Instructional Package on Patient Safety Culture to Enhance Knowledge of Nursing Students in Two Selected Universities in South-West, Nigeria | Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research

Aims: The culture of keeping patients safe is a global issue which should be emphasized within the nursing profession. Despite exposure of nursing students to patient safety teachings, its knowledge among nursing students has been low. Re-emphasizing a positive culture of patient safety in classroom is essential in the training of nurses that will provide high quality care. This study was developed to assess the outcome of an instructional package on the knowledge of baccalaureate nursing trainees concerning patient safety culture in two chosen Universities in Southwest, Nigeria.

Study Design: The researchers adopted a two groups nonequivalent pre-test, and post-test quasi-experimental design.

Place and Duration of Study: Babcock University, Ogun State and Afe Babalola University, Ekiti State between March and April 2018.

Methodology: The study participants comprised 143 nursing students from Babcock University (experimental group) and Afe Babalola University (control group). A self-developed questionnaire was employed to obtain data on the knowledge of patient safety culture pre-intervention and two weeks post intervention. Data was examined using Statistical package for the social science (SPSS) and t-test was done at a significance level of P<0.05.

Results: Findings revealed experimental mean knowledge gain of 2.425, while control group mean knowledge gain was 0.110. Significant differences were found in the participants knowledge of patient safety culture between the experimental group and control group (P<0.001) and between knowledge of error reporting in the experimental group (P<0.001).

Conclusion: Teaching sessions on patient safety culture can improve nursing students’ knowledge about patient safety. The findings of the study recommends that patient safety education should be reinforced in the curriculum of nursing schools, and that supplementary boosting sessions be executed periodically to ensure the  retention of learned materials.

Please see the link :- https://www.journaljammr.com/index.php/JAMMR/article/view/30551

Keywords - Medical errors, instructional package, patient safety culture, nursing students.

Review on Browntop Millet- A Forgotten Crop | Journal of Experimental Agriculture International

Browntop millet is a warm season crop and it can produce heavy seeds compared to other millets. This crop grown on a variety of soils and climates. It can be used as a wild life food crop, livestock grazing crop, for erosion control, hay production and also as a food grain crop. Millets are the major food source in arid and semi-arid parts of the world. Although India is the top most producers of millets, observed a steady decline in its production and utilization. Brown top millets provide nearly all essential nutrients. Brown top millet referred as miracle or positive crop for the dry and rainfed situations. The Brown top millet is known for its rapid forage production. It is grown for several other purposes like cover crop in plantation crop for soil erosion control and for high straw production. It suppresses root-knot nematode in the soil. This millet can be recommended in daily diet, there is a need to encourage the farming community to grow this crop thus contributing in achieving nutrition security. The nutrient content of browntop millet is on par with other millets and cultivation of this crop is also easier. Hence, there is an urgent need to popularize this millet.

Please see the link :- https://www.journaljeai.com/index.php/JEAI/article/view/30553

Keywords - Browntop millet, cover crop, forage.

Preliminary Studies of Ca-Al-Layered Double Hydroxide (Ldh) and Its Effect on the Compressive Strength in Concrete | Journal of Scientific Research and Reports

This research work involved the preliminary studies of CaAl-LDHs using co precipitation method and applying it in the preparation of concrete to evaluate the compressive strength in grade 15 concrete. Slum and compressive strength test were carried out on the concrete control and concrete mixed with CaAl-LDH, Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffractogram (XRD) was carried out on the synthesize LDH, concrete control, and concrete mixed with LDH. From the results obtained in the work failure load test, it was observed that there was an increase by 62.60% in the compressive strength of concrete mixed with 30kg of CaAl-LDHs, the SEM micrograph also shows the increase in the density and the less porosity of the concrete mixed with CaAl-LDH which explained the increase in the compressive strength of the concrete. CaAl-LDH has therefore shows a promising effect on the increase on the compressive strength of concrete.

Please see the link :- https://www.journaljsrr.com/index.php/JSRR/article/view/30278

Keywords - Double layered hydroxide, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffractogram, concrete.

Effects of Fermentation on the Antioxidant and Antinutritional Compositions of Green Pea | South Asian Journal of Research in Microbiology

Green peas are known to contain anti-nutritional factors like enzymes inhibitors, phytates, oxalates, saponins and polyphenolic compounds, all of which limit their utilization hence, the study evaluate the effect of fermentation on the antioxidant and antinutrients content of green pea. Fermentation of green pea was done using both submerged and solid state fermentation for 7days. Isolation and identification of microorganism from the fermented sample was done on daily basis using standard microbiological and molecular techniques. The type of organism isolated from the submerged fermentation of Green pea included the bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus Plantarum, Micrococcus roseus, Lactobacillus lactis, and Lactobacillus fermentum) and the fungi Rhizopus oryzae, Penicillium chrysogenum and Rhizopus stolonifer. While the type of organism isolated from the solid state fermentation of Green pea included some bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus Plantarum and Lactobacillus lactis) and fungi (Penicillium notatum, Rhizopus oryzae, Penicillium chrysogenum, Candida albicans, Alternaria alternate and Rhizopus stolonifer). Fermentation reduced the antinutritional content of the fermented sample with submerged fermentation resulting in the highest reduction from 32.18 mg/g, 4.14 mg/g, 1.62 mg/g, 51.08 mg/g and 36.37 mg/g in the raw sample to 26.27 mg/g, 0.48 mg/g, 0.27 mg/g, 7.82 mg/g and 24.07 mg/g in submerged fermented green pea for saponin, tannin, oxalate, phytate and alkaloid respectively. However, Fermentation significantly p ≤ 0.05 increased the phenol, flavonoid and FRAP content of the fermented green pea with the solid state fermentation resulting in the highest increase from 3.50, 0.03 and 1.41 in the raw sample to 9.32, 0.12 and 9.66 in the solid state fermented green pea for phenol, flavonoid and FRAP content respectively. This study revealed that fermentation had significant effect on the antioxidant and antinutritional compositions of Green pea thereby reducing the antinutrient composition of Green pea in which will improve the nutrient value of Green pea.

Please see the link :- https://www.journalsajrm.com/index.php/SAJRM/article/view/30171

Keywords - Enzymes inhibitors, phytates, oxalates, saponins, polyphenolic compounds, submerged fermentation, solid state fermentation.

Effect of Growing Degree Days on Yield Attributes and Yield of Groundnut | Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology

The objective of this study was undertaken to find out the optimum sowing window and the amount of heat units required to change their phonological development for groundnut. An field experiment was conducted at experimental farm of Agricultural College and Research Institute, Eachangkottai during Margazhi pattam 2019. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design. Different morphological indices were observed (plant height, number of branches, dry matter, number of pods) and yield attributes and yield of groundnut VRI-2 was recorded. The heat unit concept of Growing Degree Days also worked out for individual sowing windows. Among the sowing dates, 05.01.2019 recorded essential GDD of 1651.3°C and higher growth attributes, yield attributes and yield (2370 kg ha-1).

Please see the link :- https://www.journalcjast.com/index.php/CJAST/article/view/30841

Keywords - Groundnut, growing degree days, yield.

To Workout Nutrigenetic Traits for Silkworm, Bombyx mori L. by Absorption/Assimilation for Determining Growth and Development for Identifying Parental Breeds for Future Breeding during Spring Season under Subtropical Region of North West India | Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology

Study was conducted for screening and evaluation of selected breed’s for nutrigenetic traits in silkworm, Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) is an essential prerequisite for better understanding and development of nutritionally efficient breeds under Subtropical condition of North Western India based on the breeds which shows less food consumption with higher efficiency conversion. The aim of this study was to identify nutritionally efficient bivoltine silkworm breeds selected from different regions of our country. Highly significant differences were found among all nutrigenetic traits of bivoltine silkworm breeds in the study. The nutritionally efficient silkworm breeds were resulted by utilizing nutrition consumption index and efficiency for conversion of ingesta/cocoon traits as the index for selection of highly promising breeds. Higher nutritional efficiency conversions were found in the bivoltine silkworm breeds on efficiency of conversion of ingesta to cocoon and shell were shortlisted during spring season. Furthermore, based on the overall nutrigenetic traits utilized as index, eight bivoltine silkworm breeds (B.con 1, B.con 4, BHR 2, ATR 16, BHR 3, CSR 50, RSJ 14 and NB4D2) were identified as having the potential for nutrition efficiency conversion and can be utilized for further breeding programme. The data from the present study advances our knowledge for the development of nutritionally efficient silkworm breeds/hybrids and their effective commercial utilization in the sericulture industry.

Please see the link :- https://www.journalcjast.com/index.php/CJAST/article/view/30843

Keywords - Food consumption, efficiency conversion, bivoltine, cocoon.

Effect of Roller Speed and Inclination Angle on the Stem Cutting Efficiency of Shallot Onion | Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology

Shallot or aggregatum onion (Allium cepaL. var. aggregation.) is one of the oldest bulb crops known to mankind and extensively grown and consumed in Southern states of India. They are one among the most important commercial vegetable and spice crops, widely used in the south Indian kitchen mainly for seasoning of curries. Aggregatum onion invariably forms afresh cluster of bulbs, often as many as 10 or 15 per cluster. In India, presently about 35 to 40 percent of the onion is estimated to be lost by post-harvest practices during various operations including handling and storage. Presently after harvest onions are processed by hand labor to remove the leaves and the roots. Hand topping has obvious disadvantages including both cost and length of time necessary to process a large number of onions. However, in recent times it is becoming increasingly difficult to find sufficient skilled labor to do the job. Farmers and processors need a suitable post-harvest machine for stem cutting of shallot onion. Owing to the practical problem in the processing of shallot onion a stem cutting machine for shallot onion was designed and fabricated. The fabricated machine with different parameters like the slope of the machine and different speeds of the rollers were optimized. Different slopes (100, 200, 300) with two roller speeda (500 to 1500 rpm) were studied, results observed showed that at 200 slope and 1000 rpm, the cutting efficiency was very good (100%) with less damage to bulbs (2%).

Please see the link :- https://www.journalcjast.com/index.php/CJAST/article/view/30844

Keywords - Fabrication, shallots onion, slope, rollers, stem cutting.

GROWTH RESPONSE OF Kappaphycus alvarezii OF GREEN STRAIN SEAWEED CULTIVATED ON DIFFERENT SEASONS AND LOCATIONS IN INDONESIA | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Seaweed is one of the Indonesian commodity exports, which is mostly obtained from the cultivation activities. The seaweed cultivation activity is commonly performed by the coastal community in coastal area using a longline method. There are several problems occured in the coastal area, such as land usage conflict, high pollutant, and sedimentation that affects the cultivated seaweed. Offshore area is an alternative location for seaweed cultivation to provide better water quality for supporting the seaweed growth. This study was aimed to compare the absolute and specific growth rate of seaweed cultivated at inshore and offshore locations, examine the optimum growth rate of seaweed, and determine the maximum growth rate of seaweed cultivated on different seasons. This study was conducted at Punaga Village for one year (2018) using a long line method. We cultivated the Kappaphycus alvarezii green strain at two different locations, i.e inshore and offshore location for one year round. We measured the parameters three times for each season comprising transitional seasons (Apr – May and Oct – Nov) and dry season (beginning (May – July), peak (July – August) and end (August - Oct)). Parameters measured were the absolute and specific growth rate, as well as the water quality (nitrate, phosphate, ammonium, CO2, calcium and magnesium). The results showed that the growth rate of seaweed and concentration of nitrate, CO2 and calcium were higher at the inshore location than at the offshore location. Meanwhile, the offshore location showed high phosphate and magnesium concentration.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5263

Keywords - Inshore and offshore location, Kappaphycus alvarezii green strain, season, absolute and specific growth rate of seaweed.

Buglossoporus quercinus IN THE OAK FORESTS OF THE BELGOROD REGION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The object of research was the Polyporaceae community, referred to Quercus robur L. in the oak forests of the Belgorod region of the Russian Federation (southwest of the Central Russian Upland). The subject of research was rare species from the Polyporaceae community, referred to Q. robur. This study applied phytopathological and mycocenological methods. The findings showdd that A rear species of wood-destroying fungi Buglossoporus quercinus [=Piptoporus quercinus] was found in the stands of overgrown oak forests of the Belgorod region of the Russian Federation (south-west of the Central Russian Upland). For the Belgorod region, this is species not referenced in the relevant regional sources. New findings expand the understanding of the habitats of this species within its area and supplement the picture of its distribution on the Eurasian continent.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5261

Keywords - Buglossoporus quercinus, oak forests, Belgorod region RF, rare species, fruiting body (basidiom).

IDENTIFYING WOODY PLANTS-ERGASIOPHYTES IN THE SETTINGS OF THE BOTANICAL GARDEN OF BELGOROD STATE UNIVERSITY IN RUSSIA | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

A long-term (2007−2018) inventory of the collection of woody plants of the Botanical Garden of the Belgorod State University (NRU “BelSU”, Belgorod, Russian Federation) identified 145 introduced tree species which are able to disseminate by seed and vegetative modes in local conditions of the region. Data on  species-ergasiophytes in parks and private gardens were also used in the study. The spatio-temporal aspect was accounted for the classification of alien introduced woody species according to the degree of their naturalization. Among them, the largest number of species is represented by epecophyte-colonophytes (60.0%), agriophytes-ephemerophytes (22.0%) and epecophytes-ephemerophytes (10.0%). Colonophytes-agriophytes that account for 8.0% are represented insignificantly.

The most “dangerous” for the region’s natural biocenoses introduced species running wild from the culture are: Acer negundo, Amorpha fruticosa, Caragana arborescens, Cerasus vulgaris, Elaegnus angustifolia, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Hyppophae ramnoides, Lonicera tatarica, Parthenocissus inserta, Prunus cerasifera, Robinia pseudoacacia, Sambucus nigra, S. racemosa, Ulmus pumila.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5262

Keywords - Introduction of plants, ergasiophytes, phytocenosis, self-sowing, dissemination, botanical garden.

STABILITY ANALYSIS AND FLIP BIFURCATION OF A DISCRETE-TIME PREY-PREDATOR MODEL WITH PREDATOR IMMIGRATION | Asian Journal of Mathematics and Computer Research

Aims: In this paper, a discrete-time prey-predator model with predator immigration has been considered.

Methodology: The model was mathemati-cally analysed and simulated in Mapple.

Results: The complex dynamical behavior of the presented model has been analyzed. Stability and existence of coexistence positive fixed point have been investigated. Moreover, using bifurcation theory, it has been shown that the model undergoes Flip bifurcation. Also, direction of Flip bifurcation has been given. Some numerical simulations including bifurcation diagrams, phase portraits and maximum Lyapunov exponents of the model have been given to support of the

analytical finding. The computation of the maximum Lyapunov exponents has confirmed the presence of chaotic behavior in the system.

Conclusion: The model was successfully built, analysed and simulated showing results that matched the theory.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/AJOMCOR/article/view/5264

Keywords - Predator-Prey model, fixed point, stability, immigration flip bifurcation.

EXPERIMENTAL PROOF OF THE VIOLATION OF THE BELL INEQUALITY USING QUANTUM COMPUTERS | Journal of Applied Physical Science International

With the ability of quantum computing to be exponentially more efficient than classical computing, many businesses, including IBM, have begun to build quantum computers due to superposition and entanglement. IBM has built freely available quantum computers based on the cloud since 2016. Although quantum computing development can revolutionise the decryption, optimization, and simulation of quantum systems, as they are scaled up, quantum computers must maintain a high level of accuracy. This paper presents the basic gates used on the quantum computers of IBM and offers visualisations of each gate. To explain the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox, a thought experiment involving two quantum entangled particles is used and two alternative theories are introduced: locality violation and the Hidden Variable Theory. For the quality of entanglement created on IBM's publicly accessible 5-qubit quantum computers, experimental results are recorded by creating entanglement between 2 qubits and then measuring both qubits along a set combination of axes, and demonstrating the Bell-CHSH Inequality violation. The Bell-CHSH Inequality was violated by six out of seven 5-qubit quantum computers, thus demonstrating strong quantum entanglement between 2 qubits, a standard necessary for scaling quantum computers to leverage their exponentially scaling power.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JAPSI/article/view/5267

Keywords - Entanglement, Bell-CHSH inequality, quantum computing, qubit.

NEUROBEHAVIOURAL AND MUSCLE-RELAXANT ACTIVITIES OF NIFEDIPINE IN MICE | Journal of International Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences

In the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, calcium channel blockers (CCB) are used for their action on voltage sensitive calcium channels in the cardiac and smooth muscles. In regulating the release of neurotransmitters from the peripheral and central terminals, N-type calcium channels are of particular importance. Nifedipine is a potent agent used in cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and angina, and is a treatment that most patients take chronically. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of nifedipine on anxiety, actions, memory, motion, and other parameters of the CNS in order to provide information on side effects and drug repurposing. For this analysis, three separate sets were used for twenty-five mice each. Twenty five mice were randomly divided into five classes (n = 5) for the neurobehavioral models (open area, hole floor, elevated plus maze, Y maze, and activity cage). Two controls (distilled H2O and diazepam) and three treatment groups for doses of 0.15, 0.30 and 0.6 mg/Kg/Kg are included in these groups (calculated based therapeutic dose of nifedipine). According to the community above the muscle relaxant models (traction test and inclined plane) were performed using another set of twenty five. According to the five classes mentioned above the third set of twenty-five animals were also used for the pentobarbitone induced hypnosis examination. The findings of this study indicate that nifedipine does not have a CNS depressant effect, although chronic administration of 0.15 mg/kg has shown otherwise. At a chronic dose of <0.3 mg/kg, nifedipine exhibits an anxiogenic effect. Central depressive activity can be seen when a high dose of Nifedipine is administered. Chronic use of Nifedipine has a mild learning and memory effect.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JIRMEPS/article/view/5265

Keywords - Nifedipine, anxiogenic, muscle relaxant, neurobehavioural effect, hypnosis test.

EFFECT OF SEED TREATMENT WITH AN ENDOMYCORRHIZAL CONSORTIUM ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF Citrus aurantium L. PLANTS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The therapy for Citrus aurantium L. Endomycorrhizal consortium seeds originating in the rhizosphere of various citrus species permitted the mycorrhization of the roots and the improvement of all agronomic parameters of the plants resulting from the germination of these seeds following the germination of the coated seeds compared to those of the control seed plants. This endomycorrhyzal inoculum inoculation approach has successfully increased plant height (18.5 cm/9.5 cm), collar diameter (0.3 cm/0.1 cm), shoot emission (2/0) and leaves (17/9), fresh root weight (2.4 g/0.3 g) and vegetative components (1.9 g/0.4 g). On the other hand, citrus plant roots derived from treated seeds showed 99.6 percent mycorrhizal frequency and strength and 42.25 percent respectively, 43.19 percent and 0 percent arbuscular and vesicular content of the plant roots from mycorrhizal seeds respectively. In addition, certain AMF species, notably Gigaspora margarita, Rhizoglomus microaggregatum, Pacispora sp1, Glomus deserticola, Entrophospora kentinensis, Glomus tortuosum, Acaulospora sp1, Acaulospora sp2, were able to proliferate as seed coatings within the rhizospheric soil of citrus plants subjected to endomycorrhizal inoculum.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5266

Keywords - Citrus, grains, endomycorrhizal fungi, coating, plant growth.

THE CREATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL PLANT COLLECTIONS IN THE BOTANICAL GARDENS OF RUSSIA AS ONE OF THE PROMISING DIRECTIONS FOR THE CONSERVATION OF THE BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF LIVING SYSTEMS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The wood-destroying fungus Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.) Murrill from the pathogenic Polyporaceae population growing on oak Quercus robur L. was the focus of study. It is considered to have nutritional and medicinal value for the immature fruiting bodies of Laetiporus sulphureus living on deciduous trees. The development of an algorithm for assessing the yield and stock of Laetiporus sulphureus is the subject of study. In the Coppice oak forests of the southwest of the Central Russian Upland, experimental studies were performed in 2010-2018. The studies in the oak forests of the southwest of the Central Russian Upland were performed in 2010-2018 and a field survey is being carried out. The prevailing models of Laetiporus sulphureus on various types of oak substrates are proposed as a result of statistical processing of the obtained experimental material. The models served as the basis for an evaluation algorithm for Laetiporus sulphureus yield and stock. To recalculate the number of oak trees and tree units of oak (dead wood, windbreak, stumps) with fruit bodies of L, the researchers estimate the area occupied by 100 oak trees in the stand and equate it with an area of 1 ha. Sulphureus (the number of L. sulphureus fruit bodies) per hectare in the first half of the year.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5269

Keywords - Biological diversity, botanical gardens, gene pool conservation, collections of living plants in vitro, clonal micropropagation.

THE EFFECT OF PUTERSCINE AND SAL SALIC ACID AND THEIR INTERACTION ON THE MULTIPLICATION OF VEGETATIVE BUDS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS FOR DATE PALM CULTIVARS AL-BARHI In vitro | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

This research was conducted at the University of Basrah Date Palm Research Center for the period from 25/1/2018 to 3/2/2019 AD in order to understand the impact of polyamine puterscine (put) and salicylic acid (SA) on the multiplication and elongation of vegetative buds and to summarise the results obtained:

1 -Put in addition. Important increases in the amount of vegetative buds and chlorophyll pigment and carotene concentration (21.23 buds, 0.98 and 0.079 mg.gm-1 fresh weight) were observed in the MS medium at a concentration of 150 mg.L-1 respectively, while the same concentration decreased from the percentage of deformed buds and phenols (15.55 percent and 30.86 mg.gm -1 fresh weight).

2- The SA extension. The diameter of the buds and the leaf content of the chlorophyll, carotene and carbohydrate dye (0.65 mm, 6.66 and 0.099 mg.gm-1 fresh weight and 23.05 mg.gm-1 dry weight) is greater than the diameter of the buds and the leaf content of the chlorophyll, carotene and carbohydrate dye (20.16 percent and 15.19 mg.gm-1 fresh weight), respectively.

3- Association of the 150 mg L-1 Placed concentrations. 1 mg.L-1 SA, as well. The amount of deformed buds and phenols (13.33% and 26.23 mg.gm-1 dry weight) showed a substantial increase relative to the other chlorophyll and carotene interactions that were (7.25 and 0.113) mg.g-1 fresh weight, respectively, while the same interactions decreased.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5270

Keywords - Puterscine, salsalic acid, vegetative buds, in vitro.

PHOTOMETRIC DIAGNOSTICS AS AN EVALUATION ELEMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ORGANIC AND MINERAL FERTILIZERS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The article presents data on the shift in the accumulation amount of the total of chlorophyll a+b, flavonoids and the nitrogen status of plants with different doses of organic, organomineral and mineral fertiliser in a five-field grain-coupled crop rotation. The revealed patterns of changes in plant nitrogen nutrition levels allow us to conclude that only soft winter wheat and maize in the Belgorod region have a positive impact on the after-effects of organic fertilisers. Only in the case of wheat is the difference between the doses of the mineral and organic fertilisers important. Increased mineral fertiliser doses contribute to accumulated soil nitrogen accumulation and as a consequence, to a decrease in plant nitrogen status.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5271

Keywords - Nitrogenous nutrition, wheat, sugar beet, barley, corn, chlorophyll, flavonoids, photometric express diagnostics, five-field crop rotation.

EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON BUDDING SUCCESS PERCENTAGE AND GROWTH OF SWEET CHERRY TRANSPLANT (Prunus avium L.) | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The study was conducted at the nursery of horticulture station of Akre / Dohuk during the period extending from August 2015 to November 2016. This study was conducted to test the effects of two rootstock diameters and growth regulators on budding success percentage and growth of sweet cherry napoleon cultivar. The treatments tested included two diameter (size) of mahaleb rootstock (big 10-12 mm and small 7-9 mm)±1 and growth regulators (IBA 60 and 120 mg/L, 2,4,5-D 30 and 60 mg/l, Kinetin 20 and 40 mg/l, Kinetin 20+ IBA 60 mg/l, Kinetin 20+ IBA 120 mg/l, Kinetin 40 + IBA 60 mg/l, Kinetin 40+ IBA 120 mg/l). The budding process was performed in 4th of September 2010.

The results showed that the tested root stock diameter caused significant effects on budding success percentages, number of leaves, transplant diameter and transplants height. The treated scions with growth regulators significantly affect the tested traits as well including budding success percentage, number of leaves transplants height and transplant diameter. The highest budding success percentage (95.67%) and the highest transplant height (110.0 cm) were achieved from the interaction between the big root stock diameter and 2, 4, 5-D 30 mg/l. While the highest transplant diameter in big root stock both with the use of kinetin 20+ IBA 120 mg/l.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5272

Keywords - Cherry, Prunus avium, budding, growth regulators, rootstock.

BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR APPROACHES IN Raphanus satives AFTER HEAVY METALS (COPPER & CADMIUM) EXPOSURE | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Raphanus sativus was chosen for studying the toxic effect for two elements (cadmium & copper) on some biochemical & molecular characteristic, so cadmium concentration (0, 5, 10, 15) ppm were determined from Cd (NO3)2 in addition to control (D.W.) as triplicate for each concentration and Rafanus seed irrigate after implementation in fertilized soil for 60 days.

On the other hand, Copper concentration was (0, 10, 15, 25) ppm which previously prepared from (Cu(NO3)2) in addition to control group represented by D.W.

Regarding soil, pH, E.C., Nitrate, soil texture values were determined to detect the soil characteristics before and after agriculture.

The results have confirmed at the end of the experiment and from plant species analysis that copper concentration and cadmium concentration in irrigation water were lead to change in ROS, SOD, CAT, MDA, GSH-px, total protein, total sugar, proline, chlorophyll & moisture content in Raphanus.

Two elements concentration (Cu, Cd) were measured in shoot & Root system studied prepared concentrations with control group so the copper concentration in control group after Cu exposure was higher than other group and also the concentration in root system was the highest in comparison to shoot system.

Molecular Results showed these concentrations, which have no effect on DNA status i.e. that no damage to DNA in plant with concentration increasing and this compatible with no significance effect on als gene amplification and more amplified was in 15 mg/l for Cu & 10 mg/l for Cd.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5273

Keywords - Raphanus satives, heavy metals, biochemical and molecular characteristic.

LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION OF FEMALE PLANTS OF Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider THROUGH SYNTHETIC SEED TECHNOLOGY  | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Simmondsia chinensis (Family-Simmondsiaceae) is an industrial shrub of high economic importance, commercially exploited for its liquid-wax extracted from the seeds. Mass production of female plants is unavoidable to solve the problem associated with the male biassed ratio in a region. The efficient production, exchange of germplasm and distribution of female plants will be provided by synthetic seeds. The Efficient Protocol for the Production of Synthetic Seeds in S. Chinensis was developed using axillary bud encapsulation. For synseed development, axillary buds from existing cultures using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium nodal explants supplemented with 2.0 mg/l Benzyl aminopurine (BAP) and 1.0 mg/l Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) plus 40 mg/l Adenine sulphate (AdS) were used. In synthetic seeds produced with 3.0 percent sodium alginate and 100 mM Calcium chloride with 40 g/l sucrose in MS medium, the plantlet conversion efficiency was highest. The earliest bud initiation (9.64 days) with the maximum number of shoots per explant (4.64 shoots) and shoot length were provided by this combination (3.95 cm). Inoculated on a 1⁄2 intensity MS medium with 2 mg/l IBA and 200 mg/l activated charcoal, microshoots derived from synseed culture gave the best rooting response with 3.92 roots per plant and 3.17 cm root length. The regenerated plantlets from encapsulated beads showed a survival rate of 80 percent. This is the first study of synthetic seeds using female S' axillary buds. Chinensis for propagation by mass.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5274

Keywords - Liquid-wax, synthetic seed, mass production, axillary bud.

BIOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE OF SOUTH SULAWESI COMMUNITY WOODS AGAINST A WOOD DETERIORATION ORGANISM: MARINE BORER | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The objective of this study is to examine the natural resistance of marine borer group forests, namely Diospyros sp., Calophyllum inophyllum, Dillenia indica, Albizia falcataria (L) Fosberg, and Vitex cofasssus. A total of 30 samples, 5 cm x 5 cm x 30 cm in size, were prepared. Both samples were placed using a plastic strap and were submerged for 3 months in the sea at a depth of 3 m. By obtaining the attack strength and weight loss of the samples, the biological output of the wood samples was analysed at the end of the bioassay. The findings showed that all samples were targeted at different intensities by the marine borer, leading to different weight losses. D. In contrast with the other species, Indica showed the lowest attack strength and weight loss. By comparison, A. The highest attack strength and weight loss were shown by Falcataria (L) Fosberg. In conclusion, thus, D. Indica, as well as A. Compared to the other wood types, falcataria (L) Fosberg has the highest and lowest natural resistance to marine borer attack. Teredo navalis (Teredinidae) and Martesia striata Linn were the different forms of species attacking the samples (Pholadidae).

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5275

Keywords - Biological performance, attack intensity, community wood, marine borer, pholadidae.

THE ABILITY OF RHIZOSPHERE FUNGI ISOLATE OF MAHOGANY [Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq.] IN DISSOLVING PHOSPHATE | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The purpose of this study was to explore the ability of rhizosphere fungus isolates of mahogany stands in dissolving phosphate. Activities and types of microbes which can dissolve phosphate in mahogany plants are essential and needed to be known in order to obtain suitable microbial types to increase plant growth. This study was conducted for two months from March to May 2019 and analyzed in the Laboratory of Biotechnology and Tree Breeding at Faculty of Forestry Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar. Rhizosphere microbes have important roles in nutrient cycling and during soil formation, plant growth, influencing microbial activity as well as biological control of root pathogens. Preparation of microbial culture, rejuvenation process and preparation of phosphate solubility test media were analyzed with the qualitative method by measuring the absorbance by using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer with 693 nm wavelength. The results of the rejuvenation of fungus isolates that were successfully grown were 27 isolates out of 28 isolates from genus Rhizopus, Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichoderma and Gliocladium. The highest phosphate concentration was the genus Glioclodium (MB 9.2) with a 6.65 ppm concentration value, while the lowest phosphate concentration was genus Glioclodium (MB 3) with -1.47 ppm concentration value. These isolates produce phosphorus that can be used by plants.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5276

Keywords - Rhizosphere, microorganism, fungi, phosphate.

EFFECTIVENESS OF Cinnamomum burmanii AGAINST DECREASED CHOLESTEROL LEVELS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

This study aims to determine the effect of consumption of Cinnamomum burmanii boiled water on reducing cholesterol levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia. This type of research is a quasi-experimental design with 2 groups with a comparison group. Samples were patients with hypercholesterolemia who had cholesterol levels> 200 mg/dl. The sample was divided into 2 groups: 16 patients in treatment groups who were given cinnamon boiled water as much as 250 ml/day for a week and 15 control groups without treatment. Cholesterol levels were measured before and after the study. Data analysis using Fisher's Exact test, Paired t-test, and Mann Whitney. The results showed there were differences in cholesterol levels between the groups given cinnamon cooking water and the control group (p <0.001) where the cholesterol levels of the groups given cinnamon decreased by 78 mg/dl (p <0.001) while those in the control group increased by 7 mg/dl (p = 0.219). The results showed that consumption of cinnamon cooking water could reduce cholesterol levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5283

Keywords - Hypercholesterolemia, cholesterol, Cinnamomum burmanii.

EXPLORATION OF ENDOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGUS IN AREAS CONTAMINATED WITH HEAVY METAL | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Environmental researchers have focused themselves on the use of an endomycorrhizal fungus that is able to adapt and are resistant to environments contaminated with heavy metals for Phytorhizoremediation activities. The aim of the study was to explore Endomycorrhizal fungus from areas contaminated with heavy metals to be used as starter biological agents in the phytorhizoremediation program. This research was carried out in two phases, i.e., rhizosphere sampling of Polypodium glycyrrhiza, Sumasang sp (local name) and Spathoglottis plicata at Sumasang I. Rhizosphere of Chromolaena odorata, Melastama affine and Nephrolepis exaltata at Sumasang II, Sorowako, Indonesia; While the other phase is isolating and identifying Endomycorrhizal spores in the Microbiology Laboratory, Research and Development Center for Environment and Forestry in Makassar, Indonesia. The results showed that three genera of endomycoriza were able to adapt and resistant in areas contaminated with Fe, Mn, Cr, Co, and Cu, i.e., 60.15% Acaulospora sp; 26.98% Gigaspora sp and 11.21% Glomus sp, which can be used as symbionts for endemic plants in the phytorhizore mediation program which is faster, cheaper and easier.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5277

Keywords - Endomycorrhizal, fungus, heavy metal, mutualistic symbiosis.

VARIATION IN WOOD COLOR AND PRIMER DESIGN OF 4CL COLOR-CODING GENE ON NYAMPLUNG (Calophyllum inophyllum L.)  | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Indonesia is a habitat of many wood species having various patterns and colors. Nyamplung is a tree which has several variations in its heartwood color due to its extractive contents. This research aimed to determine variation in heartwood color of Nyamplung and design specific primer of the 4CL gene, which can amplify the DNA of Nyamplung. The samples used in the study had different heartwood color level and were collected from Bojo village, Barru and Jennae village, Soppeng in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The wood color assay was determined based on the CIEL*a*b Color System, and molecular data were analyzed by electrophoregrams. The result showed that both samples had different level of wood color that could be observed with the naked eye. Meanwhile, primer design at first stage generated 12 primer combinations which were able to amplify Nyamplung DNAs, whereas, the second one generated five primer combinations. Therefore, The findings suggest performing an advanced examination on developing dominant and/or co-dominant markers that can be used as molecular markers for wood color on heartwood of Nyamplung.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5278

Keywords - Wood color, primer design, gene-coding, nyamplung, Calophyllum inophyllum L.

AN UPDATE REVIEW OF MOROCCAN MEDICINAL PLANTS USED TO TREAT DIABETES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Traditional plants are used in Morocco to treat different diseases including diabetes mellitus.Diabetes is a serious health problem and a major cause of mortality.The purpose of this review consist to report all herbal medicines, their part used, the traditional uses, and the frequency of citation based on ethnobotanical studies finding in different regions of Morocco.Several databases including PubMed, Springer, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, Hindawi, and Taylor & Francis are used to determine ethnobotanical medicinal plants used against diabetes.Results revealed the identification of 206 plants from 64 families belonging to several botanical families including Lamiaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Apiaceae.Trigonella foenum-graecum, Olea europaea, Artemisia herba-alba, Citrullus colocynthis, Nerium oleander and Salvia officinalishave been reported with a highest percentage of frequency occurrence. Some of these plants presented an efficient in vitro andin vivohypoglycemic effect. Indeed, the antidiabetic mechanism of action is not full understood. However, the antidiabetic activities of luteolin, oleuropein, chlorogenic acid, and apigeninisolatedare nowstudied. These compounds induce the antidiabetic effect viathe inhibition of the PKB/AKT pathway, and PPARγ expression and the activation of AMPK and PI3K-GSK3 pathways. These molecules present a potential as an alternative compounds in diabetes therapeutic strategy and further studies should be performed to elaborate their effects in clinical trials.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5279

Keywords - Ethnobotanic, traditional treatment, diabetes, Morocco, bioactive compounds.

CHARACTERIZATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN SUGAR PALM (Arenga pinnata (WURMB) MERR.) AND THE RELATIONSHIP WITH BRIX VALUE AND ELEVATION | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Sugar palm is a multipurpose tree species, which provides livelihoods for local people and food for other biotas in the landscape. This type of palm is known as the "tree of life" because all parts of the tree can be utilized and have a high economic value. The potential sugar produced is closely related to the characteristics and physiological activities of the plants. Characterization of stomata, trichomes, and chlorophyll showed specific characteristics that correlated with one another, and with Brix content and elevation. Significant correlations were shown in several stomata, trichomes, and chlorophyll parameters. From the three physiological characteristics, stomata and chlorophyll characteristics were significantly affecting Brix content and elevation. The width of the left stomata significantly correlated with elevation (0.4335), while the left tip chlorophyll was significantly correlated with Brix content (-0.44462). Overall, we concluded that some chlorophyll characteristics could be physiological indicators that specifically affect crop yields through environmental interaction in various weather conditions and elevations. In contrast, stomata characteristics can be used to improve the quality and quantity of plants in specific environmental conditions. However, more information on the physiological characteristics of a sugar palm tree is needed to modify physiological characteristics that can enhance growth and optimize crop yields in the future.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5280

Keywords - Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) merr., elevation, stomata, chlorophyll, trichomes.

COLONY INTERACTION OF ROT FUNGI CONSORTIUM TO ENRICH COCOA POD HUSK COMPOST | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

This study aimed to determine the interaction ability of four isolating from rot fungi from cocoa, such as Mycena spp., Lycoperdon spp., Tremella spp., and Pleurotus spp, beside as decomposer in agricultural waste. All fungal rot isolates were collected from decayed plants from cocoa crops. Rot fungi inoculated onto cocoa pot husk waste either as a single or as a consortium and then observed the characteristics of the compost produced. Colony interaction of rot fungi was examined using a key based on the observation of Potter in the 4 categories. Percentage decrease from the weight of compost, as one of the indications of degradation by rot fungi, was calculated by measuring the final weight minus early weights divided by early weight and then multiplied with 100%. The characteristics of the compost were done by observing the color, volume, mycelium formation, and the texture of the compost. Our results showed that 67% colony interaction of rot fungi was mutually intermingling growth. The highest decrease in the weight of cocoa pod husk compost was inoculated by Lycoperdon spp. As 0.0186 g/days in 10-20 days longed of fermentation. Whereas, in the consortium, the highest weights decreased with a combination of 3 types of rot fungi, Mycena spp., Tremella spp., and Pleurotus spp. Characteristics of cocoa-colored rind were white, grey- white, yellowish-white to blackish with volume ranges between 25 - 85%. The texture was a bit rough to smooth sticky or dusty. The compost, which inoculated by Pleurotus spp, showed the highest P2O5, N total, and K2O levels. This study showed that the rot fungi in the consortium could synergize and very promoting to degrade the cocoa pod husk into nutrient-rich compost.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5281

Keywords - Rot fungi, mycelium, colony interaction, cocoa, mutual intermingling.

INDIGENOUS ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FROM JOMPIE BOTANICAL GARDEN OF PAREPARE WHICH ISOLATED AT Pterospermum diversifolium | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Jompie Botanical Garden of Parepare is a regional botanical garden managed by the Center for Plant Conservation of the Botanic Gardens-Indonesian Institute of Sciences, the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing, and the Government of the City of Parepare, South Sulawesi Province. Jompie Botanical Garden of Parepare has implemented five botanical garden functions, namely conservation, research, education, tourism, and environmental services. The master plan vegetation shows that found 90 species of plants that grow naturally and are planted by the government and the people of the city of Parepare, one of the native plants found are Pterospermuni diversivolium. In addition to various types of plants, there are also various kinds of microorganisms that have not been identified, one of which is a fungus that is capable of symbiosis with plant roots known as arbuscular mycorrhizae. The aim of the research was to determine the abundance and identify arbuscular mycorrhizal spores found in Pterospermuni diversivolium rhizosphere, using a sieve and wet techniques and staining method, which were carried out in Microbiology Laboratory, Research, and Development Center for Environment and Forestry in Makassar, Indonesia. The results showed that abundance of Glomus mycorrhizal spores, on average, 25 spores per 100 g of rhizosphere samples with morphological shapes of small spores, colored of brown to black, thin cell walls, visible hollow interior, have hyphae, smooth surface and spore diameter 136.8 - 198.5 µm. While the genus Acaulospora, has an average abundance of 21 spores per 100 g of rhizorfer samples with morphological forms of the small clear round, clear-colored, thick cell walls, surfaces appear nodules and spore diameters of 143 - 159 µm.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5282

Keywords - Jompie botanical, indigenous species, arbuscular, Pterospermum diversifolium.

INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING STANDARD (IPSAS), AND FINANCIAL REPORTING AND COMPLIANCE IN NIGERIA: ISSUES AND BENEFIT (A SURVEY ANALYSIS) |  Journal of Global Economics, Management and Business Research

Quality financial reporting plays an important role in government accountability and meeting its financial management responsibilities to its citizens. The implementation of IPSAS was an integral part of public sector reforms and based on a global trend to respond to requests for increased financial accountability and transparency from government which reflect significant democratic values.This research focused on issues and benefits of implementing IPSAS on the consistency of financial reports by evaluating theoretical and past empirical studies in meeting the requirements for utility of decision. The IPSAS adoption review showed that international best practices were presented to government agencies, international intergovernmental organizations and international organisations. It stressed the advantages of good governance, accountability and transparency. Further analysis highlights Nigeria's problems during the time focusing on openness, accountability, comparability, and management and decision-making processes. The study concluded that Nigeria's IPSAS adoption driving forces were to align its operations with the financial year, meet the requirements of partners, attract donors and be competitively comparable with other international organizations.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JGEMBR/article/view/5284

Keywords - Quality financial reporting, IPSAS, financial statement, standard and compliance.

INVESTIGATION OF BACTERIAL INHIBITORY EFFECT OF Solanum trilobatum SEED EXTRACT AGAINST DENTAL PATHOGENS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

In the current examination, seed extracts of Solanum trilobatum was analysed for its capacity to repress the development of dental pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, S. salivarius, S. sanguinis and L. acidophilus). The collected seeds of S. trilobatum were appropriately washed and air dried at room temperature. Then squashed and extracted with acetone, petroleum ether and chloroform. The bacterial inhibitory effect of the extracts was analyzed by ager well diffusion technique at 200 µg/mL concentration. Phytochemical investigation was performed for all the extracts. The results revealed that the root etracts of S. trilobatum was best against all tried bacterial pathogens. Greatest inhibitory action was seen against S. salivarius (22 mm) and less inhibition was against S. sanguinis (9 mm). The phytochemical examination uncovered the wide range of phytoconstituents which may be responsible for its antibacterial potency.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5285

Keywords - Dental pathogens, acetone, bacterial inhibition, seed extract.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CRUDE EXTRACTS OF THE ROOT OF Strychnos nux-vomica AND Cassia angustifolia AGAINST SELECTED BACTERIAL PATHOGENS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The aim of the study was to examine the antibacterial property of two selected medicinal plant extracts against various pathogens. The microorganisms were confined from drinking water (Bacillus sp., Borchothrix sp., Clavibacter sp, Anguslobacter sp, and Brevibacterium sp.). Indian therapeutic plants Strychnos nuxvomica and Cassia angustifolia were chosen for antibacterial examinations. The solvents utilized for the extraction of plant roots were n-butanol, ethyl acetate and water. The in vitro antibacterial activity was performed by agar well dispersion technique. The most susceptible was Bacillus sp, Brevibacterium sp., and the most resistance was Borchothrix sp., Clavibacter sp., and Ancylobacter sp. The standard drugs used were penicillin, Streptomycin and Ampicillin. The outcomes acquired in the present examination propose that the two plants could be utilized in treating bacterial infections.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5286

Keywords - Inhibitory action, aqueous, ethyal cetate extract, pathogens

INVESTIGATION OF ANTI-BACTERIAL EFFECT OF MANGROVE PLANT Acanthus ilicifolius | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Mangroves have long been a source of biochemically unique and wide array of novel  natural products. The anti-bacterial effect of different extracts of the plant Acanthus  ilicifolius was determined in this study. The crude plant extracts of ethyl acetate, ethanol and methanol were tried against pathogenic microbes such as Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio harveyi    and Escherichia coli using agar well diffusion mehod. All the three extracts of the various segments of the A. ilicifolius showed potent inhibition against tested microorganisms. The results conclude that the inhibitory zone showed by ethyl acetate was higher than that ethanol and methanol extracts.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5287

Keywords - Acanthus ilicifolius, anti-bacterial effect, solvent extracts.

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF CLOVE AND CINNAMON MEDIATED SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES: AN In vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Cinnamon and clove are both natural preservative and flavoring substances that are not harmful when consumed in food products. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are the         nanoscale metal structures. SeNPs have exhibited great antimicrobial activities against fungi and bacteria.

Aim: To determine the antifungal activity of clove and cinnamon mediated selenium nanoparticles against Candida albicans.

Materials and Methods: The clove and cinnamon powder was procured. An aqueous extract was prepared and mixed with sodium selenide precursor for selenium nanoparticle formation and centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 10 minutes. The extract was then placed in the well cultured agar plates against Candida albicans and incubated for 24 hours at 37ºC. The zones of inhibition were calculated by disk diffusion method.

Results: Cinnamon and clove mediated selenium nanoparticles have good antifungal activity with the zone of inhibition of 35 mm at the highest concentration (150 µl). Whereas, the control Amphotericin B showed a zone of inhibition of 34 mm.

Conclusion: Cinnamon and clove mediated selenium nanoparticles were studied and their wider zones of inhibition were suggestive of good antifungal efficiency.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5289

Keywords - Clove, cinnamon, Candida albicans, selenium nanoparticle.

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESISED USING GRAPE SEED EXTRACT: AN in vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) synthesized from plant sources are eco-friendly, cost effective and have a wide range of applications. The anti-inflammatory property of titanium dioxide produced by various herbal sources has well been studied. Grape seeds have been used in this study to produce TiO2 NPs due to their anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-cholesterol properties.

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles synthesised using grape seed extract.

Materials and Methods: Preparation of grape seed extract, synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using grape seed extract in Lark refrigerated centrifuge, preparation of nanoparticles powder, characterisation using UV-Vis Spectroscopy and study of anti-inflammatory activity using Bovine serum albumin using Diclofenac sodium as control.

Results: The peak found in spectroscopy indicated the formation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The anti-inflammatory action of grape seed mediated TiO2 NPs increases with an increase in the concentration from 10 μl, 20 μl, 30 μl, 40 μl to 50 μl.

Conclusion: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles produced using grape seed extract have good anti-inflammatory activity and can be used in the future as pastes, gels etc. for topical application instead of using conventional anti-inflammatory agents to minimize their side effects.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5290

Keywords - Anti-inflammatory, grape seed, herbal synthesis, nanotechnology, nanoparticles.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ALOE VERA, CURCUMIN & NUTMEG AGAINST STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS & LACTOBACILLUS - A NOVEL TRIO - in vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Aim: The aim of the study is to assess the combined antibacterial activity of Aloe vera, Curcumin and Nutmeg against oral pathogens.

Materials and Methods: Fresh extract of aloe vera, curcumin and nutmeg was prepared. Seven test samples were tested in the study, which included i) Aloe vera, ii) Curcumin, iii) Nutmeg individually, iv) Combination of aloe vera & curcumin (1:1), v) Combination of aloe vera & nutmeg (1:1), vi) Combination of curcumin & nutmeg (1:1) and vii) Combination of aloe vera, curcumin& nutmeg (1:1:1).The antibacterial activity of all the samples against Streptococcus mutans & Lactobacillus were determined using agar disc diffusion method. The discs impregnated with different concentrations (500 µg/ml. 750 µg/ml & 1000 µg/ml) of the sterile samples and 20 µl of Standard antibiotic (Ampicillin) disc were placed in agar plates. The plates were incubated at 37ºC for 24 hrs. The antimicrobial activity was determined by measuring the diameter of the zone of inhibition.

Results: Nutmeg individually showed higher antibacterial effect against S. mutans at 1000µg/ml, followed by aloe vera & curcumin. Combination of aloe vera & nutmeg and combination of curcumin & nutmeg at 1000 µg/ml showed greater inhibitory effect against S. mutans, when compared to combination of aloe vera and curcumin. Aloe vera individually showed higher antibacterial effect against Lactobacillus at 1000 µg/ml, followed by nutmeg & curcumin Combination of aloe vera & curcumin at 1000 µg/ml showed greater inhibitory effect against Lactobacillus, when compared to the other two combinations. Combination of all three herbs showed highest antibacterial activity against both the test organisms.

Conclusion: It is evident that this novel herbal trio is effective as an antibacterial agent against oral pathogens such as S. mutans and Lactobacillus.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5291

Keywords - Aloe vera, antibacterial activity, curcumin, Lactobacillus, nutmeg, Streptococcus mutans.

ANTIBACTERIAL & ANTI INFLAMMATORY EFFECT OF Cassia auriculata MOUTHWASH VERSUS CHLORHEXIDINE IN PLAQUE INDUCED GINGIVITIS - A PROSPECTIVE CLINICAL & MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDY  |  PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate, through clinical and microbiological examination, the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effect of Cassia auriculata mouthwash in Plaque induced gingivitis and to compare it with Chlorhexidine mouthwash.

Materials and Methods: With the coin toss process, thirty patients who participated in the study were randomly divided into two groups. Either herbal mouthwash or chlorhexidine was administered in each community containing 15 patients. Subgingival plaque samples were obtained at baseline and 15 days later, respectively. At baseline, and 15 days later, the Silness and Loe plaque index and Loe and Silness gingival index were reported. Patients have been asked to report any pain, changes in taste, or other side effects.

Results: The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference between group A and group B for PI and GI during the baseline period. Group B (Chlorhexidine mouthwash - control group) was substantially successful in reducing the plaque index and gingival index relative to group A after 15 days of intervention (Cassia auriculata mouthwash). The mean CFUs of group B were lower than the mean CFUs of group A at baseline and after 15 days, with a statistically significant p value of 0.001. Within group A and group B, both Cassia auriculata mouthwash and Chlorhexidine mouthwash are equally potent in significantly reducing the PI scores, GI scores, CFUs, when all these parameters were compared between baseline and day 15.

Conclusion: Cassia auriculata mouthwash among patients with plaque caused gingivitis is effective in reducing plaque, gingival inflammation and CFUs, but is not equal to that of Chlorhexidine mouthwash. However, compliance with the herbal mouthwash was safer for the patient, as the patient reported no side effects compared to chlorhexidine.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5292

Keywords - Cassia auriculata, chlorhexidine, gingival index, herbal, mouthwash, plaque index.

EFFICACY OF POMEGRANATE MOUTHWASH AS AN ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT  |  PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: The most common oral diseases are periodontitis and tooth decay. Pomegranate mouthwash has been used in an attempt against the same with the latest controversy in herbal medicine. The purpose of the analysis was to determine the effectiveness of pomegranate mouthwash as an antimicrobial agent.

Content and Methods: As per a previous study, the mouthwash was prepared using pomegranate seeds. This double-blinded research was conducted on a total of 20 oral prophylaxis participants from both sexes who registered to Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai. Patients were split into two groups, with pomegranate mouthwash in group 1 and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash in group 2. Oral prophylaxis was performed once the participants were enrolled as part of the analysis. After that, unstimulated saliva samples were obtained and the same for the entire bacterial colony count was cultivated in nutrient agar. The same thing repeated itself after two weeks.

Results: Within the limits of the current analysis, a decrease in the total number of colonies was observed when pomegranate mouthwash was used from 150.54 colony forming units (CFU) to 48.99 CFU compared to chlorhexidine mouthwash from 152.06 CFU to 57.7 CFU. As compared to group 2, the decline in colony count was greater in group 1.

Conclusion: The present study showed that mouthwash with pomegranate showed greater antimicrobial activity than mouthwash with chlorhexidine. After long-term clinical trials, the prospective use of pomegranate as a convenient alternative to antimicrobial drugs should be considered.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5293

Keywords - Pomegranate, mouthwash, gingivitis, antibacterial.

GREEN SYNTHESIS & CHARACTERISATION OF AMLA SEED MEDIATED GRAPHENE OXIDE - SILVER NANOCOMPOSITE - AN in vitro STUDY  |  PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Aim: The present study centred on the green synthesis and characterization of graphene oxide, silver nanoparticles and graphene oxide-silver nanocomposite-mediated amla seed characterization.

Materials and Methods: The extract of Amla seed was prepared. In the biosynthesis of silver, graphene oxide nanoparticles, and GO-Ag nanocomposites, filtrate was used. After 24 hours of incubation, the samples were measured using UV-Visible spectrophotometry for their optimum absorbance. To obtain the synthesised silver nanoparticles, graphene oxide nanoparticles and GO-Ag nanocomposite, all the samples were then heat-dried. A high resolution transmission electron microscope was used to morphologically classify (TEM).

Results: AgNPs showed a change in colour from colourless to reddish brown, GO NPs showed a change in colour from brown to black, while GO-Ag nanocomposite changed from black to black strength. The formation of their respective nanoparticles is confirmed by this colour transition. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) showed a chain such as tubular GO NPs, spherical AgNPs & chain interspersed with spherical structures in GO-Ag nanocomposite with an average size of 50 - 100 nm, 2-50 nm, 150-200 nm respectively. The size and shape of nanoparticles were analysed.

Conclusion: Thus the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles, graphene oxide nanoparticles and GO-Ag nanocomposites from Phyllanthus emblica seed extracts was effective.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5294

Keywords - Graphene oxide, nanoparticles, nanocomposite, Phyllanthus emblica, silver.

ANTI-FUNGAL ACTIVITY OF CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLE INCORPORATED LYCOPENE AGAINST Candida albicans USING MINIMAL INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION ASSAY  |  PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Recent years have witnessed growth in the research and application of nanoparticles and nanotechnoloy. Lycopene is a red coloured pigment found in fruits and vegetables. Chitosan is a straight chain polymer composed of glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine. Both the substances possess antifungal activity. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess the antifungal activity of lycopene extract, chitosan nanoparticle and lycopene chitosan nanocomposite.

Materials and Methods: Chitosan nanoparticle incorporated lycopene was prepared and its antifungal activity was tested individually and in combination against Candida albicans using minimum inhibitory concentration assay. Chitosan solution was prepared, centrifugation was done and further characterisation of chitosan nanoparticle was done using Ultaviolet-viz-Spectroscopy. The antifungal activity was assessed using minimum inhibitory concentration.

Results:  The present study shows that the antifungal effect of chitosan-lycopene nanocomposite was higher than lycopene extract and chitosan nanoparticle individually. The antifungal activity of lycopene chitosan nanocomposite increased with increase in concentration and time.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5295

Keywords - Antifungal activity, chitosan, lycopene, nanocomposite, nanoparticle.

EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY OF Foeniculum vulgare ESSENTIAL OIL -AN in vitro STUDY   |  PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: Inability to extract intracanal biofilm and the existence of different microbial species can be linked to the most common cause of failure of most root canal therapies. In order to achieve maximum microbe removal, the quest for an ideal root canal irrigant and medication is still on. The objective of this study was to test the antimicrobial efficacy of the Foeniculum vulgare seeds (Fennel seeds) essential oil against E. C and faecalis. Albicans, and compare it to Calcium hydroxide, the new gold standard.

Materials and Methods: Undiluted and 100% pure essential oil derived from steam distillation of seeds of Foeniculum vulgare was used. Fungal and bacterial strains of E. ATCC 29212 and C faecalis. ATCC 10231 albicans were grown and test samples of fennel seed oil (20μl), fennel seed oil and calcium hydroxide mixture, calcium hydroxide and 30% propylene glycol were tested against the microbial strains. For the antibacterial and antifungal activity evaluation, the zones of inhibition around the treated discs were assessed.

Performance: The results of the study showed statistically significant inhibition zone diameters (in mm) in contrast to the negative power. The combination of fennel seed oil and calcium hydroxide, followed by pure fennel seed oil for both E, shows the maximum inhibition diameter. C. Albicans. and E. faecalis.

Concluding: F. Thanks to its antimicrobial potency, vulgar essential oil can be tried and used for long-standing cases of infection.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5296

Keywords - Natural, essential oil, fennel seeds, antibacterial, antifungal, calcium hydroxide, intracanal medicament.

TARGETING EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS ASSOCIATED GLYCOPROTEIN BALF-4 INTERACTIONS WITH O. sanctum BIO COMPOUNDS  |  PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: EBV associated with oncogenic transformations of B cells is also associated with a strong BALF-4 glycoprotein and may be a good candidate for new natural antiviral compounds. Thus the goal of the current study is to investigate the inhibitory ability of O. Bioactive compounds of the sanctum against BALF-4 of EBV.

Materials and methods: With further optimization of both the protein and ligands, the 3D structure of BALF-4 was recovered from the PDB data bank. The in-silico inhibitory potential of the selected BALF-4 beta lactam derivatives was achieved by AutoDock 2.0 and visualised with PYMOL using molinspiration calculations to determine the molecular properties of BALF-4 derivatives and further evaluation of their drug likeliness.

Results: The potent inhibitor drug for targeting BALF-4 with a promising binding energy of -9.32 and -8.12 Kcal/mol with four bonds of hydrogen appears to be cirsimaritin and ursolic acid. Drug likeliness parameters, followed by other biocompounds, recorded ursolic acid as a promising protease and enzyme inhibitor.

Conclusion: The study results highlight the promising inhibitory impact of O.sanctum biocompounds on BALF-4 and indicate that BALF-4 is the best target for the treatment of EBV infections with more in-vivo validation aimed at it.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5297

Keywords - EBV, BALF-4, O. sanctum.

PREDICTION AND EVALUATION OF THE B-CELL EPITOPE PEPTIDES FOR carO OF A. baumannii  |  PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Acinetobacter baumannii is undoubtedly one of the most successful pathogens responsible for hospital-acquired nosocomial infections in the modern healthcare system. Due to the prevalence of infections and outbreaks caused by multi-drug resistant A. baumannii, few antibiotics are effective for treating infections caused by this pathogen. To overcome this problem, knowledge of the pathogenesis and antibiotic resistance mechanisms of A. baumannii is important. Using various tools online such as IEDB and BepiPred the possible epitopes were found and were checked for their allergenicity (AlgPred), solubility (SolPro), toxigenicity (ToxinPred) and most importantly antigenicity (AntigenPro). The results of these tests showed that three of the eight predicted epitopes were non allergens, non toxic, soluble and antigenic. An attempt on detecting few putative vaccine peptides targeting the carO gene in A.baumannii using Bioinformatics approach suggests promising results in the present study showing three epitope peptides as promising vaccine candidates to combat the menace of drug resistance.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5298

Keywords - Acinetobacter baumannii, antigen, allergenicity, carbapenem, epitope.

QUALITY CONTROL METHODS OF Acacia catechu EXTRACT BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS |  PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the heavy metal quality control parameters of Acacia catechu bark extract by atomic absorption spectroscopic (AAS) analysis. Acacia catechu is one of the most commonly used herbs in Ayurveda. The whole parts of Acacia catechu tree including stem, bark, leaves, root, and pods are of significant medicinal value in treating many diseases and disorders. The most important actions of Acacia include antioxidant, hepatoprotective, hypotensive, and also as an anti caries, for gingivitis, etc,. Heavy metals such as lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) and minerals such as selenium (Se), chromium (Cr) and potassium (K) are found abundantly in the soil. They are also essential for plant growth and metabolism as micro and macro nutrients. Hence, uptake of these heavy metals and minerals basically occurs in significant proportions in plants. However, these heavy metals and essential trace elements have a tendency to accumulate in alarming proportions in plants leading to toxicity and adverse effects when consumed. Hence, it is important to determine if the heavy metal and mineral content in Acacia is within permissible limits as indicated by WHO. Based on the results of the study, it can be decided whether Acacia catechu can be prescribed for human consumption or not.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5299

Keywords - Acacia catechu, extract, heavy metals, toxicity, permissible limit, minerals.

ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF CLOVE AND CINNAMON HERBAL FORMULATION: AN in vitro STUDY  |  PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Antibiotic resistance is a rising problem that needs attention which is of global concern. The main reason behind the prevalence of such situations is the haphazard use of the antimicrobial drugs that are overused throughout therapeutic treatment of infection. Additionally, the issues associated with modern- day chemotherapeutics can have a wide range of adverse effects from allergy to immunosuppression.

Aim: To assess the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of clove and cinnamon herbal formulation.

Materials and Methods: Clove and cinnamon were dried and powdered, the powdered clove and cinnamon were then mixed with water and ethanol. The aqua alcoholic extract thus obtained was then subjected to DPPH assay to analyze its antioxidant effect and was loaded in the agar wells made on Muller Hinton agar so as to assess its antimicrobial activity by using well diffusion method, against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus and Streptococcus aureus and the zone of inhibition was noted.

Results: The aqua alcoholic extract of clove and cinnamon extract showed highest absorbance at a concentration of 50 μl (132.3%) when subjected to inhibition of albumin denaturation assay to check for its antimicrobial activity at a wavelength of 660 nm. The zone of inhibition for the prepared extract against Streptococcus mutans at the concentrations 50, 100 and 150 μl was found to be 15 mm, 22 mm and 20.6 mm respectively. Similarly for Lactobacillus, the zone of inhibition was found to be 13 mm, 19 mm and 21.4 mm. For streptococcus aureus, the zones of inhibition values were 17 mm, 21.2 mm and 21 mm respectively.

Conclusion: In the present study it was found that the clove and cinnamon extract had potential antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5301

Keywords - Anti inflammatory, cinnamon, clove, cytotoxic, herbal formulation

GENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF ptk GENE ASSOCIATED WITH BIOFILM FORMATION IN THE CLINICAL ISOLATES OF A. baumanni  |  PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: ptk associated biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii elevates the virulence property which in turn is highly influencing the pattern of drug susceptibility among hospitalized patients. This study is thus aimed to molecularly characterize ptk gene and to evaluate its co-occurrence among the multi-drug resistant strains from the clinical isolates of A. baumannii.

Methodology: Semi-quantitative adherent bioassay was performed to detect the formation of biofilm by the 73 MDR strains of A. baumannii. Genomic DNA was eventually extracted and were screened for ptk by a series of Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR) followed by sequencing of the amplicons obtained from the representative strains.

Results: Biofilm assay reflected the following quantitative results: 58.9%, 31.5% and 0.9% as high grade, low grade and negative biofilm formers respectively. ptk gene was observed in 22 MDR strains (30.1%) of A. baumannii. Co-occurrence of ptk gene was 100% among the β-lactam inhibitor, cephems, carbapenems and aminoglycosides resistant strains which was followed by 90.9% among fluroquinolones, 86.3% among efflux pumps and 95.45% among folate resistant strains of A. baumannii.

Conclusion: The findings of the study suggest that the periodical monitoring of the frequency of ptk associated biofilms in MDR strains of A. baumannii, as a preventive measure. However the study indicates and paves way for further studies in future to monitor its association in variation in the drug resistance pattern among the strains.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5302

Keywords - Genotypic characterization, Acinetobacter baumannii, multi-drug resistant, MDR strains

EFFECT OF PEPPERMINT AND ROSEMARY OIL ON CONSTIPATION  |  PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid and they are also known as volatile oils, ethereal oils, atherolea, or simply as the oil of the plant from which they were extracted and one among them is the most popular perennial culinary herbs is the  rosemary oil is , its characteristic aroma is used as a curing aid in many health conditions. The main aim of this study is to determine the effect of peppermint and rosemary oil among constipation population. Thirty individuals suffering from constipation were selected for the study among the age group of 20 to 40 years. 30 individuals were divided into two groups and each group consisted of 15 individuals.  Group 1 was receiving peppermint oil and Group 2 was receiving rosemary oil. Then they were asked  to apply the oil in their abdomen 3 times in a day for 30 days. The results obtained clearly indicate that the essential oil of rosemary has a positive effect on individuals suffering from constipation when compared to peppermint oil  in relation to the frequency of defecation rate, with absence of sex differences in the uniform groups. 40 % got benefited after using peppermint oil and 60 % of the individuals after using rosemary oil for constipation problems. Rosemary essential oil has a special effect that is a spasmolytic effect, so that it relaxes muscles and suppresses muscle spasms. This also acts the same as peppermint oil, but it is more effective than peppermint oil. So from this study it is revealed that rosemary oil has a greater role among constipation participants than peppermint oil.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5303

Keywords - Hydrophobic, rosemary, spasmolytic, peppermint, constipation

In vitro EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT, ANTI-ARTHRITIC ACTIVITY OF Ficus racemosa EXTRACT  |  PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Ficus racemosa   The aim of our study was to evaluate the preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant activity, anti-arthritic effect of ethanolic fruit extract of F. racemosa. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was done by adopting the method of Evans. Antioxidant assay is performed by ABTS and FRAP assay, Anti arthritic activity was determined by protein denaturation method employing modified method of Mizushtma et al. The present study reveals the presence of few secondary metabolites and the extract exhibits potent antioxidant activity and a concentration dependent protein denaturation activity. From the present study it can be concluded that ethanolic fruit extract of F. racemosa possessed marked in vitro antioxidant and anti-arthritic effect the effect was plausibly due to the presence of phenolic contents of F. racemosa.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5304

Keywords - Phytochemical, antioxidant, F. racemosa, anti-arthritic activity.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF Achyranthes aspera EXTRACT AGAINST ORAL PATHOGENS – AN in vitro STUDY  |  PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The objective of the study is to investigate the in vitro antibacterial activity of  Achyranthes aspera bark extract against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus. Dental caries, otherwise known as tooth decay, is one of the chronic diseases of people worldwide and individuals are susceptible to throughout their life. Medicinal plants found in the environment harboring high bacterial cell density were long suspected to have protective mechanisms against microbial infections and offer a large and attractive phytochemical repertoire for the discovery of novel microbial disease control agents. Achyranthes aspera is one such important plant with various established pharmaceutical properties. Achyranthes aspera is procured from Green Chem Herbal extracts & Formulations, Bengaluru .The inhibitory effect of the extract was tested against two oral pathogens commonly causes dental caries by using the Micro  broth dilution method . The extract showed significant antibacterial activity against the Lactobacillus acidophilus and No activity against Streptococcus mutans.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5305

Keywords - Achyranthes aspera, antibacterial activity, micro broth dilution, oral pathogens

In vitro ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF Acacia HEARTWOOD EXTRACT |  PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The objective of the present study was to investigate the anticancer effect of Acacia catechu Heartwood extract against breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). Cancer is a global public health problem due to its high mortality rate. Acacia catechu (Family: Fabaceae and subfamily: Mimosoideae) is a deciduous tree distributed throughout the Sub –Himalayan tract of Punjab to Assam. In ayurveda, the extracts of bark and heartwood  were used to treat various human pathophysiological conditions like thinning of blood, skin disorders, chronic fever, throat problems, obesity, splenomegaly, tastelessness, hemorrhages, blood disorder and urine related disorders The MTT assay was conducted to know the cytotoxic effect of the compound on cell viability. The induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis probably constitute the antitumor mechanisms of extract. From the research we identified that Acacia heartwood has anticancer effects and is used to treat breast cancer.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5306

Keywords - Breast cancer, Acacia heartwood, cell culture, cytotoxicity, anti cancer effect

EVALUATION OF HYPOGLYCEMIC POTENTIAL OF AQUEOUS BARK EXTRACT OF Pterocarpus marsupium- AN in vitro STUDY |  PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Diabetes is a chronic disorder associated with the interruption of carbohydrates, fats and protein metabolism characterised by increased fasting and postprandial blood sugar levels. The traditional anti diabetic remedies using plants with hypoglycemic activity is always safe due to their holistic approach and low cost. Pterocarpus marsupium belongs to the family fabaceae and commonly known as “INDIAN KINO TREE”, they are used in various ailments in folk medicine. The aim of this study is to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of aqueous extract of Pterocarpus marsupium. This plant also finds its use as a cardiotonic and hepatoprotective agent. The herbal extract was prepared by using the herbal powder and it was tested for the hypoglycemic activity by alpha amylase inhibitory activity and alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity. The datas were collected and statistically analysed. From the results it is evidence that the aqueous bark extract of Pterocarpus marsupium possesses hypoglycemic potential. The synthetic drug currently used for diabetes only decreases the symptoms and on the long run can have side effects too. Herbal medicine if formulated can act as a good shield. Since chronic diabetes leads to excessive and uncontrolled degeneration, it is always better to treat diabetes with herbal formulations instead of synthetic drugs.

Diabetes is a chronic disorder associated with the interruption of carbohydrates, fats and protein metabolism characterised by increased fasting and postprandial blood sugar levels. The traditional anti diabetic remedies using plants with hypoglycemic activity is always safe due to their holistic approach and low cost. Pterocarpus marsupium belongs to the family fabaceae and commonly known as “INDIAN KINO TREE”, they are used in various ailments in folk medicine. The aim of this study is to evaluate the hypoglycemic activity of aqueous extract of Pterocarpus marsupium. This plant also finds its use as a cardiotonic and hepatoprotective agent. The herbal extract was prepared by using the herbal powder and it was tested for the hypoglycemic activity by alpha amylase inhibitory activity and alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity. The datas were collected and statistically analysed. From the results it is evidence that the aqueous bark extract of Pterocarpus marsupium possesses hypoglycemic potential. The synthetic drug currently used for diabetes only decreases the symptoms and on the long run can have side effects too. Herbal medicine if formulated can act as a good shield. Since chronic diabetes leads to excessive and uncontrolled degeneration, it is always better to treat diabetes with herbal formulations instead of synthetic drugs.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5307

Keywords - Pterocarpus marsupium, synthetic drug, hypoglycemic activity, diabetes, herbal medicine

ANTI-TUBERCULAR HERBAL EXTRACTS USED IN AYURVEDA - A MINI REVIEW  |  PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

In Ayurveda, there are many herbal extracts which have been identified and said to have the potential in treating tuberculosis. Although many other modern medicines have been found for the treatment of tuberculosis, the use of herbal extracts in treating tuberculosis is becoming more interesting and common due to the adverse reactions of modern medications. In this review, the various types, chemical constituents and the Anti tubercular activity of traditional herbal extracts has been discussed.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5308

Keywords - Herbal extracts, tuberculosis, treatment, adverse reactions

EVALUATION OF ANTI CARIES ACTIVITY OF Rubia cordifolia EXTRACT USED AS MOUTH WASH- AN in vivo PILOT STUDY |  PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Actinomyces viscosus have been identified as cariogenic organisms. In view of instances of development of resistance to currently used chemicals or antibiotics and side effects, search for alternatives has led to herbal compounds being used as antimicrobials. Rubia cordifolia also known as Indian madder is a commonly used herb in Ayurveda for the treatment of various medical conditions for its antioxidant, anti inflammatory and antimicrobial activity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti caries activity of Rubia cordifolia extract by assessing the colony forming units of Streptococcus mutans before and after the use of this extract.

Rubia cordifolia root powder was taken and methanol extract was prepared using Soxhlet apparatus. A total of 10 patients who satisfied the selection criteria of high caries risk group were included in the study and were asked to use the extract for 1 week. The patients were followed up after a week and their salivary levels of S. mutans were evaluated. Significant reduction in the colony forming units of S. mutans was evident after a week of use of the mouth wash. This study proved Rubia cordifolia extract as an effective anticaries mouthwash.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5309

Keywords - Dental caries, Streptococcus mutans, Rubia cordifolia, anticaries, colony forming units

ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF CHITOSAN ENCAPSULATED OMEGA 3-6-9 |  PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: Omega 3-6-9 fatty acid supplements contain omega 3, omega 6 and omega 9 fatty acids in the preferred proportions, usually 2:1:1. It is important to maintain a low omega 6 and 3 ratio to reduce inflammation. There must be a balance to be maintained between the requirements and intake of omega 3, 6 and 9. A balanced proportion is necessary for maintaining a healthy composure and preventing chronic diseases. It is preferred to maintain the ratio below 1:4. Chitosan is mainly used as a drug delivery system by encapsulating the substance to be delivered. Since chitosan is polycationic, It interacts with the mucous membrane which is negatively charged and adheres to it and thus increases the time of contact for the drug to penetrate through it. The omega 3-6-9 molecules are transported into the cell using chitosan encapsulation.

Aim: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of chitosan encapsulated omega 3-6-9.

Methodology: Preparation of chitosan encapsulated omega 3-6-9 is done using a magnetic stirrer. The chitosan and omega 3-6-9 oil are mixed in the proportion of 5:0.5 mg followed by the testing of its antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities by protein denaturation and DPPH assay respectively.

Results: Chitosan encapsulated omega 3-6-9 exhibit significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Both the antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity of the solution was seen to have a gradual increase with increased concentration. Maximum activity is seen at 50 μL.

Conclusion: From the present study it can be concluded that chitosan encapsulated omega 3-6-9 have a good anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity at high concentrations. This is a relatively novel concept but has good potential in the pharmaceutical industry.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5310

Keywords - Omega 3-6-9, chitosan, encapsulation, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant

GREEN SYNTHESIS OF Solanum trilobatum MEDIATED SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES AND ITS ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI-MICROBIAL ACTIVITY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Goal: The aim of the present study is to assess the anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activity of selenium nanoparticles mediated by Solanum trilobatum.

Materials and Methods: 1g of Solanum trilobatum powder with 0.519 g of sodium selenite with 50 ml of distilled water was used to prepare the plant extract. They then collected the extract and held it in a laboratory shaker for a few hours to synthesise selenium nanoparticles. The colour shift was detected every two hours and the readings were taken using a UV spectrometer.

Results and Discussion: Selenium nanoparticles showed a higher percentage of protein denaturation inhibition at 50 μL due to the anti-inflammatory impact. If the concentration increases, the inhibition percentage simultaneously increases. Effective inhibition against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus sp and Candida albicans was shown by the anti-microbial activity of Solanum trilobatum mediated selenium nanoparticles. In our research, antimicrobial activity showed a higher-than-standard inhibition zone against S. Lactobacillus and mutans. In our research, antifungal activity showed an inhibition zone against Candida albicans almost identical to the norm used.

Conclusion: Due to the altered and outstanding properties of nanoscale materials, nanoscience and nanotechnology have numerous promising applications. The current study has shown that SeNPs controlled by Solanum trilobatum have excellent anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity. So this present study will provide understanding and pave a way for new medicines to be developed that could replace the norm in the future.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5311

Keywords - Anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, green synthesis, oral pathogens, selenium nanoparticles.

BIOGENIC SYNTHESIS OF Solanum trilobatum MEDIATED BY SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES AND ITS CYTOTOXICITY AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Aim: To estimate the antioxidant and cytotoxicity activity of selenium nanoparticles-mediated Solanum trilobatum.

Introduction: One of the most essential medicinal plants emerging in the southern regions of India is Solanum trilobatum, commonly called thuthuvalai. It is traditionally used in the treatment of different ailments. Certain illnesses such as tuberculosis, respiratory disorders and bronchial asthma are said to be healed. Phytochemical analysis of different extracts, such as chloroform, S. water. The existence of secondary metabolites such as steroids, triterpenoids, carbohydrates, sugar reducers and phenolic compounds was demonstrated by trilobatum. S. Antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity activity, protective effect, haemolytic activity are said to be possessed by trilobatum.

Materials and Methods: The plant extract was prepared and the UV-Beckmann spectrometer was used to synthesise nanoparticles. The nanoparticles that were synthesised were then centrifuged. Following centrifugation, pellet collection was completed. This has been used to test various properties, such as antioxidants and cytotoxicity. The antioxidant property was tested as a normal solution using a DPPH assay where ascorbic acid was used. Wells were used for the cytotoxicity operation, where the mortality rate of the shrimps was calculated when selenium nanoparticle-mediated plant extracts of different concentrations were applied.

Results: In the case of cytotoxicity activity, solanum trilobatum induced by selenium nanoparticles showed elevated LD 50 in higher concentrations. In comparison with regular ascorbic acid, the plant extract mediated selenium nanoparticle had a major impact on antioxidant function.

Conclusion: Therefore, the selenium nanoparticle mediated by Solanum trilobatum expresses strong antioxidant activity and potent cytotoxicity. Hence, for further study, it can be taken up.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5312

Keywords - Selenium, antioxidant, cytotoxicity, Solanum trilobatum, nanoparticle.

ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY OF NEEM, CALCIUM HYDROXIDE AND COMBINATION OF BOTH AS AN INTRACANAL MEDICAMENT AGAINST E. faecalis - AN In vitro STUDY  | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Aim: To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Neem, calcium hydroxide and combination of both as an intracanal medicament against E. faecalis.

Background: Azadirachta indica is one of the most commonly used medicinal plant in India. Neem has many properties like antibacterial, antifungal activity against various pathogenic microorganisms. E. faecalis is a part of normal flora of the mouth and is an extremely resistant strain of microorganisms that is present even after endodontic treatment causing reinfections.

Materials and Methods: 2 g of Neem powder was diluted in 100 mL distilled water and was boiled for 10 minutes, this solution was filtered using a blotting paper into a beaker. The Neem extract was further reduced to 5 mL by boiling. It was then measured on agar plates using agar diffusion method. Muller Hinton Agar media was the selective media for the growth of E. faecalis. Agar diffusion method was used to assess the antimicrobial efficiency. The test groups were Group A: Neem, Group B: Calcium Hydroxide, Group C: Neem + Calcium Hydroxide. Zone of inhibition was measured. The values were subjected to statistical analysis. The significance level was set at 0.05.

Results: All three groups exhibited antimicrobial property against E. faecalis. Zone of inhibition was greater for Group B (21 mm) followed by Group C (17 mm) and Group A (16 mm) against E. faecalis. Kruskal Wallis analysis showed significant difference between the groups (p<0.05, p-0.00193).

Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, all three groups exhibited antimicrobial property against E. faecalis. Calcium hydroxide performed better than calcium hydroxide-Neem combination followed by Neem extract alone against E. faecalis.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5313

Keywords - E. faecalis, antimicrobial efficacy, neem, calcium hydroxide.

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESISED USING Andrographis paniculata AND Phyllanthus niruri | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: The nanostructured noble metals have gained popularity in several medical applications such as molecular imaging, drug delivery, diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. Silver nanoparticles synthesized using plant extract will be eco-friendly, simple and reliable methods offering therapeutic options which are safe, free of side effects and effective for a wide range of diseases. In our study we have chosen Andrographis paniculata and Phyllanthus niruri which are widely used in Ayurveda for problems of the stomach, GIT and to treat chronic fever.

Aim: The aim of the present study is to analyze the anti-inflammatory activity of Andrographis paniculata and Phyllanthus niruri on plant mediated silver nanoparticles

Materials and Method: Andrographis paniculata and Phyllanthus niruri plant leaves were collected and extract was prepared. 1 Milli molar of silver nitrate was added to 90 ml double distilled water and to this 10 ml of prepared plant extract was added.  The synthesized stable silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV- Vis spectroscopy, which showed shift peak at 550 nm. The anti-inflammatory activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized using plant extract was investigated by albumin denaturation assay.

Results: The silver nanoparticles synthesized using the plant extract shows that the maximum inhibition obtained was 62% at 100 µg/ml which is comparatively less than the standard diclofenac sodium.

Conclusion: The silver nanoparticles synthesized using the plant extract acts as a potent anti-inflammatory agent. It can be recommended as a potential anti-inflammatory agent for further in-depth pharmacological studies in vivo and can be used as a replacement to the commercially available drugs.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5314

Keywords - Andrographis paniculata, Phyllanthus niruri, silver nanoparticles, anti-inflammatory, plant extract.

ANTIOXIDANT AND CYTOTOXIC EFFECTS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESISED USING HING OIL | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Aim: To find out the antioxidant and cytotoxic effect of Hing oil mediated silver nanoparticles syntheszsed .

Materials and Methods: 0.5mL of hing oil was dissolved in 99.5 mL of distilled water in a conical flask and to this 0.0169gm of silver nitrate was added; the reaction mixture was kept in an orbital shaker with magnetic stirrer and  the colour change was noted. Every hour the absorbance was noted using UV-Visible spectroscopy and the final product was centrifuged for 10 minutes and nanoparticles were collected. DPPH assay was carried out with standard procedure to evaluate the antioxidant activity and brine shrimps assay technique to assess the cytotoxic effect.

Results and Discussion: UV-Visible spectroscopy of Hing oil mediated silver nanoparticles showed peak at 420 nm indicating the formation of silver nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopic images of selenium nanoparticles showed the particle size ranging from 10- 55 nm.  The DPPH assay technique showed a dose dependent antioxidant activity of hing oil mediated silver nanoparticles. The antioxidant activity at 10 μl, 20 μl, 30 μl, 40 μl 50 μl was 65.8%, 68.1% 68.5% 69.1% 99.5%  respectively. However, cytotoxic activity was not here with the hing oil mediated silver nanoparticle in any of the concentration used.

Conclusion: The present study has concluded that silver nanoparticles synthesized from the   Hing oil possess a very good antioxidant effect and it does not have any  cytotoxic effect because all the brine shrimps were alive. Hence it is bio-friendly and may  be used for beneficial  biomedical application.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5315

Keywords - Silver nanoparticles, hing oil, DPPH assay, brine shrimps.

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF TULSI AND TURMERIC ASSISTED COPPER NANO PARTICLE | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: Nanotechnology applied to medicine and dentistry will bring significant advances in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases. Fungal infections are common throughout much of the natural world. In humans, fungal infections occur when an invading fungus takes over an area of the body and is too much for the immune system to handle. Development of more effective and less toxic antifungal agents are required for the treatment of Several fungal diseases. Plants and their extraction preparations have been recently used as medicines against infectious diseases. Tulsi Has several therapeutic mechanisms, including adaptogenic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective and immunomodulatory results. There are various biological effects of turmeric, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antitumor function properties In this research the main aim of this study is to analyse the Antifungal activity of Tulsi (O. sanctum) and Turmeric(Curcuma longa) assisted with copper nanoparticle, Antifungal activities of the synthesized tulsi and turmeric derivatives were reported against (Candida albicans).

Materials and Methods: Used were 0.5 g turmeric was added to 100 ml of distilled water and boiled for 5 min at 50 degree Celsius. And 1.77 g of CuSo4 was added, after adding copper sulphate and centrifuging, some characteristic colour change was observed in the extract.

Results and Discussion: This samples was used against Candida albicans which was prepared invito.  The zone of incubation was 15 mm for dosage of extract in the well of size 150.

Conclusion: This concludes that the combination of Tulsi and turmeric with copper extract has shown better results in anti-fungal activity.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5316

Keywords – Copper Nano Particle,  Antifulgal, antimicrobial, cardioprotective and immunomodulatory

EFFICACY OF Aloe vera GEL AS AN ADJUNCT TO SCALING AND ROOT PLANING IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Periodontal diseases are one of the most common chronic diseases affecting the oral cavity. There are various treatment modalities available for the treatment of periodontitis. Herbal agents have gained much attention as an adjunct treatment modality because of its minimal side effects.

Aim: To assess the efficacy of Aloe vera gel as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the management of chronic periodontitis.

Materials and Methods: 20 chronic periodontitis patients with pocket depth of 4-5 mm bilaterally were chosen and in one site only SRP alone was performed and on the other site SRP was combined with the use of Aloe vera gel. Clinical parameters used in this study were probing pocket depth, gingival index and plaque index. The parameters were recorded at baseline & after 3 weeks.

Results: There was a reduction in the mean probing pocket depth from 5 mm to 4.213 mm in case of scaling and root planing alone and a drastic reduction from 5 mm to 2.488 mm in the site where Aloe vera gel was used as an adjunct to SRP. We observed a reduction in the mean gingival index from 2.58 mm to 1.375 mm for scaling and root planing alone and a significant reduction from 2.50 mm to 0.55 mm in the site where Aloe vera gel was used as an adjunct to SRP.  There was no statistically significant reduction in plaque index values between SRP alone and SRP combined with Aloe vera gel as an adjunct.

Conclusion: According to this study, SRP combined with Aloe vera as an adjunctive therapy resulted in significant improvement in probing pocket depth and gingival index in chronic periodontitis patients.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5316

Keywords – Aloe vera, periodontitis, plaque, gingiva, periodontium, scaling, root planning.

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF CINNAMON - CLOVE MEDIATED SILVER NANOPARTICLES AGAINST Candida albicans  | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Human infections caused by Candida albicans range from common oral thrush to fatal systemic superinfections in patients who are afflicted with other diseases. The antifungal actions of silver nanoparticles have been broadly investigated in comparison with other metals. Clove and cinnamon are recognised for their antimicrobial properties.

Aim: This study was conducted to assess the antifungal activity of cinnamon-clove mediated silver nanoparticles against Candida albicans.

Materials and Methods: The herbal powders were procured. An aqueous extract was prepared and centrifuged after maximum activity was noted by UV visible spectroscopy. Various concentrations of the silver nanoparticles containing cinnamon and clove combinations were added into the inoculated culture plates. The zones of inhibition were calculated by disk diffusion method.

Results: Cinnamon-clove mediated silver nanoparticles have good antifungal activity (10 mm-zone of inhibition) in their highest concentration.

Conclusion: Cinnamon and clove mediated silver nanoparticles were studied and their wider zones of inhibition were suggestive of good antifungal efficiency but not as good as the control. This new formulation can be incorporated into natural mouthwashes and probiotic lozenges for use against oral pathogens like Candida albicans, which is positively associated with oral thrush.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5318

Keywords – Antifungal, Amphotericin B, cinnamon, clove, silver nanoparticles

In vitro CYTOTOXIC EFFECT OF ZIRCONIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLE AND ITS ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AGAINST ORAL PATHOGENS  | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: From last decay nanotechnology is playing advance in various fields in the research field. Nanoparticles are the most required scientific tool that acts as a bridge between atomic or molecular or atomic structure with bulk material. They have unique      properties like magnetic, optical and excellent in catalytic. In this study we are going to see the In vitro cytotoxic effect of zirconium oxide nanoparticle and its antibacterial activity against oral pathogens.

Materials and Methods: Zirconium oxide nanoparticles are synthesized by taking Azadirachta indica and aloe vera plant extract and nanoparticle powder is prepared. And then in vitro cytotoxic effect is done by using brine shrimp lethal assay.And then antibacterial activity test is done against the oral pathogens.

Results: Zirconium oxide nanoparticles are toxic if the concentration is increased but in lower concentrations the function is best. The action against the oral pathogens. In small concentrations S. aureus showed an 8mm zone of inhibition when the concentration increased S. mutans showed 11mm zone of inhibition.

Conclusion: The zirconium oxide nanoparticles can be used as antibacterial agents against the oral pathogens in small quantities. Thus in future nanoparticles are going to role the developing countries in various fields of medicine.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5319

Keywords – Antifungal, Amphotericin B, cinnamon, clove, silver nanoparticles

ANTI-FUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED USING Symplocos racemosa AGAINST Candida albicans | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: When left unchecked, Candida albicans emerges as an important cause for morbidity and mortality in debilitated patients. However, with proper inhibitory measures, we can curb its excessive proliferation. Thus, the aim of our study was to examine the plausible antifungal potential of selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) synthesized using the bark of Symplocos racemosa (Sr) against Candida albicans (Ca).

Materials and Methods: Sr was powdered and made into a filtered herbal formulation. Sodium selenite solution was added to it and the conjunction was kept in an orbital shaker for the     synthesis of nanoparticles. The Se-NPs were characterized by UV-vis-spectroscopy and were then centrifuged until the final pellet was collected and powdered. A fresh fungal suspension of Ca was dispersed on a Rose Bengal Agar plate and the Agar Well Diffusion method was used. Different concentrations of Se-NPs (50, 100 and 150) μL were incorporated into the wells and were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Fluconazole used as a positive control and the zones of inhibition were recorded.

Results: A colour change was observed after the synthesis of Se-NPs. The prepared particles were then characterized by a peak seen at 285 nm in UV-vis-spectroscopy. The zone of inhibition increased in size with an increase in Se-NP concentration. Fluconazole was the most effective against Ca closely followed by 150 μL of our Se-NPs.

Conclusion: Se-NPs synthesized using Sr is an effective antifungal agent against Ca. It is eco-friendly, rapid and easy to synthesize. They are potentially an inexpensive solution for Ca.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5320

Keywords – Selenium nanoparticles, Symplocos racemosa, antifungal, Candida albicans, candidiasis

In vitro ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLES AND ITS INCORPORATED LYCOPENE | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Nanotechnology has found its use in several applications including dental diagnosis, materials and therapeutics thus gaining increased popularity in the dental perspectives. Lycopene belongs to the carotenoids that show good pharmacological properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer. Chitosan may be a biodegradable, biocompatible polymer considered safe for human dietary use and approved for wound dressing applications. In the field of dentistry, chitosan has been used for the prevention of tooth decay as it eliminates bacteria and provides bacteriostatic properties. Hence this study aims to identify the in vitro antioxidant activity of chitosan nanoparticles and its incorporated Lycopene.

Materials and Methods: This In vitro study was done at Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals. The collection and preparation of lycopene extract was done and stored for further use. Synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles was done with the addition of glacial acetic acid along with Sodium Tripolyphosphate (STPP). Centrifugation was done and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles was done using ultraviolet UV-Viz-spectroscopy. The antioxidant activity of chitosan nanoparticles was measured and compared using the standard ascorbic acid assay.

Results: The results of our study show that the antioxidant activity of chitosan nanoparticles and chitosan-lycopene nanocomposite solution has increased activity when compared to the standard ascorbic acid. Hence, these lycopene mediated chitosan nanoparticles have the potential to be used as an effective antioxidant agent.

Conclusion: As the above study showed effective activity of chitosan-lycopene solution, hence it can be used as an effective antioxidant agent for the management of chronic inflammatory diseases. Lycopene loaded chitosan nanoparticles may show a great promise for the development of a drug delivery system by enhancing the cellular accumulation of lycopene with chitosan.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5321

Keywords – Antioxidant, chitosan, herbal, in vitro, lycopene, nanosynthesis

IN SEARCH OF ECONOMICALLY INTERESTING TREES IN THE ARGAN (Argania spinosa L. SKEELS) GROVE  | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

In This work, we have studied the phenotypic variability of the argan tree (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels, Sapotaceae) with different morphological characteristics (spindle, oval, apical and spherical) in the Tamanr region of the province of Essaouira in southeast of Morocco. The study of this work was undertaken with the aim of researching in the argan forest the shape of the fruit of economically interesting argan trees, for in the end allowing to increase the industrial then commercial value of the argan tree in the world and can protect the argan trees. To carry out this work, we selected 23 different samples by their shape or coming from different altitudes of the province of regions of the city of Essaouira. The results of the study of the phenotypic variability of the argan tree allow us to conclude that the percentage of three almonds / fruits, the percentage of two almonds / fruits, the percentages of fat and protein in the almonds and the percentage of pulp / fruits are higher in fruits which they have an oval and spherical shape. On the other hand, the almond of the oval argan tree is very rich in fat (52%) (sample 22). The result of this work also shows that the percentage of almond moisture of all the sample is higher in lot E which it is approached from the sea (plateau 12 km from the sea). This work clearly shows that the argan tree of the oval or spherical shape are economically argan trees is the most interesting and the differences observed in the study of weight are not only related to the shape but also depend on the nature of the soil and altitude, longitude and distance from the sea.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5300

Keywords – Arganier, variability, phenotypic, shapes, oval, spherical, marketing.

ALTERATION IN SALIVARY pH AND VIABILITY OF Streptococcus mutans BEFORE AND AFTER CHEWING TULSI (Ocimum sanctum) AND BETEL (Piper betle) LEAVES  | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Dental caries is the most common non-communicable disease worldwide and it occurs due to interaction of host, agent and environmental factors. Host factors includes salivary pH, composition, tooth morphology etc. The most common commensal that is associated with dental caries are S. mutans and lactobacillus.  The primary treatment for dental caries involves removal of the carious lesion and filling with a restorable material which is costly and puts a financial burden. This brings attention to alternative preventable and treatment options that are economical, safe, and effective.

Aim: To assess the alteration in the salivary pH and viability of Streptococcus mutans before and after chewing betel and tulsi leaves.

Materials and Materials: The study was carried out on 30 patients. Two samples were collected per patient, one before(sample 1) and one after chewing tulsi and betel leaves (sample 2), respectively. The change in pH and viability of S. mutans was assessed. The obtained data was exported to excel and later in SPSS software and the paired t-test was done with statistical significance set at p<0.05.

Results: The results obtained from the study showed a statistically significant change in the pH of the samples, where the mean pH of sample 1 was 7 and that of sample 2 was 6.6 (p> 0.05, statistically significant). Also, there was a statistically significant decrease in the colony count of S.mutans after chewing Tulsi and Betel leaves and the mean colonies produced before chewing (sample 1) was 60 CFU and that after chewing  Tulsi and Betel leaves  (sample 2) was 43 CFU (p>0.05, statistically significant).

Conclusion: Within the limits of the study, the results obtained showed a statistical difference in both salivary pH and viability of S. mutans before and after chewing Tulsi and Betel leaves. There was a decrease in the pH and increased antibacterial activity after chewing Tulsi and Betel leaves. Seeing the potentials of Tulsi and Betel leaves, employment of these can be taken into consideration for the prevention of dental caries.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5323

Keywords – Streptococcus mutans, tulsi leaves, Betel leaves, oral health, preventive measures, dental caries, saliva

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF TAMARIND FRUIT PULP MEDIATED SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES ISOLATED FROM WOUNDS  | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) are gaining importance in pharmaceutical industries. Se NPs exhibit low cytotoxicity compared to Selenium (Se) compounds and they are found to possess excellent anticancer and other therapeutic activities. Wound healing is one of the major concerns among health care practitioners and scientists. Poor wound healing not only causes trauma to the patient but increases the burden of financial resources and requirement for cost effective management within the healthcare system

Aim: To do an In vitro study on the antibacterial activity of tamarind fruit pulp mediated selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) against E. coli, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas sp. isolated from wounds.

Materials and Methods: Green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles was done using tamarind extract. Synthesised nanoparticles were confirmed by spectrophotometer. The synthesised nanoparticles were centrifuged. Three petri plates with Muller Hinton agar were prepared. Three plates were streaked with three bacterial species – one in each with E. coli, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas sp. Three wells were created. 100 μL each of tamarind mediated nanoparticle, tamarind mediated nanoparticle + antibiotic and antibiotic alone  was added in each well and ZOI was measured after 24 hours.

Results: Tamarind fruit pulp mediated SeNPs showed good antibacterial activity. Antibacterial activity of Tamarind SeNPs was better with a zone of inhibition of   30 mm compared to amoxicillin against E. coli which was 22 mm. The nanoparticle combination showed   synergistic activity with amoxicillin against Klebsiella sp. 31 mm as a zone of inhibition and comparatively less activity was shown against Pseudomonas sp. 11 mm

Conclusion: Tamarind fruit pulp mediated selenium nanoparticles showed good inhibitory activity on   E. coli, Klebsiella isolated from wounds. It showed synergistic activity with amoxicillin against Klebsiella. However, its activity against Pseudomonas was less. Therefore, Tamarind fruit pulp mediated selenium nanoparticles may be useful against infections caused by E. coli and Klebsiella.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5324

Keywords – Tamarind, wound healing, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), antibacterial activity, green synthesis.

ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF LYCOPENE EXTRACT AGAINST ORAL PATHOGENS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of lycopene extract against oral pathogens.

Materials and Methods: Lycopene extract was prepared and the antimicrobial activity was tested against Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans (gram +), and Lactobacillus sp. 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl ( DPPH )radical scavenging assay was used to test antioxidant activity. 2 ml of lycopene extract in the concentration range of 10-50 μl was prepared, Absorbance value was measured spectrophotometrically at 517 nm.  To measure the antioxidant activity the DPPH radical scavenging assay was used. 2 ml of lycopene extract in the concentration range of 10-50 μl was prepared in 50% methanol solution and was added to equal volume of 0.1 mM of DPPH solution. The reaction mixture was incubated for 30 min in dark at room temperature. Absorbance value was measured spectrophotometrically at 517 nm.

Results: From present study we can infer that for antimicrobial activity the zone of inhibition of  lycopene at a concentration of 50 µl was 8 for S. mutans, Lactobacillus and Candida,  at concentration of 100 µl was 9,10 and 8 for S. mutans, Lactobacillus and Candida respectively, at concentration of 150 µl was 13,14 and 9 for S. mutans, Lactobacillus and Candida respectively. The zone inhibition of lycopene was maximum for lactobacillus at concentration of 150 µl.

Conclusion: Lycopene with increase in concentration has increased antioxidant activity but was comparatively less when compared to the standard ascorbic acid. Even Though lycopene didn’t have much antioxidant and antimicrobial activity compared to the standard ascorbic acid and amoxicillin antibiotic, it can be used as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial drug in periodontics for the treatment of periodontal diseases without any side-effects like the chemical drugs which are used commonly.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5325

Keywords – Antimicrobial, antioxidant, lycopene, nanoparticles, oral pathogens

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF COPPER NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESISED USING Symplocos racemosa BARK | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: The combination of metal nanoparticles is a rising region of research and innovation with potential application in plant insurance. Symplocos racemosa has various uses such as stimulating appetite, good for eyes, helps in digestion and used in cough and acidity. In the present investigation, with an eco-accommodating methodology, an advantageous strategy was embraced, where copper nanoparticles are biosynthesised extracellularly by utilising Symplocos racemosa. Nanoparticles have been used in various practical applications. Copper nanoparticles act as good antibacterial agents also. Copper nanoparticles are used widely due to their heat transfer process such as high thermal conductivity.

Materials and Methods: Lodhra bark “(Symplocos racemosa)” was collected from the market and copper nanoparticles were synthesised using Symplocos racemosa. It was mixed with 100 ml of distilled water thoroughly and boiled for 3-5 mins in a heating mantle then filtered using filter paper. CuSO4 solution was added and lodhra bark was extracted. The solution is kept in a shaker and reading was taken for every 2 hours.

Results: There are various methods to prepare copper nanoparticles and those methods are greener, environment suitable, cheap and also best compared to other conventional methods. It has high surface area, low production cost, catalytic activity compared to other precision metals. From the graph obtained, we can observe that copper nanoparticles have significant antifungal activity.

Conclusion: Therefore it can be concluded that copper nanoparticles have significant antifungal activity especially when it is synthesised using Symplocos racemosa, it can be used as a better drug of choice.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5327

Keywords – Copper nanoparticles, Symplocos racemosa, antifungal activity, nanotechnology.

SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING Andrographis paniculata AND Phyllanthus niruri FORMULATION AND ITS ORAL PATHOGEN CONTROL | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Aim: To synthesize silver nanoparticles using Andrographis paniculata and Phyllanthus niruri formation and its oral pathogen control.

Introduction: Silver nanoparticles are recognized more and more these days because of its wide range of application in all fields of study. Silver nanoparticles are synthesized using the plants Andrographis paniculata and Phyllanthus niruri which were used for traditional medicine in olden days. In this study we are synthesizing silver nanoparticles using green synthesis and finding its effects against oral pathogens.

Materials and Methods: 1. Collection of Andrographis paniculata and Phyllanthus niruri.

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using an herbal formulation using Andrographis paniculata and Phyllanthus niruri.

To conclude the oral pathogen growth in in vitro with agar well method of pathogen control test with gram positive round shaped bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Pseudomonas species and Enterococcus species.

Results: The silver nanoparticles can be synthesized using herbal formulation using Andrographis paniculata and Phyllanthus niruri. They had a useful action against oral pathogens with less side effects.

Conclusion: The silver nanoparticles were synthesized using herbal formulation of Andrographis paniculata and Phyllanthus niruri. The silver nanoparticles had activity against oral pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Pseudomonas species and Enterococcus species and can be helpful in the health care centre to use against various diseases with least side effects.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5328

Keywords – Andrographis paniculata, Phyllanthus niruri, silver nanoparticles, green synthesis, oral pathogen control.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES PREPARED USING CORIANDER OLEORESIN  | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Aim and Background: Coriander oleoresin is a natural food additive used to mask the unpleasant taste of various medicines in the pharmaceutical industry. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have a wide range of applications and can be prepared from various herbal extracts. In this study, coriander oleoresin mediated ZnONPs were prepared and evaluated for its antioxidant activity.

Materials and Methods: Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using coriander oleoresin, zinc sulphate and distilled water and kept in an orbital shaker to ensure constant mixing. The formation of nanoparticles was confirmed both visually and spectrophotometrically. The coriander oleoresin mediated ZnONPs were evaluated for its antioxidant activity using DPPH assay and was compared with the standard, ascorbic acid.

Results and Discussion: The peak of nanoparticle formation was observed at 650 nm. The DPPH assay revealed a dose-dependent antioxidant activity of Coriander oleoresin mediated ZnONPs. The highest percentage inhibition obtained was 87.9% with 50 μL, the maximum concentration of nanoparticle used for the study compared with the standard 92.2%.

Conclusion: The present study revealed that ZnONPs prepared using Coriander oleoresin exhibited good antioxidant activity in comparison with ascorbic acid. The antioxidant property of Coriander oleoresin mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles may be used for a wide range of applications where antioxidant is required after further validation.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5329

Keywords – Coriander oleoresin, DPPH, antioxidant activity, zinc oxide nanoparticles.

PREPARATION OF MOUTHWASH USING LYCOPENE - CHITOSAN NANOCOMPOSITE AND ITS CYTOTOXIC AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES - AN In vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Application of chitosan in dentifrices or mouthwash is limited, several studies have shown that it is extremely effective in destroying bacteria as well as reducing plaque film and gingivitis. Lycopene can function as a potent scavenger of Hypochlorous acid at a wide range of concentration that may span various pathophysiological and supplemental ranges. Therefore combining both using nanotechnology would be beneficial for the exploitation of new generations of antimicrobial agents and for the development of new biomedicine.

Aim: The study aims to prepare lycopene mediated chitosan based mouthwash and to assess its antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects.

Materials and Methods: The study involved the preparation of lycopene mediated chitosan based mouthwash from their extracts. Assessment of cytotoxic and antimicrobial effects of mouthwash was done. In order to test its cytotoxicity a primary level animal testing on brine shrimps was conducted using the standard brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA) method and agar diffusion method was used to assess its antimicrobial properties.

Results: The study reveals that the mouthwash prepared had better antimicrobial properties while evaluating it by agar diffusion methods and cytotoxicity levels which were calculated in relation to the mortality rates of the BSLA are directly proportional to the concentration of the nanoparticle used. This gives an insight into the safety and drug dosage levels.

Conclusion: The study can be concluded that the lycopene mediated chitosan based mouthwash being studied shows great potential in the field of dentistry. Cytotoxicity levels of the mouthwash exhibits acceptable toxicity at concentrations below 10 μL however at higher concentrations it shows a significant toxicity and also showed better antimicrobial properties as the zone of inhibition (ZOI) increased with the concentration of lycopene mediated chitosan based mouthwash.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5330

Keywords – Antimicrobial properties, chitosan, cytotoxicity, lycopene, nanotechnology

ANTIMICROBIAL AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF Adhatoda vasica MEDIATED COPPER NANO PARTICLE  | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Aim: The aim of the study is to investigate the antimicrobial and cytotoxic effect of Adhatoda vasica mediated copper nanoparticles.

Introduction: Conventional medical drugs have specific targets, but typically also cause significant side effects. Throughout Ayurveda, the conventional form of Indian medicine is commonly referred to as vasaca, which may be a well-known herb in the indigenous drug system. It acts as a sedative, expectorant, antispasmodic, anthelmintic, bronchial antiseptic and bronchodilator.

Materials and Methods: Copper nanoparticles were synthesised separately and then mixed in equal proportion with the prepared plant extract. Centrifugation was done and the pellets were collected separately after the process for further testing. Microorganisms such as S. mutans, Lactobacillus and Candida albicans were chosen and cultured in respective culture media. The Copper Nanoparticles synthesised is introduced into cultured petri plates to observe the changes. For calculating the cytotoxic activity, dividing the estimated number of dead nauplii to the total number and the proportion of motility was calculated.

Results: The zone of inhibition was found to be increasing in both bacterial and fungal species as the concentration of A. vasica CuNP increases. Therefore, A. vasica CuNP was shown to have more effective antimicrobial activity than the standard antibiotics. The cytotoxic effect of A. vasica CuNP shows that as the concentration increases there is a significant increase in the percentage of lethality.

Conclusion: As a result, Adhatoda vasica mediated CuNP expresses good antimicrobial activity and it tends to have a potent cytotoxic activity. Hence this can be taken for further evaluation.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5331

Keywords – Adhatoda vasica, copper nanoparticle, green synthesis, antimicrobial activity, cytotoxic activity

GREEN SYNTHESIS OF L-THEANINE MEDIATED SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR ANTI INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI OXIDANT PROPERTY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: In recent years, the development of potent green chemistry techniques for making metal nanoparticles has become a prime focus of researchers. They have delved in order to discover an eco-friendly method for production of well-characterized nanoparticles. One of the most advised techniques is production of metal nanoparticles with the help of organisms. Among these organisms plants seem to be the best entrants and they are suitable for large-scale biosynthesis of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles produced by plants are very much stable and the level of synthesis is quicker when compared to microorganisms.

Methodology: In Anti inflammatory, 2 mL of 1% Bovine Albumin fraction was mixed with 400 µL of L-theanine mediated Ag NP in different concentrations (10-50 µg/ml). In Antioxidant, 2 mL of L-theanine mediated Ag NP in the concentration range of 10-50-µg/mL was prepared in 50% methanol solution and added to DPPH solution.

Results and Discussion: When compared with the standard solution, the nanoparticle solution used is very close to being apt as the anti oxidant and the anti inflammatory and only has a slight variation. And the variation being very slight, it can be introduced into the market as a natural product unlike the standard which is a synthetic product.

Conclusion: L-theanine mediated silver nanoparticles are a good anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant substance. Its activity increases with increase in dosage.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5332

Keywords – L-theanine, silver nanoparticles, anti inflammatory, antioxidant, DPPH, BSA

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF GRAPE SEED EXTRACT MEDIATED ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES - AN In vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Nanotechnology is rapidly growing in various fields of science like medicinal, agricultural, physical and material sciences. Zinc oxide is used as an important ingredient in many enzymes, sun screens and ointments for pain. Zinc oxide nanoparticles are unique in that   they can be produced with high surface areas and with unusual wurtzite hexagonal crystal structures.

Aim: The aim of the current study was to analyse the antifungal activity of grape seed mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles.

Materials and Methods: The grape seed powder (Vitis vinifera) was acquired. An aqueous extract was prepared and mixed with zinc sulphate for zinc oxide nanoparticles formation and centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 10 minutes. The extract was then placed in the well cultured agar plates against Candida albicans and incubated for 24 hours at 37ºC. The zones of inhibition were calculated.

Results: Grape seed mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles have good antifungal activity with the zone of inhibition of 16 mm in the highest concentration and it was compared with the fluconazole which showed a zone of inhibition of 30 mm.

Conclusion: The antifungal activity of grape seed extract mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles were studied and their wider zones of inhibition were suggestive of good antifungal activity.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5333

Keywords – Antifungal, Candida, grape seed, nanoparticles

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESISED USING GRAPE SEED EXTRACT: AN in vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Zinc oxide nanoparticles have received much attention recently due to its properties such as its extensive antimicrobial activity, eco-friendliness, and simplicity. ZnO especially has special attention due to its excellent antibacterial nature. In addition to these properties, Zinc oxide nanoparticles were also found to be less toxic in in-vitro tests. In the current study we have chosen grape seed due to its protection against oxidative damage, and anti-cholesterol, anti-diabetic and antiplatelet properties.

Aim: The aim of the current study was to analyse the antioxidant activity of grape seed mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles.

Materials and Methods: Collected grape seeds were powdered and stored in an air-sealed container. 1g of grape seed extract was mixed with 100 ml of distilled water and is boiled for 15 minutes. This solution is then filtered, to which 20 ml distilled water is added. To this solution 0.862 g of zinc oxide is added and was subjected to constant stirring untitled the formation of white suspension. This is centrifuged for 10 minutes and the antioxidant property against DPPH free radical scavenger is assessed.

Results: The percentage inhibition was only 43.8% when the concentration was 5 μl, at 10 μl it was 46.4%, at 15 μl it was 49.9%, at 20 μl it was 58.3% and at 25 μl it was 60.2%. It was observed from the spectra that the extract at 517 nm had highest radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 25 μl (60.2%), which is indicative of significant antioxidant activity as potent as DPPH itself.

Conclusion: The zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the grape seed extract acts as a potent antioxidant agent with least side effects. Further clinical trials can be conducted in the future and can be used as a replacement to the commercially available drugs.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5334

Keywords – Nanoparticles, antioxidant, grape seed, zinc oxide

ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF Phyllanthus niruri MEDIATED SILVER NANOPARTICLES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Aim: The aim of study is to evaluate the characterization and anti-fungal property of Phyllanthus niruri mediated silver nanoparticle

Introduction: Phyllanthus niruri is a tropical plant discovered in coastal areas also called as gale of the wind, stonebreaker or seed-under-leaf. The plant is of therapeutic significance for various illness like, influenza, vaginal inflammation, cancer, diabetes mellitus, diuretics, icterus, nephrolithiasis, indigestion. Green synthesis of nanoparticles denotes an improvement over other techniques  because it is manageable, profitable, and fairly reproducible, and often results in more stable materials.Nanotechnology produced substances of various types at nanoscale level. ZnO NPs can proceed as smart weapons against multiple drug-resistant microorganisms and as an alternative for antibiotics.

Materials and Methods: Preparation of Phyllanthus niruri mediated silver nanoparticles was followed by antioxidant activity evaluated by DPPH activity and antimicrobial activity. 

Results: The study shows that Phyllanthus niruri have great potential as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial source. DPPH radical-scavenging activity of all the extracts of Ph. niruri revealed very high potency. The standard solution used showed 85% of inhibition.

Conclusion: The antibacterial and antifungal effect of Phyllanthus niruri mediated AgNP which were evaluated against the pathogen lactobacillus, S. mutans, C. albicans showed a significant activity. Anti oxidant activity by inhibition of the DPPH radical in vitro showed that the Phyllanthus niruri AgNP was equally potent compared to Standard Ascorbic acid. DPPH radical-scavenging activity of all the extracts of Ph. niruri revealed very high potency. The standard solution used showed 85% of inhibition to the acid radical.ZnO NPs can proceed as smart weapons against multiple drug-resistant microorganisms and as an alternative for antibiotics.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5335

Keywords – Candida albicans, DPPH, green synthesis, Phyllanthus niruri, silver nanoparticle

SYNERGISTIC ANTI INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF CHLOROGENIC ACID AND L – THEANINE | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Objective: To examine the synergistic influence of L theanine and chlorogenic acid on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory function.

Introduction: Chlorogenic acid ,an ester of caffeic acid and quinic acid is a major phenolic compound in coffee ,daily intake in coffee drinkers is 0.5-1g .Chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid are antioxidants in vitro and might therefore contribute to the prevention of cardiovascular disease. The antioxidant activities are due to phenolic compounds which are important in biological systems because of their production of ROS which may be related to degenerative disease processes such as DNA damage, lipid peroxidation etc. L- theanine is a water soluble amino acid isolated from green tea. Camellia sinensis teas have attracted a great deal of attention due to their numerous health benefits, including antioxidant, hypoglycaemic, anti carcinogenic, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory activities.

Materials and Methods: Chlorogenic Acid and L-Theanine filtered compounds were used. DPPH radical scavenging was used to determine the antioxidant activity and the albumin denaturation inhibition assay was used to determine the anti inflammatory activity.

Results and Discussion: In a concentration based manner, the compound showed both antioxidant and anti inflammatory activity. The synergistic effect thus exhibits antioxidant activity and anti inflammatory activity.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5337

Keywords – Chlorogenic acid, L-Theanine, anti inflammatory, anti oxidant, caffeic acid, Bovine serum albumin (BSA), DPPH

PREPARATION OF SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES USING HERBAL FORMULATION AND ITS ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY: AN in vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Compared to different organic and inorganic sources of selenium compounds, selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) have excellent biocompatibility, bioefficacy, and low toxicity. Se NPs also show positive therapeutic efficacy against various conditions driven by oxidative stress and inflammation.

Goal: The aim of the study was to check the antioxidant activity of the herbal formulations of cloves and cinnamon.

Materials and methods: Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) were powdered and weighed with 5 grammes of powdered cloves and 5 grammes of powdered cinnamon and blended with 100 ml of distilled water. There was a prepared aqueous extract. The extract was then tested using the DPPH assay for antioxidant activity.

Results: Clove and cinnamon extract aqua alcoholic extract showed the highest absorption at a concentration of 10 μl (42.5 percent) when subjected to a DPPH assay to verify its antioxidant function at a wavelength of 355 nm.

Conclusion: It can be inferred that selenium nanoparticles mediated by cloves and cinnamon have the potential to be used as an efficient antioxidant. It can also be employed in large-scale manufacturing and used in many medicinal applications.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5338

Keywords – Antioxidant, cinnamon, clove, selenium nanoparticles

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF Symploccous racemosa MEDIATED COPPER NANOPARTICLES AGAINST Streptococcus mutans | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: Symploccocus racemosa plants are very useful in various aspects of pharmacology. The copper nanoparticles are smaller in size, providing the microbes with a wide surface area for interaction. The CuNPs were being tested by SEM, TEM for finding the copper nano particles. To assess the activity of the CuNPs on Streptococcus mutans, anti-bacterial activity was carried out.

Materials and methods: preparation of the root extract: fresh lodhra bark was extracted and ground until the fine powder was made. They mixed 1 g of this powder with 100 ml of distilled water. The extract was boiled in the heating mantle for 3 to 5 minutes and was filtered.

CuNP preparation: 0.861 g of copper sulphate powder was added and added to 50 ml of distilled water; the extract of the lodhra bark was added. In a shaker, the solution was held and the readings were taken.

Antibacterial activity: on the surface of the Muller Hington agar plates, fresh bacterial suspension has been dispersed. The different concentrations of CuNPs were incorporated into the wells and incubated for 24 hours at 37 degrees Celsius.

Result and Discussion: On each plate, the diameter of the inhibition zone was registered. The change in colour was suggestive of CuNP formation and was further confirmed by the UV-vis spectrophotometer.

Conclusion: CuNPs mediated with sensitizedlodhra bark showed high antibacterial activity against S. Among other oral pathogenes, mutans. These nanoparticles can be used in further studies to cure diseases, as they can be effective in the management of sensitive microorganisms.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5339

Keywords – Lodhra bark, antibacterial activity, UV-vis spectrophotometer, Streptococcus mutans

ANTI INFLAMMATORY AND CYTOTOXIC EFFECT OF CLOVE AND CINNAMON HERBAL FORMULATION | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Inflammation, such as dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis and oral mucosal lesions, is the main finding in oral diseases. In order to reduce inflammation, it is important to invent new topical agents. In the pharmaceutical industry, plant extracts are commonly used since they are naturally available and have less side effects.

Goal: The aim of this study is to test the anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects of herbal formulations of cloves and cinnamon.

Materials and Methods: Ground cloves and cinnamon. 5 grammes of clove powder and 5 grammes of cinnamon powder were weighed and mixed with 100 ml of distilled water. The clove and cinnamon aqueous extract was prepared. By using brined shrimp nauplii, the extract was then tested for cytotoxicity. Bovine Serum Albumin has been used to detect the extract's anti-inflammatory function.

Results: The aqueous clove extract and cinnamon extract displayed the highest absorption at a concentration of 50 μl (90.3%) when the albumin denaturation assay was inhibited to verify its anti-inflammatory activity at a wavelength of 660 nm. At 10 μl, the cytotoxicity of the extract was the lowest.

Conclusion: The prepared clove and cinnamon extract has proven to be a potent antioxidant and antimicrobial agent and can therefore be used in medical applications. The cytotoxicity assay showed that the extract can be integrated into biomedical applications, thereby concluding that clove and cinnamon extract can be a groundbreaking step in the transition to greener medicine.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5341

Keywords – Anti inflammatory, brine shrimp method, cytotoxicity, herbal formulation, plant extracts, protein denaturation assay

HING OIL MEDIATED SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES, CHARACTERISATION AND ITS ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Aim: To prepare silver nanoparticles from hing oil and to test their antimicrobial activity was the objective of the research.

Materials and Methods: In a conical flask 0.5 mL of hing oil was mixed with 99.5 mL of distilled water. To this, 0.0169 grams of silver nitrate was added and kept in an orbital shaker for the formation of nanoparticle. The colour change was noted visually and the absorbance was noted using UV -Vis spectroscopy. The final product was centrifuged and NPs were collected. The morphology was studied using TEM. The hing oil mediated silver nanoparticles were evaluated for its antimicrobial activity by agar well diffusion method using standard procedure. The antimicrobial activity was tested against S. aureus, S. mutans and Lactobacillus and Candida albicans.

Results and Discussion: The formation of silver nanoparticles at a peak of 420 nm was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Spherical and rod-shaped nanoparticles with a size ranging from 10-55 nm were shown by TEM. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the silver nanoparticles induced by the hing oil was comparable. With an increase in concentration, there was no difference in the inhibition region.

Conclusion: Silver nanoparticles mediated by Hing Oil may be a safer option for infections caused by bacteria like S. aureus, S. Although the zone of inhibition shown was similar in the different concentrations used in the analysis, mutans and Lactobacillus and fungi such as Candida albicans were similar. However, for their further pharmacological function, hing oil mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticle was successful and can be further explored. For its other biomedical uses, Hing oil mediated silver nanoparticles can be assessed.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5342

Keywords – Silver nanoparticles, green synthesis, oral pathogens, dentistry, oil

GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES (SeNPs) USING AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF CLOVE AND CINNAMON | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Nanoparticles are being used to lower the toxicity and side effects that drugs may be imposed on the patient. Clove is one of the greatest valuable spices that have been used for centuries as food preservative and for many medicinal uses. This plant represents richest sources of phenolic compounds such as eugenol, eugenol acetate and gallic acid and possess great potential for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food and agricultural applications. Cinnamon is one of the most important spices used daily by people all over the world. Cinnamon primarily contains vital oils and other derivatives, such as cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid and cinnamate.

Aim: To synthesize and characterize cinnamon and clove mediated selenium nanoparticles.

Materials and Methods: The selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were synthesized using clove and cinnamon extract and characterization was done by UV-Visible Spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM).

Results: The results confirmed that the synthesized clove and cinnamon mediated nanoparticle was eco-friendly and non-toxic. The peak value has been centered at 355 nm, which has been mainly associated with absorbance of SeNPs. The TEM analysis images confirmed the formation of SeNPs by the leaf extract and clearly showed that they were mostly spherical and square in shape and the particles size was ranging from 40 to 90 nm.

Conclusion: In this study, a simple, biological and low-cost approach was done for the preparation of selenium nanoparticles using cinnamon and clove extract. Thus clove and cinnamon mediated selenium nanoparticles can be subjected to the various other biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic evaluation to know the efficiency of these nanoparticles.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5344

Keywords – Cinnamon, clove, green synthesis, nanoparticles.

In vitro XANTHINE OXIDASE INHIBITORY POTENTIAL OF FLAXSEED OIL | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Flaxseed oil, also known as linseed oil, is made from flax seeds that have been ground and pressed to release their natural oil. This oil is rich in omega-3 fatty acids and has been associated with numerous health benefits. Food-grade flaxseed oil is cold-pressed, obtained without solvent extraction, in the absence of oxygen, and marketed as edible flaxseed oil. Linseed oil is in demand as a dietary supplement, as a source of α-Linolenic acid. Xanthine oxidase is a key enzyme responsible for hyperuricemia, a predisposing factor for Gout & oxidative stress related diseases. This study aimed to find out the in vitro xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity and to screen the phytochemical constituent in it. In vitro xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of flaxseed oil was assessed by using Allopurinol as standard which is a known inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. The results demonstrated that the inhibitory potential of Flaxseed oil on xanthine oxidase is in a concentration dependent manner. However the inhibitory activity was lower when compared to the standard drug allopurinol. The phytochemical screening showed that the oil contains alkaloids, flavonoids, phlobatannins, carbohydrates and terpenoids. The advantage of Flaxseed oil over Allopurinol is the minimal amount of side effects or even null side effects since it is a natural product. The study revealed the potent xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of flaxseed oil. Further detailed investigations are needed to develop it as an alternative medicine for the treatment of Gout.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5345

Keywords – Inhibitory potential, flaxseed oil, allopurinol, xanthine oxidase, gout

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISATION OF ZINC SULFIDE NANOPARTICCLES USING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND X-RAY DIFFARACTION ASSAY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Semiconductor nanoparticles are having a wide range of applications in biomedical imaging and therapeutics. In this present investigation, we used marine bacteria Enterococcus sp. RMAA for the biosynthesis of zinc sulfide nanoparticles (ZnS NPs) by extracellular route is a low cost and eco-friendly manner. The synthesised ZnS NPs were characterised using different techniques such as UV-vis spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction assay (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), elemental dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDX) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). XRD result confirms the crystalline nature of ZnS nanoparticles identified by reflection planes. The clumped, as well as polydispersed particles with biological compounds, are observed in the microscopic analysis (SEM and TEM). The EDX spectrum shows the presence of absorption peak of Zn and S in the biosynthesised nanoparticles with some minor peaks represents from biomolecules of culture supernatant. Finally, the ZnS NPs were tested against different pathogens isolated from clinical samples. In that Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus shows a good zone of inhibition. The research concluded the ZnS nanoparticles would play an essential role in the production of nanomedicine for various epidemic diseases.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5346

Keywords – Zinc sulfide nanoparticles, marine bacteria, antibacterial activity, semiconductor.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF Cassia occidentalis L. | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Anti-microbial resistance has become a worldwide concern. Anti-infection agents exist as irreplaceable for the present pharmacological industries. In perspective on expanding protection from existing antimicrobial agents, plant based drugs looked as significant source for treating different microbial infections. There have been some limitations on utilization of conventional medications compared to plant derived medicines because of more side effects, costly,       conceivably harmful nature. In this study, the aqueous extract of the plant was tested for the presence of phytochemicals, antioxidant effect and antibacterial property against different pathogens. It was concluded Cassia occidentalis aqueous plant extract showed potent activities and can be used as antimicrobial agent, antioxidant and also used as herbal medicine for curing number of diseases.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5340

Keywords – Cassia occidentalis, phytoconstituent, antioxidant

EFFECT OF CONTAMINATED IRRIGATION WATER ON EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS IN EDIBLE VEGETABLES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

In this research, brinjal and radish plants were each examined for external morphological characteristics. These only relate to variations in external morphological appearance and are not related to the values of the data. These characters were thoroughly studied and both control and contaminated soil sites were documented with their respective figures. The effluents from the nearby factories of the Sanganer district, Rajasthan, India are found in these contaminated sites. It was experimentally reported that, when allowed to grow under different irrigation conditions, both mature vegetable plants displayed significant morphological differences.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5322

Keywords – Morphological, plants, control, polluted, irrigation, soil sites

AN EFFICIENT HOMOMORPHIC ENCRYPTION BASED SOLUTION TO MILLIONAIRES’ PROBLEM | Asian Journal of Mathematics and Computer Research

In recent years, secure multi-party computing has been a significant research subject of international cryptography. The most fundamental and significant problem of stable multi-party computation is the problem of millionaires studied in this paper. The essence is to compare the size of two data confidentially. But most of the current solutions are inefficient, even if all data are comparable, most of them don't do a good job of assessing. This paper first proposes a new method based on 0-1 coding to encode the encrypted data in order to design a protocol of the problem of the millionaires that is simple, effective and meticulous distinction between the size of two numbers or equal relationship. To build a protocol to solve the issue of millionaires, this approach and the homomorphic encryption algorithm are used. The study of efficiency indicates that the protocol is simple and efficient. Finally, an effective protocol is designed to calculate the number of problem intersections based on the new protocol.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/AJOMCOR/article/view/5343

Keywords – Secure multi-party computation, millionaires’ problem, homomorphic encryption, number of set intersections

PHYTOREMEDIATION OF CONGO RED AND BRILLIANT GREEN USING Lemna minor | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

A wide variety of colourful, vibrant hues have been produced by textile dyes. Their toxic nature, however, has become a source of grave concern for ecologists. The use of textile dyes influences all aspects of life in an adverse way. Plants may have many benefits, such as cost-effectiveness, aesthetic benefits, long-term applicability, etc. They can also be used in contaminated areas where other types of treatment are too costly. The objective of our research is to determine the efficacy of an aquatic plant (Lemna minor) in removing dyes from water. For 21 days under ambient temperature (28±2°C), Lemna minor was used to treat (0.01, 0.04 and 0.07) μg/L of Congo Red (CR) and Brilliant Green (BG) dye. The object of this research (Complete chlorophyll, Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, Total protein, Superoxide dismutase enzyme (SOD), Catalase enzyme (CAT) and dye removal ratio) was to investigate the measurement. The findings showed that the percentage of CR dye removal was higher than BG (51 percent and 9 percent during 7th days and 1st day respectively at 0.01 μg/L. During the seven days, chlorophyll pigments and protein contents were decreased. Compared to control, lemna minor biomass was significantly increased with increasing CR and BG concentrations. In addition, BG was more effective for decreasing.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5347

Keywords – Congo Red, Brilliant Green, dye, removal ratio, Limna minor, phytoremediation

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CINNAMON - CLOVE MEDIATED SILVER NANOPARTICLES AGAINST Streptococcus mutans | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Context: There are protective properties of cinnamon and clove against oral pathogens. Streptococcus mutans is responsible for the creation of cavities. Synthetic drugs were used to the full and the scientific area in terms of medicine was taken over by newer nanoparticles. As they appear to have little or no side effect on human health, herbal extracts contained abundantly need to be used more.

Aim: This research was conducted to test the antibacterial efficacy against Streptococcus mutans of Cinnamon-Clove mediated Silver nanoparticles.

Materials and Methods: We procured herbal powders. After maximum activity was noted by UV spectroscopy, an aqueous extract was prepared and centrifugated. The inoculated culture plates were added to different volumes of the Silver nanoparticles containing Cinnamon and Clove combinations. The inhibition zones were measured using the technique of disc diffusion.

Results: Cinnamon-Clove mediated Silver nanoparticles had the highest amount of good antibacterial activity (10 mm inhibition zone) and this property was greater than that of widely used antibiotics (Amoxicillin-8 mm).

Conclusion: Cinnamon and Clove mediated Silver nanoparticles were examined and good antibacterial efficacy was indicated by their wider inhibition zones and this property was shown to be similar to an antibiotic. This new formulation for use against oral pathogens such as Streptococcus mutans, which is positively correlated with dental caries and periodontal disorders, can be integrated into mouthwashes and probiotic lozenges.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5348

Keywords – Amoxicillin, antibacterial, cinnamon, clove, silver nanoparticles, Streptococcus mutans

GRAPE SEED AQUA ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT PREPARATION AND ITS ANTIOXIDANT, ANTIMICROBIAL AND CYTOTOXIC EFFECT - AN in vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Oral disorders, such as dental caries, periodontitis and oral mucosal lesions, are considered to be the most prevalent public health issues worldwide and have a highly important impact on overall health and quality of life.

Objective: To prepare a grape seed aqua-alcoholic extract and analyse its antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic impact.

Materials and Methods: Red grape seeds were dried and powdered, and water and ethanol were combined with the powdered grape seeds. The aqua alcoholic extract thus obtained was then subjected to a DPPH assay to analyse its antioxidant effect and was loaded into the agar wells developed on Muller Hinton agar in order to test its antimicrobial activity using a well diffusion process. The zone of inhibition was noted against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus and Candida albicans. By using brined shrimp nauplii, the extract was then tested for cytotoxicity.

Results and Discussion: When subjected to a DPPH assay to search for its antioxidant activity at a wavelength of 517 nm, the aqua alcoholic grape seed extract displayed the highest absorbance at a concentration of 50 μl (90.9 percent). The inhibition zone for the prepared extract against Streptococcus mutans was found to be 24 mm, 30 mm and 40 mm at concentrations of 50, 100 and 150 μl, respectively. Similarly, the region of inhibition was found to be 6 mm, 8 mm, and 12 mm for Lactobacillus. The zone inhibition values for Candida albicans were 6 mm, 8 mm and 14 mm, respectively. At 10 μl, the cytotoxicity of the extract was the lowest.

Conclusion: The prepared grape seed extract has proven to be an effective antioxidant and antimicrobial agent and can therefore be used for medical applications. The cytotoxicity assay showed that the extract can be integrated into biomedical applications, thereby concluding that the extract of grape seed can be a groundbreaking step towards the transition to greener medicine.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5349

Keywords – Grape seed, polyphenols, agar, UV spectrophotometer, antimicrobial.

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CLOVE AND CINNAMON FORMULATION MEDIATED SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES AGAINST ORAL PATHOGENS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: A large range of fields, including medicine in particular, have been modernised by the advent of nanoparticles (NPs). By minimising the toxicity and side effects that commercially available drugs may have on patients, nanoparticles have revolutionised targeted drug delivery. In herbal medicine, cloves and cinnamon have long been used for the treatment of a broad range of ailments and diseases. The green synthesis of nanoparticles has been gaining importance because of its simplicity and eco-friendliness.

Goal: The aim of this study was to synthesise selenium nanoparticles mediated by clove and cinnamon formulations and evaluate their antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens.

Materials and Methods: Selenium nanoparticles mediated by clove and cinnamon formulations were synthesised in vitro. The antimicrobial activity of SeNPs was tested using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus.

Results: SeNPs mediated by clove-cinnamon extract showed effective antimicrobial activity comparable to that of drugs commercially available.

Conclusion: It can thus be inferred that selenium nanoparticles mediated by clove-cinnamon have the potential to be used as an effective antibiotic. To isolate the component in the extract that makes it effective to be used in large-scale production for targeted drug delivery against a wide range of oral microbial infections, this formulation needs to be further purified.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5350

Keywords – Antimicrobial activity, clove, cinnamon, green synthesis, nanoparticles, oral pathogens, selenium.

CYTOTOXICITY STUDY OF COPPER OXIDE NANOPARTICLE MEDIATED THROUGH TAMARIND EXTRACT | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Context: Plant-based nanoparticles are stated to be healthy and eco-friendly.

Objective: To classify the cytotoxic effect of copper oxide nanoparticles mediated by tamarind fruit pulp on brine shrimp shrimp

Materials and methods: 0.55 g of tamarind extract was combined with 100 ml of distilled water to obtain a transparent solution to which 0.318 g of copper sulphate was added and stored for nanoparticle synthesis in an orbital shaker. The absorbance was measured by UV-Visible Spectroscopy at regular intervals and centrifuged and stored after verifying the formation of the nanoparticles. A plate of 6 wells of Elisa was taken and filled with saline water and 10 brine shrimp nauplii were put with due care in each well. In each well, different volumes of nanoparticles starting from 5 μl to 25 μl were taken and the cytotoxicity was tested 24 hours later.

Results and Discussion: The number of nauplii brine shrimps was counted and all of the nauplii on the first day were alive. On day 2, only 9 nauplii were detected alive at 5 μL and 10 μL concentrations; 7 were detected alive at 15 μL and 20 μL concentrations; and 6 nauplii were detected alive at 25 μL concentrations. The overall cytotoxicity was observed at a concentration of 25μl. All the nauplii were alive in the control group without the copper nanoparticle controlled by tamarind.

Conclusion: The current research concludes that nanoparticles of copper oxide are healthy at low concentrations. After more in-vivo research, the dose dependent cytotoxicity found with tamarind-mediated copper nanoparticles may be used for use in cancer therapeutics.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5351

Keywords – Copper oxide, nanoparticles, cytotoxicity, brine shrimps nauplii.

CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTI-FUNGAL PROPERTY OF Phyllanthus niruri MEDIATED SILVER NANOPARTICLES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Aim: The Aim of my study is to evaluate the characterization and anti-fungal property of Phyllanthus niruri mediated silver nanoparticles.

Introduction: An environmentally friendly approach is employed to synthesize silver nanoparticles. The biomolecules found in plants induce the reduction of Ag+ ions from silver nitrate to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Phyllanthus niruri is an across the board tropical plant regularly found in beach front zones, known by the normal names storm of the breeze, stone-breaker or seed-under-leaf. It is a relative of the purges, having a place with the class Phyllanthus of the family phyllanthaceae. Nanoparticles are a wide class of materials that incorporate particulate substances, which have one measurement under 100 nm in any event. A 20-nm gold (Au), platinum (Pt), silver (Ag), and palladium (Pd) NPs have trademark wine red shading, yellowish dim, dark and dull dark hues, individually.

Materials and Methods: Silver nanoparticle is synthesized by using Phyllanthus niruri, followed by characterization of nanoparticle using UV-VIS spectrophotometer and TEM analysis, a biological activity for antifungal property using agar well diffusion method.

Results: Phyllanthus niruri is a indigenous herb which has been used in India for treatment of various ailments. TEM results showed the size of the nanoparticle to be within 100 nm. The present study showed that the herb of Phyllanthus niruri has an inhibitory effect on growth of Candida albicans.

Conclusion: We concluded that antifungal property of Phyllanthus niruri mediated AgNp is very good and can be used for further investigation.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5352

Keywords – Antifungal property, Candida albicans, Phyllanthus niruri, silver nanoparticle particle.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF Syzygium aromaticum AND Cinnamomum verum FORMULATION MEDIATED SILVER NANO PARTICLES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Syzygium aromaticum L. is one of the most valuable spices that has been used for centuries as food preservative and for many medicinal purposes. Cinnamomum verum L. contains procyanidins and catechins. These procyanidins possess antioxidant activities. Antioxidants are the first line defense against free radical damage.​Silver nanoparticles have also been assessed for their catalytic property, various optical properties, antibacterial and magnetic properties.

Aim:​To assess the antioxidant activity of Syzygium aromaticum L. and Cinnamomum verum L. formulation mediated silver nanoparticles

Materials and Methods: Syzygium aromaticum L. and Cinnamomum verum L. were powdered. 5 mg of powdered Syzygium aromaticum L. and 5 mg of powdered Cinnamomum verum L. were weighed and mixed with 100 ml distilled water.  Aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum L. and Cinnamomum verum L. was prepared and silver nanoparticles which were synthesized by the green synthesis method were added, the antioxidant effect was calculated using the DPPH assay.

Results: The aqua alcoholic extract of Syzygium aromaticum L. and Cinnamomum verum L. extract showed highest absorbance at a concentration of 50 μl (79.6%) when subjected to inhibition of DPPH assay to check for its anti inflammatory activity at a wavelength of 517 nm. The cytotoxicity of the extract was lowest at 10 μl.

Conclusion: The data demonstrate that extract of Syzygium aromaticum L. and Cinnamomum verum L. formulation mediated silver nanoparticles possess an antioxidant effect that increases with the increase in concentration. This stresses on the importance of validating the use of traditional medicinal spices in combination with the modern medicine in therapy.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5353

Keywords – Antioxidant, Syzygium aromaticum L., Cinnamomum verum L., Nanoparticles.

TARGETING CARO BIOFILM GENE OF A. baumannii WITH ESSENTIAL BIOCOMPOUNDS FROM O. sanctum | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: A. Baumannii is considered to be the most common multi drug resistant pathogen along with other pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spps. Ocimum sanctum also known as Tulasiis put forward for the treatment of diseases like diarrhea, arthritis, malaria, etc., O. sanctum also contains a huge impact on anti-fertility, antispasmodic, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic. The main aim of this current study was to analyze comparatively the interactions between bioactive compounds from Ocimum sanctum and control drug ceftazidime against carO by using the AutoDock program.

Materials and Methods: The crystal structure of carO was modeled using swiss model server with further optimization of the ligands and the proteins. In-silico inhibitory potential of the selected ligands was done using AutoDock 2.0 and was visualized with Accelrys Discovery Studio Visualizer tool with the assessment of the molecular properties of the ligands by molinspiration calculations and further assessment for their drug likeness.

Results: The amino acids of carO binding with benzofuran7-(2,4- dinitrophenoxy)-3-ethoxy2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl scores to be the best inhibitory agent of carO with a docking score of -8.79 Kcal/mol with five hydro- gen bonds respectively. This is followed by carO inhibition by Hexahydro-1,6-dimethyl-4- (1-methylethyl) with a score of –6.88 Kcal/mol again with 2 hydrogen bonds when compared to ceftazidime with, –6.63 Kcal/mol with 3 hydrogen bond interactions. Molinspiration assessments showed zero violations with TPSA values < 140 Å towards the best oral bioavailability.

Conclusion: The molecular docking results have shown the successful binding of bio-active compounds of Ocimum sanctum with the carO gene of multiple drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Targeting the Inhibitors of biofilm forming genes like carO of Acinetobacter baumannii could be widely used in future generations. The preliminary clue obtained from the present investigation alarms for further target based experimental screening of bio active compounds of Ocimum sanctum to combat carO gene of A. baumannii for better selectivity with further experimental validation for the mechanism of action.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5354

Keywords – Ocimum sanctum, antimicrobial agents, carO, Acinetobacter baumannii, biofilm.

ANTI-BIOFILM EFFICACY OF O. sanctum ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOUNDS AGAINST KPSMT GENE OF A. baumannii - AN in-silico APPROACH | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: Strains of Acinetobacter are thought to be past nosocomial pathogens. O's anti-biofilm effect. Using bioinformatics software and databases, Sanctum essential oil compounds against Kpsmt were evaluated.

Materials and Methods: Kpsmt gene in-silico docking and selected O. ligand structures. Critical sanctum oils have been carried out. Results of Molinspiration were carried out to determine the drug-like properties of the bio-compounds selected. To test the drug-ligand interactions, the final auto dock was performed and evaluated based on the number of hydrogen bonds and the binding energies of the ligands selected.

Results: The study result refers to benzofurans as the promising drug from O. For targeting the Kpsmt gene, sanctum essential oils. When compared with the control drug ceftazidime, benzofuran was found to have higher hydrogen bonds and lower binding energy.

Conclusion: Computational molecular docking may be used for the drug development process as an important supporting method. Further experimental validation for novel drug design and discovery in the near future is needed, however.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5355

Keywords – Kpsmt gene, A. baumannii, O. sanctum.

MICROBICIDAL EFFECT OF Emblica officinalis ON BLACK PIGMENTED BACTERIA IN PATIENTS WITH PERI-IMPLANT MUCOSITIS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Emblica officinalis (Amla) is very rich in phenolics and is widely available in the Indian market. The strong antioxidant activity of the phenolics and their ability to protect cells against oxidative damage caused by free radicals is well established. Phenolics are the major chemical constituents of Amla and these substances have strong antioxidant properties and might contribute to the healthy effects of Amla. The purpose of this study is to check the microbicidal effect of Emblica officinalis on black-pigmented bacteria in peri-implant mucositis. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the microbicidal effect of Emblica officinalis on black-pigmented bacteria in patients with peri- implant mucositis. The microbicidal effect of Emblica officinalis was determined using a culture method. 40 patients were divided into 2 groups with 20 patients in each group. Group A received Chlorhexidine mouthwash while Group B received Amla extract. 2 separate samples were taken between duration of 5 days. The samples were obtained from the buccal surface of the implants with a periodontal probe and were transported in sterile test tubes containing 1ml saline. Trypsicated soya agar broth with hemin and menadione was used for anaerobic culture with a gas pack. Both Chlorhexidine and Amla showed a significant reduction in total bacterial count and reduction in black-pigmented bacteria. Despite the fact that the Amla extract was not a pure compound, the antimicrobial results were obtained. This recommends the potency of these extracts. The figment of the derivation of antimicrobial compounds from plants seems lucrative as it will lead to the development of a phytomedicine to act against microbes.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5356

Keywords – Bacteria, bacterial count, chlorhexidine, amla extract, mouthwash, implant, peri-implant mucositis, culture, hemin, menadione, trypsicated soya agar broth.

EFFICACY OF CRANBERRY DISTILLATE AS A ROOT CANAL IRRIGANT: AN in vitro MICROBIAL ANALYSIS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: With the advent of time there has been recent advancements in dentistry in terms of procedures as well in terms of complications. The most common cause for outfall of root canal treatment is persistence of bacteria and the most common bacteria that is involved in this aspect would be Enterococcus faecalis. To combat recent day problems in various fields, herbal alternatives are being considered in every field of medicine. This study was a venture in the same aspect where the efficacy of cranberry distillate as a root canal irrigant was assessed.

Materials and Methods: Dried Cranberry was obtained and the extract was prepared in the form of aqueous and ethanolic extracts. Enterococcus faecalis was cultured on Muller Hilton Agar and the Antimicrobial property was assessed by using disc diffusion method. A positive control of Sodium Hypochlorite was used.

Results: On obtaining the results it was viewed that maximum zone of inhibition was observed while using 150 micro litres of the substance. Among the three compounds that were used, ethanolic extract of cranberry proved to have better Antimicrobial property (16mm zone of inhibition).

Conclusion: This is a first of its kind study. It is evident from the current in vitro antimicrobial  study that cranberry distillate has formidable Antimicrobial property and similarly the distillate  can be used in the future  as a root canal irrigant. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are to be done to ensure that the same can be introduced into clinical practice for the betterment of the general population.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5357

Keywords – Cranberry, antimicrobial property, Enterococcus faecalis, canal treatment.

DEFLUORIDATION EFFICACY OF TAMARIND SEEDS, GOOSEBERRY AND BANANA PEEL AS AN INDIGENOUS ALTERNATIVE FOR FLUORIDE REMOVAL - AN in vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Fluoride is a widely distributed and regular component of natural waters. Excessive ingestion of fluoride through drinking water results in fluorosis which is a major public health problem. Dental fluorosis results in discoloration and disfigurement of the teeth and skeletal fluorosis affects the bones and major joints of the body. Various adsorbents have been formulated in the past to find a cost effective defluoridation agent. Various indigenous products are being tested to find their potential to defluoridate water. The aim of the present in vitro study is to evaluate the defluoridation efficacy of potential of tamarind seeds, gooseberry and banana peel and formulation (tamarind seeds, gooseberry and banana peel).

Materials and Methods: Extract preparation was done by collecting the sample, washed, air dried for 24 hours, ground to a fine powder, mixed with 100 ml of distilled water, boiled, filtered and made to a neutral pH. Samples mixed with SPADNS reagent and Zirconyl acid solution. This is followed by spectrophotometric analysis. Fluoride calculation is done using the absorbance value.

Results and Discussion: The spectrophotometric analysis showed that the banana peel had an absorbance value of 0.2343 using which fluoride concentration was found to be 757mg/L. Tamarind seeds had an absorbance value of 0.3282 and fluoride concentration of 2375 mg/L.

Conclusion: It was found that banana peel out of the three was the most efficient. Tamarind showed the highest concentration of fluoride. Government must promote these ways of defluoridating as it's easily available to all, and inexpensive.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5358

Keywords – Defluoridation, SPADNS reagent, bioadsorbents, dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis.

CYTOTOXIC AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF Hybanthus enneaspermus MEDIATED SILVER NANOPARTICLE | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Aim: The aim of the study is to synthesis Hybanthus enneaspermus mediated silver nanoparticles and to evaluate the cytotoxic and antioxidant potential.

Introduction: Hybanthus enneaspermus (F. Muell) belongs to the family Violaceae. The plant Hybanthus enneaspermus is reported to have antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, aphrodisiac, aldose reductase inhibitory and free radical scavenging activities. Ag NPs produce reactive oxygen species and free radicals causing apoptosis (cell death) thereby preventing their replication. Many researchers have correlated the plants antioxidant potential with their phenolic constituents. Antioxidants have resistance against oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals, thereby preventing many diseases.

Materials and Methods: Cytotoxic activity: Brine shrimp eggs were obtained from the new aqua laboratory. Filtered artificial seawater was prepared, then shrimp eggs were added into the dark side of the chamber while there was a lamp above the other side to attract the hatched shrimp. Two days were allowed for shrimp to mature, after two days the shrimp Larva was ready. 10 brine shrimps were added accordingly to the silver nanoparticle. It added 5, 10, 15, 20 micrometer and it was left for 24 hrs and observation was made.

Antioxidant activity: 50% methanol, DPPH solution and Hybanthus enneaspermus mediated silver nanoparticles were added in 5 test tubes ranging from 10-50 microliters and kept in a dark place for 10 minutes and the reading was recorded using photometry.

Results and Discussion: In the cytotoxic activity as the concentration of the silver nanoparticle increases the percentage of lethality of brine shrimps also increases. In the antioxidant activity as the concentrations of silver nanoparticles increases the percentage of inhibition also increases.

Conclusion: With the help of the study we can conclude that silver nanoparticles of Hybanthus enneaspermus possess both cytotoxic and antioxidant activity.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5359

Keywords – Cytotoxic activity, antioxidant activity, Hybanthus enneaspermus, silver nanoparticle, BSLA, DPPH.

CYTOTOXIC EFFECT OF GRAPE SEED MEDIATED ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES USING BRINE SHRIMP LETHALITY ASSAY - In vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Zinc oxide nanoparticles are a type of metal oxide nanoparticles with a band gap of 3.3 eV and excitation binding energy of 60 meV at room temperature. It has gained considerable attention due to its unique catalytic, antibacterial, antifungal, photochemical, UV-filtering, anti-inflammatory properties owing to its large surface area to volume ratio. Synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles through green routes and environmentally benign methods has been focused by researchers to avoid the use of toxic chemicals making the process and the final product eco-friendly and non-toxic in nature.

Aim: To assess the cytotoxic effect of grape seed mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles using brine shrimp lethality assay.

Materials and Methods: Plant extracts were collected and prepared for obtaining the grape seed extract. Zinc oxide nanoparticles were then synthesised in a methodological manner, followed by the assessment and characterisation of the zinc oxide nanoparticles. The zinc oxide nanoparticles powder was then prepared. Brine shrimp lethality assay was the test used to identify the cytotoxic activity of the grape seed mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles and the results were statistically analysed.

Results: Cytotoxic activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles was verified through several tests such as Brine shrimp assay. It was observed that the initial number of nauplius reduced in a negligible amount after one day and very little after three days in only certain concentrations of Zinc oxide nanoparticles.

Conclusion: The grape seed mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles thus show very less or negligible cytotoxic activity as the concentrations were increased and thus the zinc oxide nanoparticles are expected to be used in future for effective drug systems and in the future drug formulations.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5360

Keywords – Zinc oxide nanoparticles, grape seed extract, cytotoxicity, brine shrimp lethality assay.

EFFECTIVENESS OF HERBAL MOUTHWASH VS CHLORHEXIDINE MOUTHWASH ON THE BACTERIAL COUNT IN ORTHODONTIC PATIENTS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Dental plaque formation is an integral step in the formation of dental caries. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is considered as the main colonizer in this multi-species dental biofilm. During orthodontic treatment, an increase upto 5-fold in the number of S. mutans has been observed. There have been attempts made to reduce the plaque formation and one of them is the use of mouth rinse. It has shown an effective reduction in dental plaque. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of herbal mouthwash on the bacterial count in orthodontic patients. Materials and methodology: 20 subjects were enrolled in the study. These were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 consisted of 10 patients with conventional ligation who were prescribed 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash and group 2 consisted of 10 subjects with self-ligation brackets who were prescribed Herbostra mouthwash. All the statistical analysis was performed in SPSS. Wilcoxon signed rank test was done to evaluate the difference in the mean of S. mutans count before and after the use of chlorhexidine mouthwash in conventional ligation group and herbostra mouthwash in self-ligation group. Mann whitney U test was performed to evaluate the difference in S. mutans count in the Herbostra group and Chlorhexidine group. Result- Wilcoxon signed rank test reported that there was a reduction in S. mutans count and it was found it be statistically non-significant (T-value-0.59, T>0.05). Similarly, S. mutans count before and after rinse with Herbostra and it was found to be statistically non-significant (T value 0.53, T>0.05). Mann whitney U test reported that the difference of S. mutans count in conventional ligation group and self-ligation group and it was found to be statistically non-significant (T-value-0.280, T>0.05).

Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that neither chlohexidine nor Herbostra mouthwash had an effect on the S. mutans count in different types of ligation. Proper oral hygiene measures should be carried out by an orthodontic patient regardless of the method of ligation to reduce the S. mutans count.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5363

Keywords – Mouthwash, conventional ligation, self-ligation, plaque score, S. mutans.

ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESISED USING GRAPE SEED EXTRACT: AN in vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Inflammation is the key finding in any periodontal problem. It is important to devise new topical agents to reduce the inflammation. Zinc oxide nanoparticle synthesized from plant extract will be an eco-friendly, simple and reliable method offering therapeutic options which are safe, free of side effects and effective for a wide range of diseases. In our study we have chosen grape seed due to its protection against oxidative damage, and anti-diabetic, anti-cholesterol and antiplatelet properties.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to analyze the anti-inflammatory activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using grape seed extract.

Materials and Methods: Collection of grape seeds and preparing its extract followed by the synthesis of zinc nanoparticles using the prepared herbal formulation. The stable zinc nanoparticles were characterized by UV- Vis spectroscopy, which showed shift peak at 660 nm. The anti-inflammatory activity of zinc nanoparticles prepared using plant extract was investigated by albumin denaturation assay. The results of the test were described as the standard deviation (SD) and analyzed using the UV- Vis Spectroscopy.

Results: The zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the grape seed extract showed highest absorbance at a concentration of 50 μl (84.6%) when subjected to inhibition of albumin denaturation assay to check for its anti-inflammatory activity.

Conclusion: The zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the grape seed extract acts as a potent anti-inflammatory agent with least side effects. Further clinical trials need to be done in the future and can be used as a replacement to the commercially available drugs.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5364

Keywords – Nanoparticles, anti-inflammatory, plant extract, grape seed.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAPE SEED MEDIATED TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLES: AN in vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Nanotechnology used in dentistry as dental materials have unique physicochemical and biological properties that can be used to overcome the complications caused by other traditional dental treatments. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (NPs) have been demonstrated to be an effective multifunctional material. Grape seed extract is a rich source of polymers of flavan-3-ols like catechin and epicatechin.

Aim: The aim of the study was to synthesize and characterize grape seed mediated titanium dioxide nanoparticles using UV Visible Spectroscopy.

Materials and methods: The synthesis of the titanium dioxide nanoparticle is done with green synthesis method. Morphological characters like the shape and size of the obtained green synthesized titanium dioxide nanoparticles by transmission electron microscope.

Results: The peak value of absorbance titanium dioxide nanoparticles was found to be at 370 nm. The TEM imaging revealed that the particles were spherical shaped. The results confirmed that the green synthesis of grape seed mediated titanium dioxide nanoparticles is cost efficient and eco friendly.

Conclusion: In this study, a simple, biological and low cost approach was done for the preparation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using grape seeds. Thus, the synthesized grape seed mediated titanium dioxide nanoparticles can be subjected to various other biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic evaluation to know the efficiency of these nanoparticles.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5365

Keywords – Nanotechnology, nanoparticles, grape, green synthesis.

GREEN SYNTHESIS OF GRAPE SEED OIL MEDIATED SILVER NANOPARTICLE AND PREPARATION OF GEL- FOR PERIODONTAL DISEASES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Objective: The purpose of the current study was to develop a gel based on silver-mediated grape seed oil for the treatment of periodontal diseases.

Materials and methods: The preparation of grape seed oil gel consists of two stages: Stage 1: the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using grape seed oil; the addition of 10 ml of distilled water to 1 ml of grape seed oil and the addition of 1 milli mol of silver nitrate to 90 ml of distilled water, all of which are blended together and put over a magnetic agitator. The concentrate obtained was subjected to toxicity tests using brine shrimp larvae, UV spectrometry, and TEM scanning for the antimicrobial test zone of inhibition assessed for Candida albicans and lactobacillus. Step 2: carbopol was taken in a beaker and dispersed in 50 ml of distilled water after carbopol was dispersed. Before the consistency of the gel was obtained, the grape seed oil extract was applied under continuous stirring.

Results: Results for antimicrobial activity indicate that the antibacterial activity of the grape seed oil gel is increased at 100 Mul concentration, and the antibacterial activity rises as the concentration increases. The degree of lethal toxicity obtained was directly linked to the concentration of the oil samples tested in the cytotoxicity assay. The findings indicate that there was a yield of 99%. The TEM study reveals the surface structure of grape seed oil Ag nanoparticle that was spherical and morphology that was smooth and ranged in size from 40-80 nanometers. The gel was prepared as a final product after analysing all the above properties.

Conclusion: We were able to successfully synthesise silver nanoparticles within the limits of the study and infuse them with grape seed oil and examine the characteristics of silver nanoparticle gel mediated by grape seed oil and found that the synthesised product has antimicrobial properties, non-toxic in nature, after which the concentrate was shaped into gel. Before using this novel product as a gel in patients with periodontal diseases, further research must be performed.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5367

Keywords – Periodontitis, inflammation, oral gel, grape seed oil, silver nanoparticle.

CYTOTOXIC EFFECT OF LYCOPENE INCORPORATED CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLES USING BRINE SHRIMP LETHALITY ASSAY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: In the past few years, there has been an increase in periodontal disorder, which can be due to different causes. The treatment modality, however, remains the same, which is to recognise the cause of the disease and remove the cause of the oral cavity to create a safe microenvironment to repair itself to its full ability. The use of nanotechnology has become increasingly common in different dentistry fields.

Aim: The research aims to test the cytotoxic impact of chitosan nanoparticles incorporated with lycopene using a brine shrimp lethality assay.

Materials and Methods: The analysis included the assessment of the ability of lycopene-integrated chitosan nanoparticles ranging from 5 (μl - microlitre) to 50 μl as an emerging dental nanomedicine at different concentrations. A primary level animal test on brine shrimps was performed using the standard brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA) method in order to test its cytotoxicity.

Results: The analysis shows that the levels of cytotoxicity (calculated in relation to the BSLA mortality rates) are directly proportional to the nanoparticle concentration used. It was noted that in all concentrations except 50 μl, lycopene has comparatively low cytotoxic levels, chitosan has a high cytotoxic level of more than 5 μl and the nanoparticle compound also has a high cytotoxicity of 5 μl. Another result from the analysis is that as compared to the compound particle, the individual components of the nanoparticles exhibited much less toxicity.

Conclusion: The analysis showed that the nanoparticle compound exhibits minimal toxicity at concentrations below 5 microL, but substantial nanoparticle toxicity occurs at higher concentrations. This provides an insight into the drug's secure dosage calculations. To ensure its protection and clinical applications, further research is required.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5368

Keywords – Chitosan, cytotoxicity, lycopene, nano- materials, nanotechnology.

ANTIFUNGAL AND ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS OF CORIANDER OLEORESIN MEDIATED SILVER NANOPARTICLES  | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Goal: To test the antibacterial and antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles mediated by coriander oleoresin.

Materials and Methods: Silver nanoparticles mediated by coriander oleoresin were initially prepared and validated using UV-Visible Spectroscopy. The prepared silver nanoparticles mediated by Coriander oleoresin were further evaluated by standard procedure against S for their antimicrobial properties. Lactobacillus, S. Mutans, S. Aureus, C. Albicans.

Results and Discussion: The study demonstrated peak UV-Visible spectroscopy at 420 nm, suggesting synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Dose-dependent antibacterial activity with S was demonstrated. With aureus and S. Muthans, mutans. S. Coriander oleoresin-mediated silver nanoparticles with a maximum inhibition zone of 22 mm at their peak concentration (150μL) were very sensitive to aureus. At all concentrations used, Lactobacillus showed the same zone of inhibition. C. Albicans, at their maximum concentration (150 μL) of nanoparticles, have the highest inhibition zone (20 mm).

Conclusion: This study concludes that silver nanoparticles induced by Coriander oleoresin have strong antimicrobial activity and can be used for infections caused by S. Mutans, S. Mutans Aureus, C. Albicans. Albicans.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5370

Keywords – Silver nanoparticles, Coriander oleoresin, antimicrobial activity.

EFFICACY OF Azadirachta indica ESSENTIAL OIL BIO-COMPOUNDS AGAINST csuE AMONG Acinetobacter baumannii - AN in-silico ANALYSIS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: Acinetobacter baumannii has become one of the most prominent pathogens which, particularly in intensive care units, cause a wide range of serious infections. CsuE-mediated biofilm formation plays a role in biotic and abiotic substrates being bacterially attached. In vivo, biofilms are heterogeneous, containing numerous microorganisms that associate with each other and form a complicated population of multiple species. Azadirachta indica (neem) is a world-renowned medicinal plant that has, since time immemorial, a long history of use in various diseases in traditional Indian medical systems (Ayurveda, Unani, Tibetan).

Content and Methods: Compound effectiveness in A. Using bioinformatics databases and resources such as ramachandran validation and auto-docking method, Indica essential oil against csuE was evaluated.

Results: The drug and the ligands were found to be promising in structure retrieval. The selected bioactive compounds of A were shown by drug-ligand interactions. Indica and Ceftazidime control drugs were successful against the development of A by csuE. From baumannii. Imidazole-2-carboxylic acid, 4-methyl, and ethyl 6,8-difluro-4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylate have been found to have heavy hydrogen bonds and fewer binding energies in csuE.

Conclusion: We have found a promising interaction between bioactive compounds of A within the constraints of this analysis. Ndica and A. csuE genes. Baumannianiii

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5371

Keywords – Acinetobacter baumannii, csuE, bio-film, Azadirachta indica, bio-active compounds.

ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED USING Maranta arundinacea AGAINST ORAL PATHOGENS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: Nanoparticles are a special category of materials with particular characteristics and in many fields have broad applications. Arrowroot is a starch that is derived from many tropical plant rhizomes, usually Maranta arundinacea, and also contains strong medicinal and antimicrobial properties. Hence, Maranta arundinacea synthesis ZnO nanoparticles are the field of focus here.

Materials and Methods: Arrow root extract preparation: Fresh arrowroot powder has been obtained from the market. One gramme of arrow root powder extract that has been freshly collected is mixed with 100 ml of water and boiled for three to five minutes. Using filter paper, this mixture is filtered.

Preparation of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: In 50ml of distilled water, 0.861g of Zinc Sulphate is applied. An extract of this arrow root has been added. The solution was combined with plant extract and the ZnO nanoparticles were prepared using it.

Evaluation of antimicrobial activity: antibacterial and antimicrobial activity The green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles has been evaluated against oral pathogens S.mutans, Lactobacillus, C. Albicans. Albicans.

Observation: The inhibition zone for zinc oxide nanoparticles was observed and it was calculated that the antifungal activity of the zinc oxide nanoparticles against Candida albicans was large. The nanoparticles of zinc oxide have also been found to provide greater antibacterial activity than the typical drug used.

Results: As a consequence, it is clear that nanoparticles of zinc oxide had greater antimicrobial activity and this is preferred for the next generation to be used as the drug of preference.

Goal: The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial and antifungal activity of Maranta arundinacea-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles.


Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5372

Keywords – Zinc oxide nanoparticles, green synthesis, arrowroot, Streptococcus mutans, Fluconazole, C. albicans, amoxicillin, Lactobacillus.

ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF LODHRA BARK (Symphlocus racemosa) MEDIATED SILVER NANOPARTICLES AGAINST ORAL PATHOGENS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Aim: The absolute objective of the analysis is to discover the antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles mediated by Lodhra bark against oral pathogens.

Materials and Methods: The plant extract, which is used to synthesise nanoparticles, is collected and dried and powdered and mixed with water. Using the agar well diffusion process, synthesised nanoparticles were tested for their antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens.

Results and Discussion: Antibacterial and antifungal operation of oral pathogens is carried out from synthesised nanoparticles and the inhibition zone is shown.

Conclusion: Lactobacillus sp and Candida albicans are affected by silver nanoparticles.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5378

Keywords – Silver nanoparticles, green synthesis, oral pathogens, dentistry.

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF GRAPE SEED EXTRACT MEDIATED TITANIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES AGAINST Candida albicans: AN In vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: In today’s age, the incidence of local and systemic fungal diseases has increased due to a rise of new and fatal immunodeficiency diseases as well as immune-suppressive therapy due to which there is a heightened increase in the use of antifungal drugs which have significant side effects. Nanotechnology is rapidly growing in various fields of science.

Aim: To determine the antifungal activity of grape seed-mediated titanium dioxide nanoparticles against Candida albicans.

Materials and Methods: The collected grape seeds were powdered and stored in an airtight container. 1 g of grape seed extract was mixed with 100 ml of distilled water and was boiled for 15 minutes. The solution was filtered, to which 20 ml of distilled water was added. To this solution 0.862 g of titanium dioxide was added and was subjected to constant stirring until the formation of white suspension. This was centrifuged for 10 minutes and the antifungal property against Candida albicans was assessed.

Results: The peak found at 650 nm in the UV spectroscopy indicates the formation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. From the study it was found that with the increase in the concentration of the grape seed mediated titanium dioxide nanoparticles, the zone of inhibition against C. albicans was increased. The highest zone of inhibition obtained was 12 mm at 150 microliters.

Conclusion: The antifungal activity of grape seed mediated titanium dioxide nanoparticles was studied and their wider zones of inhibition were suggestive of good antifungal activity.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5379

Keywords – Antifungal, Candida albicans, grape seeds, nanoparticles.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF GRAPE SEED MEDIATED TiO2 NANOPARTICLES: AN In vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: With the development of nanotechnology, there has been a tremendous growth in the application of nanoparticles for drug delivery systems, antibacterial materials, cosmetics, sunscreens, and electronics. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) are manufactured worldwide for a variety of engineering and bioengineering applications. TiO2 NPs under ultraviolet radiation produce a strong oxidative effect through the formation of above-mentioned reactive oxygen species and can be used as a photocatalytic disinfectant without other chemical reagents.

Aim: To assess the antioxidant activity of grape seed mediated titanium dioxide nanoparticles.

Materials and Methods: The collected fruit seeds were washed dried powdered and subjected to nanoparticles synthesis by adding titanium oxide solution to the grape seed extract solution. The solution was centrifuged and checked for absorbance using the spectrometry. The antioxidant property of the extract was evaluated using the DPPH (2, 2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl) assay. The results were analyzed and graphs were plotted.

Results: The titanium nanoparticles showed strong spectrophotometric absorbance around 370 nm. When subjected to DPPH assay to check for its antioxidant activity, grape seed mediated titanium oxide nanoparticles showed highest antioxidant activity at a concentration of 50 μl (80%).

Conclusion: The grape seed mediated TiO2 showed efficacious and potent antioxidant properties and therefore can be used for further applications in the medical field.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5381

Keywords – Antioxidant, drug, nanotechnology, titanium dioxide, ultraviolet radiation.

In vitro ANTI- CARCINOGENIC ACTIVITY OF Lactuca sativa ON ORAL CANCER CELL LINES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: Lettuce, known as Lactuca sativa is a leafy vegetable belonging to the daisy family, Asteraceae. It is available in many varieties and is said to be a rich source of Vitamin K and Vitamin A. It is an ingredient used in various salads and foods and is said to have a lot of nutrients. It is used as a weight loss vegetable and is also referred to as ‘rabbit food’. Lettuce is very low in calories but is an excellent source of Vitamin A and beta carotenes which have antioxidant properties. The minerals present in lettuce are calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and zinc. It also contains essential vitamins like thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6 and Vitamin E.

Aim: The main objective of this study is to analyse the In-vitro anti-carcinogenic activity of Lactuca sativa extract on oral cancer cell lines.

Materials and Methods: The extract of Lactuca sativa was prepared by crushing the leaf and mixed with suitable solvents. The assay used for this research is MTT assay.

Results and Discussion: In this experiment, the cell inhibitory action is taken into account. The drug tamoxifen is taken as the positive control. As we can see, the cell inhibition increases as the concentration of the extract increases. Hence the extract gives an anti-carcinogenic activity on the oral cancer cells.

Conclusion: The plant Lactuca sativa has anti-carcinogenic activity on oral cancer cells. Hence it can be used as an adjuvant in the treatment of cancer.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5383

Keywords – Lettuce, anticariogenic activity, cytotoxicity, vitamins.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF A NATURAL PRODUCT BASED ON ESSENTIAL OILS WITH IMAZALIL AND THIABENDAZOLE ON Penicillium digitatum AND Penicillium italicum | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The aim of this paper is to compare the in vitro antifungal activity of an innovative product composed of essential oils, baptized NPP (Natural Plant Protector), which is currently in the testing phase in a Moroccan citrus packinghouse, with the antifungal activity of the two most commonly used chemical antifungals in citrus packinghouses; Imazalil and Thiabendazole, on two isolates of Penicillium: Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) of NPP, Imazalil and Thiabendazole either separately or in combination were determined by the macro-dilution method in malt extract broth. The obtained results showed that both Penicillium isolates were more sensitive to the NPP than the Imazalil and Thiabendazole. In fact, the MIC and MFC values of Imazalil and Thiabendazole for the two Penicillium spp. isolates were high and exceeded the doses authorized by the Moroccan legislation for the treatment of citrus fruits in packinghouses at drencher stage. However, the MIC and MFC values of NPP were lower than the recommended doses by the producer (LIAV) for the treatment of citrus fruits. The combination of the NPP with either imazalil or thiabendazole improved their efficacy on the two isolates of Penicillium spp. These results demonstrated that NPP showed a strong antifungal activity against Penicillium spp. isolates.  It can therefore replace Imazalil and Thiabendazole or improve their efficacy in the citrus packinghouse.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5380

Keywords – Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicum, essential oils, NPP, imazalil, thiabendazole, citrus.

In silico ANALYSIS OF Pseudomonas CELLULOSE SYNTHASE A | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Polysaccharides are normal macromolecules composed of various sugar repeat units. Bacterial cellulose exopolysaccharides have wide applications from food to cosmetics and are therefore attracting the great attention of several researchers. There are several enzymes for catalysing the final product in the cellulose processing pathway. The major role in this development is played by cellulose synthase A as the catalytic subunit. The physiochemical characteristics of Pseudomonas of this silico enzyme catalytic subunit indicated that molecular weights ranged from 78kDa to 99kDa. This catalytic enzyme subunit is insoluble and two disulphide bonds have been found in the structure of some of them (A0A560SVT9, A0A2N8ERT3). In addition, aromatic residues were about 11 percent to 12 percent and pseudomonas cellulose synthase A isoelectric point (pI) was 8.6 (A0A1B4X6C1) to 9.74 (A0A1B4X6C1) (A0A5N9I3A8). The Aliphatic Index (AI) was in the range of 102.4 to 104.04.04 (A0A1B4X6C1) (A0A5N9I3A8). The Grand Average Hydropathy (GRAVY) was lower than 0.218, suggesting the insolubility of the enzymes in these catalytic subunits. The knowledge provided here on the structural and conformation characteristics of Pseudomonas cellulose synthase A may provide new insight into enzyme engineering and microbial cellulose development classifications.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5373

Keywords – Cellulose synthase A, Pseudomonas enzyme, cellulose production.

THE USE OF THREE FUNGAL STRAINS IN PRODUCING OF INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID AND GIBBERELLLIC ACID | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The successful conditions of Trichoderma harzianum UzCF-55, Penicillium canescens UzCF-54, Fusarium moniliforme UzGC-12 fungal strains producing Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and Gibberellic acid (GA) were investigated in this work. The optimum pH of the nutrients for the strains was found to be 5.5 for Mandel's and 6.8 for the media of Czapek, with incubation temperature intervals of 28-30 ° C for 10 days. Synthesized quantitative study of the IAA by T. Harzianum UzCF-55 showed that the highest acid levels were 1.16 mg/mL and 0.74 mg/mL, respectively, on the sixth day of the exponential growth process of micromycetes, while after the ninth day they were 0.318 mg/ml and 0.17 mg/mL for the GA. During similar days of incubation, the quantities of IAA and GA synthesised by P. canescens UzCF-54 were 0.98 mg/mL and 0.38 mg/mL, both showing higher amounts than the control strain. F. The UzGC-12 moniliforme strain synthesised 0.63 mg/mL of IAA and 0.39 mg/mL of GA, respectively. High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) studies of micromycetes showed 174.00 m/z mass fractions corresponding to IAA molecular mass, 363.00 m/z of GA7 and 361.00 m/z of GA3, suggesting strain synthesis of gibberellins.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5382

Keywords – T. harzianum, P. canescens, F. moniliforme, fungi, gibberellic acid, indole-3-acetic acid.

THE EFFECT OF LIGNIN CONTENT ON LIGNOCELLULOLYTIC ENZYME PRODUCTION USING Trichoderma reesei WITH BMR Sorghum VARIETIES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Current research focuses on the ability to manufacture solid state fermentation cellulase (CMCase, Fpase and β-glucosidase) and xylanase using Trichoderma reesei. Low lignin biomass content was preferred for fast digestibility, so we used Brown Mid Rib (BMR) 22, 24 and Non-Brown Mid Rib CSH 22 low lignin Sorghum varieties as a substrate and were subjected to two pretreatment methods (acid and alkali) to achieve maximum cellulose yield and delignification and to use maximum cellulose yield conditions for further fermentation. The highest CMCase activity (39.42 ± 4.75 IU/g), Fpase activity (13.6 ± 1.82 IU/g) and β-glucosidase activity (2.6 ± 0.19 IU/g) were obtained as substrate using pretreated BMR24 (6% NaOH 100 °C 30 min). However, the highest xylanase activity was observed at 80.9 ± 7.66 IU/g on the 7th day of incubation with pretreated (3% H2SO4 80 °C 30 min) CSH 22 Sorghum biomass as substrate, but BMR 22 and 24 mutant varieties were not active in producing xylanase. The results showed that pretreatment of sorghum biomass BMR 22, 24 and CSH22 effectively reduced lignin content and increased sugar supply during solid state fermentation.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5374

Keywords – Sorghum, brown mid rib, cellulose, xylanase, solid state fermentation.

EFFECT OF FOLIAR APPLICATION OF POTASSIUM AND CALCIUM ON VEGETATIVE GROWTH, YIELD AND FRUIT QUALITY OF "ROYAL" APRICOT TREES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

During 2018, the research was conducted using 'Royal' Apricot trees, 5 years old, plants budded on 'Seedy' apricot rootstock, grown in a private orchard, at Dakok in Iraq's Kirkuk Governorate. For this analysis, twenty-seven uniform trees were chosen and all of them were subjected to the same field practises. The results showed that foliar application with K treatments achieved the highest value in shoot length, leaf area and leaf chlorophyll content in the analysis of K and Ca foliar application on growth fruit characteristics and yield. Data showed that the procedure (K 4000 mg/L + Ca chelated 1000 mg/L) had the best results compared to other combinations and controls in terms of the overlap between K and Ca chelated treatments. The greater results in all parameters were also substantially achieved by 4000 mg/L K and 1000 mg/L Ca chelated and their interactive results.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5375

Keywords – Potassium, calcium, royal cultivar, Prunus armeniaca L., chelated nutrients.

THE EFFECT OF Azotobacter chroococcum (A22 ISOLATE) ON IMPROVING THE GROWTH AND NUTRIENTS ABSORPTION OF MAIZE PLANTS TREATED WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF NITROGEN AND GROWN UNDER DIFFERENT SALT LEVELS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

During the 2018 season, the pots experiment was performed in the canopy wired, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, to determine the impact of Azotobacter chroococcum (A22 isolate) to boost the growth of maize grown in salt-affected soils, the experiment included four nitrogen levels 0, 50, 75 and 100 percent of the 150 kg N.ha-1 recommendation of nitrogen fertiliser, with three nitrogen levels. The results showed that A22 isolation inoculate increased dry weight by 22.25 percent and N, P and K absorbed by 37.04, 89.4 and 27.6 percent, respectively, compared to control un inoculates, inoculation with this isolate A22 decreased the recommendation for nitrogen fertiliser by 25 percent and improved maize growth under conditions of salt stress.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5376

Keywords – Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria, A22 isolate, maize, nitrogen, salt.

EVALUATION OF FUNGICIDES AND BIOPESTICIDES FOR THE CONTROL OF Alternaria BLACK ROT DISEASE IN CITRUS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Citrus is one of Pakistan's main commercial fruit crops. Various factors can affect the quality and quantity of citrus, including diseases, particularly fungal diseases. Among the fungal diseases in Pakistan, black rot disease (Alternaria citri) causes major reductions in citrus quality and quantity. Effectively, fungicides and biopesticides regulate citrus black rot disease. In the current analysis, under laboratory and field conditions, six fungicides and gel extracts from Aloe vera were evaluated. Three separate concentrations of fungicides (5 ppm, 10 ppm, 15 ppm): Cabriotop, Amistar, Rally, Nativo Performance and Topsin M were tested under laboratory conditions using food poisoning techniques and spraying on citrus trees under field conditions. Amistar demonstrated the highest inhibition (59.29 percent) and 52.59 percent at concentrations of 15 ppm and 10 ppm respectively in laboratory conditions. Although Rally and Nativo demonstrated a minimum inhibition of 29.54 and 31.65 percent at a concentration of 5 ppm. At 15 ppm, Cabriotop and success demonstrated full inhibition. Amistar reported the highest inhibition in field conditions (52.70 percent) compared to other tested fungicides, followed by Cabriotop (38.28 percent), Rally (36.03 percent) and Nativo (38.28 percent) compared to other tested fungicides (35.58 percent ). However, Progress and Topsin-M respectively demonstrated marginal inhibition of 32.88 percent and 27.47 percent. Three plant extracts were evaluated in vitro against Alternaria citri mycelial growth. At 6 percent concentration (48.31 percent), Parthenium showed maximum inhibition, followed by Akk 40.65 percent, while Aloe vera showed 34.45 percent minimum inhibition. Parthenium also showed remarkable results at concentrations of 4 and 2 percent relative to other therapies studied. In conclusion, the current studies have shown that the use of Amistar fungicides and Parthenium extract has great potential for citrus black rot disease control.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5377

Keywords – Black rot, fungicides, biopesticides, citrus and evaluation.

COMPARATIVE COMPARISON OF TELEWORKING BETWEEN IRAN AND CANADA | Journal of Global Economics, Management and Business Research

Extensive and rapid developments in technology have had a number of impacts, including ways of doing jobs and job duties, on different aspects of human society. Teleworking is a modern way of doing things at the personal and organisational level that has different advantages. We have discussed the theoretical and realistic perspectives of teleworking in this article. We have studied the advantages and disadvantages of telecommuting in statistical reports, especially in developing countries where the administrative structure is constantly improving. These reports indicate that teleworking was not sufficiently used, despite the requisite infrastructure. A government department survey was also conducted to survey workers on whether they were prepared to work. A comprehensive concept of teleworking is a choice of how to do work, enabling workers to do more or part of their job outside the work area, which means that people can talk from home, from a remote contact centre, and do their homework near home or at work.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JGEMBR/article/view/5385

Keywords – Flexiwork, flexiplace, telecommuting, teleworking.

QUANTUM HYDRODYNAMIC OF ULTRACOLD ATOMIC GAS IN ROTATING TRAPS | Journal of Applied Physical Science International

Theoretically, we explored different properties of systems in this work, including the density profiles and ground state properties of trapped condensates at different interaction limits, the rotational properties of the condensates confined at different rotational and trap frequencies in a harmonic trap. As a result, the gas appears to increase its central density in attractive interaction in order to lower the energy of the interaction. The vortices form a dense triangular array as the condensate rotates with angular velocity, nucleating one or more vortices with many visible effects with faster rotation.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JAPSI/article/view/5384

Keywords – Gross-Pitaevskii equation, vortices, Thomas-fermi approximation, quantization of circulation.

ANTI INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESISED USING CLOVE AND CINNAMON: AN In vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Context: Synthesized from plant sources, selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) are eco-friendly, cost-effective and have a wide variety of applications. The anti-inflammatory properties of selenium produced by different sources of herbs have been well studied. Clove and cinnamon have been used to generate Se NPs in this research.

Goal: The aim of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of the use of cloves and cinnamon in selenium nanoparticles.

Materials and methods: 0.5 gm of powdered clove and 0.5 gm of powdered cinnamon were collected and mixed with 100 ml of water. This extract is then boiled at 90 °C in a hot water bath, added 0.80 gm of selenium to this solution and subjected to continuous stirring until the brown suspension forms. The antimicrobial property against Candida albicans was evaluated and centrifuged for 10 minutes.

Results: The peak in UV spectroscopy found at 650 nm indicates the formation of selenium nanoparticles. The study found that, with an improvement in the concentration of cloves and cinnamon, selenium nanoparticles mediated the inhibition zone toward C. Albicans have been elevated. 12 mm at 150 μl was the maximum zone of inhibition collected.

Conclusion: Instead of using traditional anti-inflammatory agents to mitigate their side effects, selenium nanoparticles developed using cloves and cinnamon have strong anti-inflammatory activity and can be used in the future as pastes, gels, etc. for topical application.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5396

Keywords – Selenium, nanoparticles, clove, cinnamon, anti inflammatory.

ENAMEL RE-MINERALIZING CAPACITY OF GRAPE SEED EXTRACT (GSE)- A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: Dental caries are infectious diseases caused by enamel, dentin and cement dissolution caused by acidogenic bacteria. If an appropriate treatment plan for initial carious lesions is formulated, they are able to avoid hardening and then return to their healthy state. Over the years, various commercially available re-mineralizing agents have been used. A variety of plant extracts have been studied recently. Some of the plant products extensively researched are grape seed, cranberry, and guava leaves. Grape seed extract is obtained primarily from grape seeds. It is abundant in antioxidants and complexes of oligomeric proanthocyanin and has been associated with a wide range of potential health benefits.

Objective: To classify the different studies and literature in which grape seed extract was used as a re-mineralizing agent by means of systematic analysis.

Materials and Methods: Search terms such as enamel re-mineralization, enamel re-mineralizing agents, grape seed extract, de-mineralized enamel etc. were used in the electronic database (i.e. PUBMED CENTRAL and Medline) alone and in combination by means of a PUBMED search builder. In vivo or ex vivo experiments were included in the inclusion criteria in which the Grape Seed Extract (GSE) re-mineralizing ability was compared with other re-mineralizing agents.

Results: All inclusion requirements were met by a total of 3 publications. All of the included studies showed that Grape Seed Extract (GSE) had substantial or positive enamel re-mineralization potential. However, one study found that, compared to other commercially available re-mineralizing agents, the re-mineralizing ability was inferior (Standard Stannous Fluoride).

Conclusion: The study ends with the evidence available that Grape Seed Extract (GSE) is an important enamel re-mineralizing agent. However, compared to other commercially available re-mineralizing agents, its capacity to re-mineralize enamel is inferior.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5397

Keywords – Enamel, re-mineralization, demineralized enamel, grape seed extract, white spot lesions, dental biomaterials.

ASSESSMENT OF MICROBIAL LOAD IN BRANDED DRIED TEA MARKETED IN SMALL POUCHES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Tea is the most frequently consumed drink in the world after wine, being an aromatic beverage typically prepared by pouring hot or boiling water over cured Camellia sinensis leaves. Microbial contamination of tea powder can occur frequently due to mismanagement and unhygienic conditions during tea storage and processing. Serious health risks can result from this microbial contamination. The goal of the study is to perform a microbial analysis of 10 samples of commercially available tea pouches to investigate the presence of different microorganisms, including fungi, in tea powder samples. According to the report, 80 percent of the samples (8 out of 10) of branded tea sold in small pouches and the number of bacterial colonies ranged from 2-68 CFUs were found to have a bacterial load; sample no 7 showed the highest bacterial count of 68 CFUs. Bacillus was the bacteria that was widely observed and 60% of the sample (6 out of 10) pouches also had fungal load. This research serves as an eye opener to tea addicts and makes them aware of the risk during the shelf time of rising microbial load.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5398

Keywords – Tea, quality, contamination, microbial load, health hazard.

GREEN SYNTHESIS OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES USING GRAPE SEED EXTRACT AND ITS CHARACTERIZATION | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Nanotechnology (NPs) is a modern science technology with major applications, including industries in medicine and pharmacology. In this research, the processing of zinc oxide nanoparticles from non-toxic grape seed extract as a reducing agent has been used for cost-effective and eco-friendly green synthesis.

Objective: To synthesise and characterise zinc oxide nanoparticles mediated by grape seed extract.

Materials and Methods: Green synthesis was used to synthesise the zinc oxide nanoparticles. Morphological features such as the form and size of the green synthesised zinc nanoparticles obtained via transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Results: The results indicate that the nanoparticles mediated by the synthesised grape seed extract are eco-friendly, good and non-toxic. In the graph seed extract solution, the visual colour change observed indicates the presence of nanoparticles of zinc oxide. The particle size ranges from 20 to 30 microns, clearly demonstrating the existence of ZnO NPs in spherical form. At 410 nm, the absorption produced in the reaction media has an absorbance peak. The TEM exhibits spherical shapes and nanoparticles that are flexible. They seem to be structured in an open superstructure and cluster.

Conclusion: A simple, biological and low-cost approach to the preparation of zinc oxide nanoparticles using grape seed extract was conducted in this report. In order to know the efficacy of these nanoparticles, synthesised grape seed extract mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles can therefore be subjected to various other biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic assessment.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5399

Keywords – Silver nanoparticles, nanotechnology, grape seed extract.

GREEN SYNTHESIS OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES USING DIFFERENT MEDICINAL PLANTS AND ITS UV-VIS SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Gold nanoparticles are the most prominent metal nanoparticles and having wide range of applications in drug delivery and many therapeutic potentials.

Materials and Methods: In this present investigation we have used some Indian herbal plants for the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles and its antibacterial efficacy was measured.

Results: The medicinal plants such as Alternanthera bettzickiana, Gymnema sylvestre and Andrographis paniculata used for the synthesis and characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity of gold nanoparticles such as Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Conclusion: The plant mediated gold nanoparticles may used in the controlling of pathogens in various medical field.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5400

Keywords – Gold nanoparticles, medicinal plants, UV-Vis, antibacterial activity.

In vitro PROPAGATION OF Cissampelos pareira Linn (DIYAMITHTHA): AN IMPORTANT MEDICINAL HERB | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Cissampelos pareira Linn: a slender climbing plant of family Menispermaceae, is a highly valued medicinal species known as “Diyamiththa” in Sri Lanka. An in vitro establishment protocol was developed for this important medicinal herb in order to mass production of plantlets using nodal segments. Best surface sterilization procedure was tested using combinations of three Clorox concentrations (10%, 15%, and 20%) and two exposure time periods (10 min, 20 min). For inducing and multiplication of shoots, the established cultures were transferred to Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various combinations and concentrations of kinetin (1.0, 1.5, 2.0(mgL-1) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) (1.0, 2.0(mgL-1)) with constant level of 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (1.0 mgL-1). For root induction, micro-shoots were transferred to half strength MS medium with Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (0.5 (mg/L) and four levels of Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 (mgL-1). The study was carried out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 20 replicates. Results revealed that surface sterilization with 20% Clorox for 20 minutes showed significantly least contaminations (12.5%) (p = 0.05). Highest shoot proliferation rate (7.8) was observed in MS medium supplemented with 0.1mgL-1NAA, 2 mgL-1BAP and 2mgL-1 Kinetin after five weeks from culture initiation. The highest percentage of root formation, highest number of roots and highest length of roots were recorded in half strength MS medium with 0.5 mgL-1IAA and 1.0 mgL-1 IBA. Values were significantly higher than all other treatments (p = 0.05). Findings of the study can be used for commercial cultivation and further studies of Cissampelos pareira Linn.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5401

Keywords – Cissampelos pareira linn, ethnobotany, ethnomedicine micropropagation, nodal explants and secondary metabolites.

JASMONIC ACID REGULATES THE PHYSIO-BIOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR MODIFICATIONS IN VARIOUS PLANT MODELS TRIGGERED BY BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Jasmonic acid (JA) is an important part of plant growth regulator (PGR) family with their ubiquitous presence in higher plants with various roles in the physiology, growth and development of plants. Jasmonic acid is one of the chief composites to play a principle role in plant signaling during environmental stress, both biotic and abiotic. Jasmonates are very important bioactive molecule in the signal transduction mechanism during plant stress. Jasmonic acid pathway activation is initiated by the interaction of jasmonic acid and isoleucine (JA-Ile) coupled with CORONATINE insensitive (COI 1) receptors. This interaction further triggers proteolysis of jasmonate ZIM domain, a transcriptional repressor, triggering proteolysis. In this literature survey, we have emphasized on the important research findings on the role of jasmonic acid as chief regulator and modulator of plant growth and development during varied biotic and abiotic stress. The review discusses different plant systems Solanum lycopersicum, Arabidopsis thaliana, Malus baccata Borkh, Nicotianna attenuate, Brassica species in Brassica campestris, Brassica napus and Brassica juncea , used as models to study the role of jasmonic acid in various conditions like, regulating Mi 1.2, PR1 and PR6 genes expression, PIN mediated polar auxin transport, proline accumulation, jasmonic acid-absicisic acid interaction, oxidative damage by regulating the mechanism of AsA-GSH cycle under low root temperature, elicitor of (E)-α- bergamotene generation, CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (irCOI1) regulation, xylogenesis in hypocotyls of seedlings subjected to jasmonic acid methyl-ester (JAMe) with and without 1 aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, indole-3-butyric acid and indole-3-acetic acid, PIN7 expression suppression by jasmonic acid.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5402

Keywords – Gene, growth regulators, regulator, signaling

STATUS OF DISEASE BY NOVEL CORONAVIRUS AND ANALYSIS OF MORTALITY IN MÉXICO, UNTIL JULY 31, 2020 | Journal of Medicine and Health Research

Background: With the advent of a pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 infection in China and its spread to other countries, mortality has been shown to be high and, if underlying pathologies exist, to a greater degree.

Methods: an ecological review (cases for Mexican states) and a cross-sectional sample (individual data) of the open records of reported and discarded COVID-19 cases performed by the Directorate General of Epidemiology of the Ministry of Health of Mexico.

Results: Specific mortality is estimated to be 10.99 percent, higher in men aged 65 or older. The mortality rate from underlying diseases was higher than that recorded in the United States of America and Brazil in August 2020 by the World Health Organization. The protective factor for COVID-19 mortality was found to be asthma.

Conclusion: It is assumed that, in the case of comorbidity, mortality was higher.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JOMAHR/article/view/5483

Keywords – SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, mortality, co-morbidities.

OPTIMIZATION OF EMS AND DES TREATMENTS FOR INDUCTION OF MUTATIONS IN QUANTITATIVE TRAITS OF MAIZE | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The LC50 value indicates the genotypic sensitivity of a species in the chemical mutagenesis experiment, which promotes the fixation of appropriate mutagen concentrations to achieve a higher rate of mutations with nominal population damage. The present study was carried out in two separate stages, initially calculating the lethal concentration (LC50) of EMS and DES and finally quantitatively analysing the mutations induced by the established concentrations for the yield characteristics of the indigenous maize germplasm of Mizoram. Analysis of the probit curve based on the germination percentage of treated maize seeds showed that EMS and DES LC50 values were 117.49 mM and 138.04 mM, respectively. Observations on quantitative characteristics have shown that LC50 therapies have successfully induced substantial beneficial genetic variations, including overall average grain (93.41 g) and stover (198.16 g) yield increase in 100 mM EMS therapy. The results indicated that the efficacy of EMS in the induction of useful micro-mutations was relatively higher than that of DES at their respective optimum maize germplasm concentrations in the current study. In conclusion, the study verified and recommends the use of EMS and DES concentrations up to an optimum of 100 mM and 150 mM respectively to produce a large range of quantitative yield mutations that could be useful in potential Mizoram indigenous maize germplasm mutation breeding programmes.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5484

Keywords – Zea mays L, chemical mutagenesis, optimum concentrations, probit analysis, quantitative traits, indigenous germplasm.

QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF GREEN POVERTY REDUCTION IN HUNAN PROVINCE | Journal of Basic and Applied Research International

In order to investigate the relationship between the impact of poverty reduction and green development in Hunan Province, this paper developed the Hunan Province Green Poverty Reduction Index, which was used to calculate the size of the effect of green poverty reduction in Hunan Province. In this paper, the Bureau of Statistics collected relevant data on 48 poverty-stricken counties in Hunan province and estimated the Poverty Reduction Index, the Green Growth Index, and the Green Poverty Reduction Index. Based on the approximate results of the Green Poverty Reduction Assessment Index of 48 poverty-stricken counties (county-level cities) in Hunan Province, a cluster study was conducted.

The study shows that in Hunan province, the green poverty reduction impact of 48 poverty-stricken counties (county-level cities) can be divided into three separate echelons from east to west: the eastern region achieving good results is the first separate echelon, the central region is the second and the western region lags behind.

Please see the link :- https://ikprress.org/index.php/JOBARI/article/view/5485

Keywords – Green poverty reduction, index construction, effect evaluation, cluster analysis.

ALGORITHM FOR MULTI-SOURCE INFORMATION FUSION BASED ON (FUZZY) PARTIAL ORDER RELATION | Asian Journal of Mathematics and Computer Research

The approach for multi-source information fusion is primarily discussed in this paper and offers a multi-source information fusion algorithm based on a fuzzy partial order relationship. The trick to achieving information fusion is to make all the elements comparable. First, to get the good or bad order of the subjects being assessed and the most important details, we will convert the existing fuzzy partial order into complete order, in addition to obtaining a new framework. Second, we're getting knowledge fusion algorithms. Finally, using an example, we test the feasibility and efficiency of the algorithms.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/AJOMCOR/article/view/5480

Keywords – Multi-source information systems, information fusion, fuzzy partial order relation, total order relation.

A REVIEW ON BIODIVERSITY OF SOME MEDICINAL AND WILD PLANTS AND THEIR POSSIBLE ROLE IN VECTOR- BORNE DISEASES AND VECTOR CONTROL | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Plants have been extensively studied in the search for alternatives to traditional insecticides. During the last decade, their toxic actions against insects have attracted particular attention. Mosquitoes are nuisance pests and a major vector for the spread of many diseases that are life-threatening. These days, mosquito and vector-borne diseases such as Malaria, Chikungunya, Dengue and many more are becoming a major public health concern because they have a social and economic impact in subtropical and tropical countries in particular. Basically, the current prevalence of these diseases is due to the growing resistance of mosquitoes to existing insecticides. Plant-derived products have been used to repel or destroy mosquitoes and other domestic insect pests in many parts of the world. Since they are rich in bioactive chemicals, are active against a small range of organisms, including particular target insects or parasites, and are biodegradable, plants can be a source of alternative insect and parasite control agents. Whereas, rather than the intended pathogen carrier, synthetic drugs and insecticides also cause extensive toxicity and adverse side effects to the end consumer. Upon completion of the literature survey, therefore, it was concluded that the use of environmentally friendly and biodegradable natural insecticides of plant origin has received renewed attention as insect control agents and plant products are a good source of medicinal aspects and also of insecticides that are important for the elimination of vector and vector diseases.

The present analysis focuses primarily on the potential for anti-plasmodial or insecticidal properties of certain widely grown plants. If their products are properly developed, these plants can be a good alternative for many vector-borne diseases. This paper addresses the multi-source information fusion approach primarily and offers an algorithm for multi-source information fusion based on a fuzzy partial order relationship. The trick to achieving information fusion is to make all the elements comparable. First, to get the good or bad order of the subjects being assessed and the most important details, we will convert the existing fuzzy partial order into complete order, in addition to obtaining a new framework. Second, we're getting knowledge fusion algorithms. Finally, using an example, we test the feasibility and efficiency of the algorithms.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5481

Keywords – Insecticidal, anti-malarial, plants, mosquitoes, plasmodium, vector -borne diseases.

GROWTH, FLOWERING AND ANATOMICAL CHARACTERS OF GLADIOLUS (Gladiolus x hybridus) AS INFLUENCED BY VERNALIZATION AND YEAST TREATMENTS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The experiment was conducted in the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design, College of Agriculture, Basrah, Iraq with the aim to study the effect of the vernalization period and active yeast on the vegetative and flowering growth of gladiolus. The experiment involved two factors, which are the vernalization period factor (without treatment, and treatment with temperatures 5 and 10°C), and the second factor included spraying with active yeast extract in three concentrations, which are 0, 3 and 7 g L-1. The results of the study indicated a significant effect of vernalization period of gladiolus corms on plant height. As the treatment of vernalization period at a temperature of 10°C recorded the highest plant height and leaf area of 70.41 cm and 584.02 cm2, respectively. The treatment with active yeast had a significant effect on plant height, as the 7 g L-1treatment, recorded the highest plant height and leaf areas were 69.34 cm and 555.22 cm2, respectively. The vernalization period treatment at 10°C, affected on the time of flowering, as the vernalization period treatment at10°C, recorded the lowest mean for the number of days required for the flowering of plants to 100.99 days, and the highest average for the duration of flowering was 21.22 days. The treatment with active yeast had a significant effect on the number of days required for the flowering of the plants, as the treatment at 7 g L-1, recorded the lowest mean for the number of days required for the flowering of plants was 102.11 and the highest average for the duration of flowering was 21.11 days. The treatment of the vernalization period at a temperature of 10°C recorded the highest percentage, specific weight and oil density, which was 0.29%, 0.366, and 0.76 mg ml-1, respectively. Also, the vernalization period treatment at10°C, recorded the highest mean of the parenchyma cells of the mesophyll tissue and the vascular bundle diameter were 8.92 and 39.56 µm respectively. The treatment with active yeast had a significant effect on the diameter of the parenchymal cells of the mesophyll tissue and vascular bundle, as the treatment of 7 g L-1, recorded the highest means were 9.19 and 40.25 µm, respectively, with a significant difference from the other treatments. As for the interaction between the vernalization period treatment at 10°C and the yeast treatment at 7 g L-1, recorded the highest means of the parenchymal cells of the mesophyll tissue and the vascular bundle diameter, were recorded10.23 and 45.23µm, respectively, with a significant difference from the other treatments.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5482

Keywords – Gladiolus anatomy, vegetative growth, vernalization, yeast.

CLINOSTAT MICROGRAVITY IMPACT ON ROOT MORPHOLOGY OF SELECTED NUTRITIONAL AND ECONOMIC CROPS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The use of the microgravity simulators such as Clinostat has enhanced microgravity research on Earth as engaging in real space flight microgravity experiments are expensive and unusual. The reduction of gravity causes significant changes on biological organisms, macromolecules, fluids and materials. Some of these changes that occur have led to discoveries that have been found to be of social-economic benefits. The use of Clinostat as a source of simulated microgravity impact for the growth of plants has produced several positive implications especially for the agriculture sector. It is also predicted that space explorers in distant future will have improved breeds of crops that will adapt and survive well in the harsh environment of space from microgravity simulations experiments from Earth. In this research, 10 essential plants: peanut, cowpea, watermelon, okra, cotton, cucumber, wheat, sorghum, rice and corn were selected because of their nutritional and economical values. They were separately grown under normal Earth gravity (control) and under simulated-microgravity (clinorotation) using Clinostat. The experimental variables on the Clinostat were rotation-speed, rotational-axis angle and rotation-direction. Observations were made for hours during the experiment on the roots morphological developments range from the physical characterization of the roots to the growth-rate and root-curvature using ImageJ software. Results revealed that there were mostly improved growth-rates and reduced response to gravity per-hour on the microgravity simulated samples than the control plants. The clinorotated-samples root-curvatures ranged from 1.33°/hr to 28.25°/hr for the ten plants; while the 90°-turned sample ranged from 3.99°/hr to 33.13°/hr. The clinorotated-samples of eight plants showed increased growth-rate per hour than their 1 g-control and ranged from 2 mm/hr to 10.75 mm/hr while cotton and sorghum had 2.13 mm/hr and 6.08 mm/hr respectively as decrease in growth-rates. The growth-rate for 1 g-control of the ten plants ranged from 0.69 mm/hr to 8.01 mm/hr.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5478

Keywords – Plants, root morphology, clinostat, simulated microgravity.

EFFECT OF SEVERAL PACKAGING MATERIALS ON STORAGE STABILITY OF DRIED PERSIMMON (Diospyros kaki L) FRUIT SLICES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

A study was performed to assess the stability of sun dried persimmon (Diospyros kaki L) fruit slices during storage in various packaging materials viz wax paper, rice paper, aluminium foil and 150-gauge polypropylene bags and control sample in the Food Science and Technology division, SKUAST Jammu. Assessment was made for changes in chemical attributes of dried slices for 28 days at an interval of seven days of storage. pH, TSS (°brix), moisture (%), ascorbic Acid (%) were determined at seven days  of interval during  storage. Significant decrease in TSS (°brix) was seen in the rice paper package and increase moisture content was observed in all packaging materials. Ascorbic acid content was decreased in all the packaging materials during storage. Dried slices packed in aluminium foil were found to be best followed by 150-gauge polypropylene bags by resulting retention of various nutrients and organoleptic attributes when compared to the other packaging during storage.The sensory analysis also showed samples packed in 150 gauge Polypropylene bag and Almunium Foil Showed strong overall acceptance than the rest of the samples.Hence they prove to be the best packaging materials for the dried persimmon fruit slices.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5476

Keywords – Persimmon, storage, packaging material, stability.

EFFECT OF VARIOUS GROWING MEDIA COMBINATIONS ON ROOT ARCHITECTURE OF ROUGH LEMON (Citrus jambhiri LUSH) AND PONCIRUS (Citrus trifoliata) ROOTSTOCKS FOR HEALTHY CITRUS NURSERY PRODUCTION | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Bio-materials play a vital role for plant growth and production as they anchor roots and allow the transport of water and nutrients to the root system. In this regard, a research was conducted at Citrus Research Institute, Sargodha to evaluate the impact of growing media (peat moss, compost, soil, silt, sand, saw dust and leaf manure) in 14 different combinations for rough lemon and trifoliate rootstocks. Five plants per treatment were inserted in black polythene bags filled with the required media under Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and data will be analyzed by STATISTIX 8.1 software package. Data on various root parameters, soil physical and chemical analyses were carried out from treatments were analyzed for determination of N, P, K. Physical analysis of soil mixes i.e. moisture percentage shows that optimum values for citrus nursery production were observed in peat moss+soil+saw dust, leaf manure+soil+saw dust, leaf manure+silt+saw dust and leaf manure+soil+sand. Poor results were observed in soil (controlled) due to more compaction of soil particles. Chemical analysis of soil potting medias i.e. pH, EC, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents showed favorable results for citrus plant growth and development in soil+silt+saw dust, gave high values of above parameters which showed adverse effect on plant growth and development. Nutrient analysis report of plant leaves i.e. N, P, and K showed these nutrient statuses of soil high in those plants, which were grow well especially in soil+silt+sand, soil+silt+saw dust, leaf manure+silt+saw dust and leaf manure+soil+sand in rough lemon seedling. It was concluded that media combinations containing peat mass+soil+saw dust and leaf manure+soil+saw dust were highly efficient for growth and development of root architecture.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5477

Keywords – Citrus poincirus, growing media, root analysis, rough lemon, soil properties.

SCREENING OF LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY OF CRUDE LEAF EXTRACTS OF Gliricidia sepium AGAINST IV INSTAR LARVAE OF GRAM POD BORER Helicoverpa armigera | Journal of Biology and Nature

Gliricidia sepiumare medicinal plants predominantly present in India. It is also used for its medicinal, insecticidal and insect repellent properties. Larvicidal activity of the petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol leaf extracts of G. sepium leaf powder were investigated for their larvicidal property against  IV instar larvae of Helicoverpa armigera. The presence of secondary metabolites from all solvent extracts of G.sepiumleaf were analysed. The larval mortality was observed after 24 h of exposure. All extracts showed moderatelarvicidal effects; however, the highest larval mortality was found in methanol extract of G. Sepium against the larvae of H. armigera. Usually larger doses of plant extract inflict mortality either by inhibiting feeding. The study proves an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of the agricultural pest, H. armigera.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JOBAN/article/view/5479

Keywords – Gliricidia sepium, Helicoverpa armigera, phytochemical, insecticidal, larvicidal.

Cajanus cajan (L.) MILLSP USED AS MEDICINAL PLANT BY THE LIANGMAI NAGA IN TAMENGLONG DISTRICT OF MANIPUR: A CASE STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Millsp. Cajanus cajan (L) One of the essential grain crops of the Liangmai ethnic group is commonly referred to as pigeon pea; they are used for vegetable and medicinal purposes. The study seeks to record the value of the Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp and used as medicine and protection and conservation of the traditional knowledge of the Liangmai Naga. The current study revealed the use of pigeon pea for the treatment of various ailments. The seed is protein rich. They are used as vegetables and snake bite is often used as medicine. For diabetes and food poisoning, the leaf is used, and the bean is consumed raw to treat dysentery.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5474

Keywords – Cajanus cajan, siopi, folk medicine, Liangmai, Naga, Tamenglong.

A NEW MODIFICATION OF THE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORM METHOD | Asian Journal of Mathematics and Computer Research

In this article, as a method suitable for solving (1 + 1) partial differential equations, a new modification of the Differential Transform Method, called the ModDTM, is implemented with initial conditions which are defined at the initial value of the spatial variable. The method's concepts and properties are developed and then applied to test the efficacy of the method in order to solve two nonlinear partial differential equations, namely the Rosenau-Hyman equation and the Newell-Whitehead-Segel equation. The solutions obtained are compared via the Reduced Differential Transform Method with the exact solutions and the solutions. It is assessed that when the attached initial conditions apply to the spatial variable, ModDTM is an efficient tool for solving (1+1) partial differential equations.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/AJOMCOR/article/view/5475

Keywords – ModDTM, differential transform method, reduced differential transform method, Rosenau-Hyman equation, Newell-Whitehead-Segel equation.

FORMULATING A VITAMIN D DELIVERY TOOTHPASTE USING A PENETRATION PROMOTOR | Journal of International Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences

The functions of toothpaste have recently been diversified from the mere functions of removing dietary waste, inhibiting bacterial development, and improving the colour of whiter teeth. In order to extend toothpaste uses, many toothpastes prefer to include attractive scents, colours, and active ingredients. Vitamin D is particularly important because it facilitates the absorption of calcium in the intestine, enhances the development of the bone and reshapes osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In 42 percent of the American population today, widespread vitamin D deficiency has been found.

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin which is naturally present, added to others and available as a dietary supplement in very few foods. Thus, the value of vitamin D dietary supplements should not be ignored. However, taking pills regularly is almost difficult.

Objective: The purpose of the study was to promote successful daily dosing of vitamin D on a long-term basis via intraoral administration during toothbrushing.

Methods: With distilled water, olive oil, and emulsifying wax, an emulsion-based toothpaste was developed. And other typical ingredients were then homogeneously combined with azone and vitamin D3, a potent penetration promoter. After formulating the vitamin D toothpaste, the various characteristics of our vitamin D3 toothpaste, such as abrasiveness, scratchiness, spreadability, pH, foaming and cleaning ability, were compared with those of other commercial toothpaste brands. A transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurement was performed using Lumbricus terrestris skin to ensure the intended delivery of vitamin D3 via the oral cavity.

Conclusions: The general characteristics of our vitamin D toothpaste did not vary substantially from commercial brand toothpastes. The feasibility of vitamin D3 delivery was demonstrated on the basis of the increase in TEER values for the vitamin D toothpaste community, although the invertebrate model may have some limitations. With more enhanced transport research, further studies should be carried out. Some new insight into the drug delivery application of toothpaste should be given by the intraoral delivery analysis for vitamin D.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JIRMEPS/article/view/5472

Keywords – Azone formulation, chemical penetration promotor, drug delivery system, intraoral delivery system, toothpaste, vitamin D3 delivery.

EVALUATION OF EFFICACY FOR THE COLD AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF Ricinus comminus LEAVES ON THE VIABILITY OF THE PRIMARY PRIMATES OF THE Echinococcus granulosus PARASITE In vitro | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

There are two explanations for the spread of this disease: the first is the failure to detect infection in the early stages, as pathological signs do not occur until after the cyst has grown in size, resulting in strain on the neighbouring tissues, and the second is the lack of the means of treatment, and the disease is similar in severity. This research aims to evaluate the effect of different aqueous extract concentrations of Ricinus comminus leaves on the viability of Echinococcuss granulosus primary larvae in vitro. In the Najaf massacre, water bags were obtained from the livers of infected sheep. By adding (1 ml) of the initial head suspension to (1 ml) of each aqueous extract concentration of the plant, the amount and viability of these rhizomes have been determined. The study showed that the proportion of essential rosettes at concentration (10) mg / ml per minute decreased from 97 percent to 38 percent (180). While the percentage of infection decreased at this specific time (180 minutes) from 96 percent to 0 percent at a concentration of 20 mg/ml, we conclude that the inhibitory effect of the plant extract on the interference with the respiratory chain enzymes containing the thiol group (sulfur - hydrogen. SH).


Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5473

Keywords – Cystic cyst, disease, Echinoccosis, viability, pathological, symptoms, Ricinus.

INDICATORS OF ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC STRESSES OF LOCAL AND FOREIGN COTTON (G. Hirsutum L.) | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The paper presents the findings of the research on salt and wilt tolerance in various ecological and geographical germplasms of cotton. In accordance with the resistance levels, the germplasm lines were split into several classes based on the performance. Resistant and unstable genotypes were present in all the ecological-geographical groups analysed, but the frequency of distribution was different. A range of G, as a result of environmental studies. The L hirsutum. Genotypes have been established that show promise for selection in different ecological-geographical groups. In order to research the degree of resistance to wilt and salt tolerance in 400 cotton genotypes and highly resistant wilt genotypes, three varieties from Uzbekistan (A-1431, A-1530 and A-3941), one variety from China (A-3761), one genotype from Pakistan (A-3684) and three varieties from India, a screening was carried out (A-3657, A-3401 and A-3400). Cotton genotypes and highly resistant salt tolerance genotypes; six Uzbek varieties (A-36, A-492, A-740, A-775 A-807, A-501), two Indian varieties (A-2059 and A-2321), one Armenian genotype (A-385), one Ukrainian genotype (A-2154) and three Azerbaijani genotypes (A-1892, A-564 and A-2219), which can be used as donors to pick wilt and salt resistant cotton varieties.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5467

Keywords – Cotton, germplasm, salt, tolerance, stress, tetraploid, Verticillium dahliae.

In vitro PROPAGATION OF Cryptocarya stocksii Meisn. -A VULNERABLE TREE FROM INDIA | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

By using a cotyledonary node, the current work describes an efficient, high-frequency multiple shoot induction protocol. Cryptocarya stocksii seeds were sterilised with HgCl2 (0.1 percent w/v) on the surface for 7 min and washed with sterile water 3 times. Seeds were grown on a medium containing 0.5 mg/L Thidiazuron (TDZ) for 20 days on Murashige and Skoog (MS). Cotyledonary nodes were excised as explants for multiple shoot induction from 20-day-old seedlings. Cotyledonary nodes containing 1 mg/L TDZ, 0.5 mg/L 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 0.5 mg/L Gibberellic acid (GA3) and 0.2 percent Activated charcoal (AC) for multiple shoot induction were pre-inoculated for 20 days on MS medium. Subsequently, MS media containing 3 mg/L 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP), 0.5 mg/L NAA and 1 mg/L Kinetin were transferred to the secondary medium for shoot elongation (KN). The 4 to 5 leaf shoots were transferred to the root induction medium of MS containing 3 mg/L indole 3-butyric acid (IBA). Plantlets with well-developed roots were transferred and maintained in the growth room to pots containing sterile sand.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5464

Keywords – Cryptocarya stocksii, lauraceae, cotyledonary node, tissue culture, vulnerable.

THE EFFECT OF BLACK TEA RESIDUES ON THE GROWTH OF Vicia faba AND SOME OF ITS PHENOTYPIC PROPERTIES AND CHEMICAL CONTENT OF CHLOROPHYLL | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The current research was piloted from (5-10-2018) to (15-2-2019) at the College of Education for Girls-University of Kufa to study the impact of black tea residues on some of the vegetative indicators represented by pea plants (plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, length of branches, leafy area and soft weight of the vegetative group, soft weight of the vegetative group, soft weight of the leaves, length of branches, And for the sake of contrast, the remainder of the seedlings were left without addition. The results of the study showed that care in all studied traits surpassed (240 g) morally over each (control) and (120 g) treatments. Although no substantial difference between the two treatments (240 g) and (180 g) was observed in any of the following characteristics (plant height, number of branches, length of branches), the treatment (240 g) exceeded all of the (leafy area) recipe treatments (Number of sheets). Similarly, no substantial difference between (120 g) and control care was found in any of the studied traits, with the exception of two traits (leafy area and number of plant leaves). For both (120 g) and (control) treatments, the treatment also exceeded (180 g) in all the studied characteristics except for the adjective (paper area) in which no substantial difference was found between the treatment (180 g) and the treatment (120 g), indicating that the treatment (180 g) Cloud overtook the control treatment in all the studied characteristics. The results of the research showed the superiority of the treatment (240 g) of black tea waste in all the characteristics mentioned, with the exception of the characteristic (root length) where no substantial difference between the treatment (240 g) and the treatment (240 g) was observed (180 g). In addition, treatment (180 g) was superior to treatment (120 g) and (control) in all characteristics, because no substantial difference was observed between treatment (120 g) and (control) except for the characteristic (length of vegetative group) where treatment exceeded (120) the clouded control of pea seedling treatment.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5465

Keywords – Treatment, vegetative, root, environment, household, seedlings, control.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AND TOTAL PHENOL CONTENTS OF Sargassum polycystum EXTRACT AGAINST Escherichia coli AND Staphylococcus aureus | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Objective and Context: Brown algae contain a number of chemical components (carotenoids, laminarin, alginate, fucoidan, mannitol and phlorotannin) that are used to treat various degenerative diseases as anti-cancer agents, antioxidants and chemo-preventive agents. One of the algae species belonging to the Phaeophyceae class, or brown algae, is Sargassum polycystum. Content of phenols in S. Polycystum may function as an anti-bacterial pathogen, particularly E. S. and coli. Bacteria with aureus. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the total phenol and its antibacterial activity from the semi-polar to the polar extract.

Materials and methods: Maceration with 96 percent ethanol, acetone and ethyl acetate as the solvent was used in the extraction process. The total phenol content was measured using the foline ciocalteau reagent with a gallic acid standard UV VIS spectrophotometer. While the extract's antibacterial activity was performed with gram-negative E using the disc diffusion zone process. Gram-positive S and coli. Bacteria with aureus.

Results and Discussion: The results showed that the S. Phenol with a gross phenol content of 96 percent ethanol 3.75 mg EGA/g, ethyl acetate 5.78 mg EGA/g and acetone 4.04 mg EGA/g were found in polycystum extract. The 96 percent antibacterial activity of ethanol, ethyl acetate and acetone extracts was rated as high with a range of 10-13 mm inhibition zone diameter. The highest overall phenol content and antibacterial activity occurred with ethyl acetate extract.

Conclusion: The conclusion of this analysis is that ethyl acetate with the maximum total phenol content of 5.78 mg EGA/g is the most effective solvent for phenol attraction. This is a positive association with the findings of the ethyl acetate extract's antibacterial activity, which has a higher inhibition zone activity relative to other E extracts. S. and coli. Bacteria with aureus.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5466

Keywords – Sargassum polycystum, total phenol, antibacterial, S. aureus, E. coli.

UNCONVENTIONAL TECHNIQUE FOR IMPROVING FARMER YIELDS BY EXPOSING AND MITIGATING FOLIAGE DISEASES IN AN EXTENSIVELY ADAPTABLE DEEP LEARNING AND COMPUTATIONAL MODEL THROUGH MICROBIOLOGICAL VEGETATION ASSESSMENT | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Leaf-based diseases suggest the quality of yield for several sectors of agriculture. Banana planting, mango growing, and several others are part of these sectors. In order to increase the quality of production, the identification and prevention of these diseases is extremely important. Thus, several image processing methods have been proposed over the years to effectively detect leaf-based diseases. The present work proposes a new architecture based on a deep neural network that, when identifying leaf imaging diseases, takes into account a variety of imaging aspects. By evaluating the structure, colour, form and border details, the proposed architecture improves accuracy. This article also compares the current system with other state-of-the-art systems, and it is noted that the proposed system improves precision, accuracy and recall by preserving a mild algorithmic complexity.


Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5469

Keywords – Leaf, disease, deep, nets, colour, texture, edge.

LEAF SPOT DISEASE OF MUSTARD PLANT AND ITS VARIATION ON PREVAILING ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION LEVELS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Environmental pollution is a major issue that is so important to our existence and threatens our fragile environment. It is expected that air pollution would have a pronounced impact on vegetation close to industry. The microbial group is directly and indirectly affected by air contaminants. Pathogenesis may be impaired by interactions between air pollution and plant pathogens in mustard plants. The vulnerability to microbial pathogens of plants growing around contaminated sites may be altered and disease production may be impaired.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5514

Keywords – Pollution, leaf spot disease, biotic and abiotic pathogens, suspended particulate matter.

ONGOING POLICY REFORM IN THAILAND’S INITIAL TEACHER EDUCATION CURRICULUM: INCOMPLETE POLICY BORROW | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

This article reports on a study carried out in 2016/17 of Initial Teacher Education at Rajabhat Universities in Thailand and the subsequent national initial teacher education curriculum reform based on the results and recommendations of the review. The study was carried out in three steps that were interconnected. The first included a study of secondary data provided by the Rajabhat Universities Sample (n=5) and the Ministry of Education of Thailand. Phase two included a fieldwork time in Thailand during which the research team gathered data from Ministry of Education officers (n=6), senior university administrators (n=38), initial leaders of teacher education courses and academic staff (n=54) and student teachers (n~125). The research team worked with a variety of Thai stakeholders (e.g. the Teachers' Council of Thailand) during the final phase of the research to ensure accuracy matches and disengage local customs and practice from national policy. A key research recommendation was to consider reducing the length of the undergraduate road to teaching and ensuring that trainee teachers spend time in school on each of their four-year courses. After the study, policy changes have been enforced around the initial teacher education environment of Thailand, including the recommended reduction in the period of the initial teacher education course from five to four years in March 2019.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/AJAHSS/article/view/5515

Keywords – Curriculum reform, initial teacher education, policy borrow, Thailand.

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF TULASI AND TURMERIC MEDIATED COPPER NANOPARTICLES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: The objective is to understand the anti-inflammatory activity of medical copper nanoparticles provided by turmeric and Tulsi. Turmeric is a perennial, rhizomatous, herbaceous plant that requires temperatures between 20 and 30 ° C (68 and 86 ° F) and a substantial amount of annual rainfall to thrive, native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. For their rhizomes, plants are gathered each year, some for propagation in the following season and some for consumption. Curcumin, a turmeric material, may help reduce body inflammation, so it has been widely marketed as a supplement, turmeric has also been applied to the skin for pain or swelling, and essential oil has also been added. The principal active ingredient in turmeric is curcumin. It has strong anti-inflammatory effects and is an antioxidant that is very effective. There are several medicinal properties in the Basil or Tulsi plant (Ocimum tenuiflorum). The leaves reinforce the stomach and assist with respiratory problems.

Materials and Methods: In 100 ml of distilled water, 0.5 grams of Tulasi and 0.5 grams of turmeric were added. Some characteristic color shift was observed in the extract and anti-inflammatory activity of copper nanoparticle mediated by Tulsi and Turmeric nanoparticle after addition of copper sulphate and centrifugation, and anti-inflammatory activity was measured using the UV spectrophotometer.

Results: This demonstrates that medicinal copper nanoparticles of turmeric and tulsi formation have strong anti inflammatory properties.

Conclusion: This concludes that Tulasi and turmeric combined with copper extract have shown better anti-inflammatory activity outcomes.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5519

Keywords – Anti-inflammatory, curcumin, copper, thulasi, turmeric.

MICROSATELLITE MARKER BASED GENETIC DIVERSITY ANALYSIS AMONG THE GERMPLASM OF AN ORPHAN LEGUME YARDLONG BEAN (Vigna unguiculata L. WALP.) IN BANGLADESH | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

One of the prerequisites for breeding activities is the estimation of genetic diversity of plant materials, as the effectiveness of breeding programs depends on the genetic variability dimension. The present study was performed using ten simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci to establish genetic divergence and molecular relationships with 32 genotypes of yardlong bean, including commercial variety and inbred lines. Among the 32 yard-long bean genotypes with an average of 3.2 alleles per locus, a total of 32 alleles were identified. In this experiment, total mean polymorphism information content (PIC) and Nei gene diversity of 0.3285 and 0.3662 were found. The highest allele frequency (0.9688) but the lowest genetic diversity and PIC was given by the SSR primer VM35. Cluster analysis based on similarity indices (UPGMA) grouped 32 genotypes into four groups, one of which was further divided into sub-clusters and sub-sub-clusters. It is important to note that three genotypes remain unclustered, namely, BD-9833, Lal Benny, and Saba. Within cluster III, the majority of genotypes were found (90.63 percent ). In a number of ways, the SSR analysis resulted in the conclusive separation of genotypes, suggesting the existence of large heterogeneity between genotypes that can be used for the potential breeding program.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5520

Keywords – Dendrogram, PIC, polymorphism, SSR marker, yardlong bean.

CHEWING EFFICACY OF FENNEL SEEDS ON SALIVARY pH IN CHILDREN – AN In vivo STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: In different cultures, chewing of herbal seeds/leaves has been widely followed. One such tradition is the chewing of fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare). This is known to affect the salivary flow and its buffering ability, thereby offering susceptible individuals caries defense.

Objective: The aim of the study is to assess and compare salivary pH in children at baseline, immediately and five minutes after seed chewing. Materials and Methods: A total of 25 subjects aged 12-15 years were divided into three groups based on DMFT scores and were asked to chew 1.3 gm of fennel seeds for five minutes, and salivary pH was reported at three pH meteorological intervals.

Results: In all categories of the DMFT score, an increase in salivary pH was observed immediately after chewing and 5 minutes after chewing the fennel seeds. It has been found that this is statistically important (<0.005).

Conclusion: Fennel seed chewing has shown an improvement in salivary pH that can avoid demineralization and encourage anti-carcinogenic effects.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5521

Keywords – Salivary pH, fennel seeds, chewing seeds, herbal, oral health.

EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON In vitro REGENERATION OF FOUR BANGLADESHI TOMATO (Solanum lycopersicum L.) VARIETIES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The study was carried out to determine the effect of plant growth regulators (PGRs) on four Bangladeshi tomato varieties on in vitro regeneration. For successful regeneration by callus induction, three explants (cotyledon, hypocotyl, and leaf segments) from four tomato varieties named-BT-2 (BARI Tomato-2), BH-T4 (BARI Hybrid Tomato-4), Apple Tomato, and Native Tomato were used. For callus induction and subsequent plantlet production, MS medium fortified with varying concentrations and PGRs combinations were used. Based on varieties, forms of explants, and hormonal combinations, the nature and texture of the callus were different. In MS+1.0 mg/L BAP + 1.0 mg/L NAA for leaf segment and cotyledon derived BH-T4 and Apple tomato variety explants, the finest callus induction was reported. Full shoot regeneration was achieved with 1.0 mg/L BAP+0.5 mg/L NAA and 0.5 mg/L NAA+1.0 mg/L IAA hormonal combinations with the highest root induction. Well rooted, regenerated plantlets were eventually acclimatized and 70 percent was the best survival rate after acclimatization. Among the four varieties, the most sensitive genotypes were found to be the BH-T4 and apple tomato varieties in terms of different parameters such as primary culture establishment capacity, callus induction rate, shoot initiation, and multiplication, root formation, and acclimatization. This study will help to grow a large number of tomato seedlings per year.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5522

Keywords – BH-T4, callus, shoot regeneration, rooting, acclimatization.

ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF TAMARIND MEDIATED COPPER OXIDE NANOPARTICLES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Objective: To determine the antioxidant and antibacterial function of nanoparticles induced by Tamarind Copper Oxide.

Materials and methods: In 50 mL of distilled water, 0.318 g of CuSO4 powder was dissolved and 50 mL of the prepared extract was applied to it. The solution was deposited in a nanoparticle-forming orbital shaker and checked by a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The antibacterial activity of the agar well diffusion system against S was assessed. Lactobacillus and mutans. The antioxidant function of the copper oxide nanoparticle induced by tamarind was evaluated by the DPPH assay technique.

Results: Nanoparticles of copper oxide showed a concentration - dependent antibacterial activity against S. Mutans versus Lactobacillus. The concentration-dependent antioxidant activity was shown by the different concentrations of Tamarind-mediated copper oxide nanoparticles used (10 μL, 20 μL, 30 μL, 40 μL, 50 μL). Copper oxide nanoparticles have demonstrated the highest radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 50 μL.(94.7 percent ).

Conclusion: Copper Oxide nanoparticles synthesized using tamarind showed strong antibacterial and antioxidant activity and can therefore be used as a healthy, simple and eco-friendly green synthesis of copper nanoparticle for its antibacterial and antioxidant properties.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5523

Keywords – Antibacterial, antioxidant, copper oxide, nanoparticle, tamarind.

ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION STUDY OF ESSENTIAL OIL OF Salvia officinalis FROM THE SOUTH ALGERIAN | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Using the steam distillation process, extraction of essential oils from Salvia officinalis plants was performed. We conducted this analysis to obtain an extract of essential oil from the Salvia officinalis South Algerian plant cultivated in the Municipality of Ghardaia. The Lamiaceae family of Salvia officinalis, popular in Algeria, is a native herb with many therapeutic properties (antiseptic, anti-neuralgic, analgesic...). The extraction of its aromatic fraction provides new perspectives through a Clevenger-type apparatus in aromatherapy by hydrodistillation process. The extract obtained was the target of antibacterial and antifungal action, and a chemical analysis involves determining the composition of the chemical essential oil by GC-MS, showing the presence of the substance that may have different interests. The antibacterial and antifungal efficacy of oils has been checked against the growth of various Fusariums using the direct contact process (Fusarium sporotrichioides Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium langsethiae). The results showed that natural antimicrobial activity has great potential against tested strains. Thirty four compounds representing a proportion of 75.46 percent of the essential oil of Salvia officinalis were found in the study of this oil by GC-MS, suggesting the presence of many components that are the key components of Camphor (23.3 percent), followed by alpha-thujone (14.6 percent), 1.8-cineole (5.72 percent) and limonene (4.04 percent). Further studies on this plant and other medicinal plants to isolate, purify and classify active ingredients with biological activities would be interesting.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5524

Keywords – Salvia officinalis, essential oils, chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal activity and GC-MS analysis.

MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF Lagenaria siceraria L. CULTIVARS UNDER NaCl STRESS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Salinity poses a significant threat to global food security. The research was conducted to define morphological and physiological characteristics that can be used in the bottle gourd to characterize salinity tolerance (Lagenaria siceraria L.). In plastic pots, three genotypes (Round (Local), Latto (Local) and Louki) were sown, using fine sand as a medium for growth. Saline water treatments (25, 50, 75 and 100 mM NaCl) were applied after one month, with the exception of control seedlings and Hoagland solution as a nutrient solution was used. Using normal statistical methods, data was collected and analysed statistically. The findings showed that with mainly morphological characters, salinity has an adverse effect (number of leaves, root length, shoot length, root fresh mass, root dry mass, shoot fresh mass and shoot dry mass). Similarly, physiological characteristics such as chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate were also affected. The analysis revealed that Latto (local) cultivar showed significantly better salinity tolerance compared to others with maximum chlorophyll content (17.36 SPAD) under salinity conditions, followed by Louki (14.19 SPAD) and, under salinity conditions, the Round (Local) variety showed minimum chlorophyll value (11.95).

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5525

Keywords – Bottle gourd, salt stress, sodicity, physiology, Na toxicity.

ARROW ROOT MEDIATED SELENIUM NANOPARTICLE AND ITS CHARACTERIZATION | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The purpose of the research is to synthesize the arrowroot-mediated selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and further define their characterization. With its applications in science and technology to create new stuff, the area of nanotechnology is increasingly growing. Today, as the marvel of medicine, nano items are named. Globally, the development of SeNPs is now emerging.

The characterisation of nanoparticles deals with the characterisation of the nanoparticles' physical and chemical properties. Selenium nanoparticles are synthesized and characterized by transmission electron microscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy using Arrowroot. As the shape is rod-shaped and the scale is 200 nm, the effects are observed. Therefore, the nanosized nanoparticles mediated by arrowroot have many applications in modern technology and have high medicinal value as well.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5526

Keywords – Nanotechnology, nanoparticles, selenium nanoparticles, arrowroot.

COMPARING THE ANTIGINGIVITIS, ANTIPLAQUE EFFECTIVENESS OF CRANBERRY AND CHLORHEXIDINE MOUTH RINSE – A SINGLE BLIND RANDOMIZED CONTROL TRIAL | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Context: Dental caries have been known to be the single oral infectious disease most preventable and widespread. Since tooth brushing is considered to be the most common technique of oral hygiene, dentifrices are also the most ideal means of delivering antibacterial agents on a daily basis. The best anti-plaque property is found to be chlorhexidine mouthwash and is considered the gold standard. As fresh fruit, juice, and even as medicine, cranberry is used. It has functions that are antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor. We can therefore see that its effect on different oral infections needs to be evaluated.

Goal: The aim of the study is to compare the 0.6 percent cranberry mouthwash against gingivitis, anti plaque against 0.2 percent chlorhexidine mouthwash in undergraduate dental students.

Materials and Methods: A single blinded, parallel group clinical trial performed at Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, was the present study. Two groups of 20 participants (aged 18-22 years) were divided randomly into Group A (n=10) and Group B (n=10) and each received 5 mL of cranberry mouthwash or chlorhexidine mouthwash twice daily for 7 days. The gingival index and plaque index were registered at the baseline and on the 7th day. Before the study started, all the participants were told about their willingness to participate in the study. In the form of mean and standard deviation, descriptive statistics were expressed. To find the normality of the data, Shapiro-test Wilk's was used. The Wilcoxon-signed Rank test was used for each category to compare the mean differences in plaque and gingival index scores before and after treatment. To estimate differences between the mean Plaque index score and mean gingival index between the classes, Mann-Whitney' U Test.

Results and Discussion: This research indicates a substantial decrease in the gingival index and plaque index before and after cranberry and chlorhexidine mouthwash use. Thus, a statistically significant decrease in mean plaque and mean gingival index scores was observed in the present study in both the baseline and 7th day classes.

Conclusion: We can conclude from this study that herbal products such as cranberry can act as effectively as chlorhexidine to improve oral hygiene with additional systemic benefits and minimal long-term side effects. In assessing the advantages and side effects of such herbal extracts, further thorough studies are needed.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5527

Keywords – Cranberry, chlorhexidine, saliva sample, gingival index, plaque index.

OPTIMIZING THE ACCLIMATIZATION PROCESS OF OIL PALM (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) in vitro PLANTLETS DERIVED FROM THE MATURE ZYGOTIC EMBRYOS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Oil palm has become one of the most important industrial crops for its use for various purposes, but in vitro regeneration has become a critical route for accelerating breeding programs because of its constraints on traditional propagation. But its low survival rate caused catastrophic losses for the industry during the hardening process. Therefore, we optimized the acclimatization phase for 90-day-old plantlets from mature zygotic embryos germinated in vitro in this research. Using eight soil less media and their combinations in a 1:1:1 ratio, viz., plantlets were acclimatized. HM1 (Vermiculite), HM2 (Cocopeat), HM3 (Perlite), HM4 (Vermiculite + Cocopeat + Soilrite), HM5 (Cocopeat + Perlite + Soilrite), HM6 (Cocopeat + Perlite + Soilrite), HM7 (Cocopeat + Vermiculite + Perlite) and HM8 (Cocopeat + Perlite + Soilrite) (Compost). In terms of plant morphological features such as shoot length, root length, number of leaves, leaf length and leaf width, plantlets grown in the HM4 showed better results after 60 days of growth in the soilless media among all the treatments attempted. But, except for root growth, no statistical significance was observed. However, the introduction of staggered shift to the transition environment significantly decreased the transplantation shock.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5528

Keywords – Oil palm, hardening, In vitro, acclimatization, zygotic embryo.

EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTY OF HERBAL MOUTHWASH USING CRANBERRY EXTRACT: A PILOT STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Dental plaque-induced oral diseases continue to affect the majority of the world's population. Among them, the single most common and preventable oral infectious disease is dental caries. As fresh fruit, juice, and even as medicine, cranberry is used. It has activities that are antimicrobial, anti inflammatory, and anti-tumor. In various systemic infections, it is also known to cause bacterial adhesion. It is less popular for its dental application, however. There is, therefore, a need to determine its effect on oral infections.

Aim: The objective of the study was to test the antimicrobial property of herbal mouthwash using cranberry extract.

Materials and Methods: This unique research was performed at Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai, as a single blinded, parallel group clinical trial. It consisted of a total of 10 subjects randomly divided into groups with a fair gingival index (aged 18-22 years) and given 5 ml of chlorhexidine mouthwash and cranberry mouthwash twice daily to Group A (n=5) and Group B (n=5) for 7 days each. At baseline, plaque samples were obtained and the microbial count was measured after 7 days of using mouthwash.

Results and Discussion: This research indicates that the microbial count has decreased substantially before and after the use of cranberry mouthwash and chlorhexidine mouthwash. There was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between the baseline mean amount of CFU/ml and the chlorhexidine and cranberry groups after 7 days. For the cranberry group, the mean reduction was 52 percent, while the mean reduction after use was 53 percent in the chlorhexidine group.

Conclusion: This analysis revealed that there was a substantial decrease in the microbial count in both classes. Therefore, in order to improve oral health, herbal products such as cranberry have been shown to be more effective or similar alternatives to chlorhexidine, with added benefits and minimal side effects.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5529

Keywords – Cranberry, chlorhexidine, mouthwash, antimicrobial.

DIRECT SHOOT REGENERATION BY In vitro CULTURE OF THE GERBERA (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus) CAPITULUM EXPLANTS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

During the 2018/2019 growing season, this study was performed at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah. The goal of the study was to use the segments of the capitulum as explants in the micro-propagation of the gerbera plant cultivars of Orange and Malibu. The results showed that the capitulum segments of the gerbera vine, cultivars of Orange and Malibu, cultivated in vitro as explants, resulted in the direct proliferation of adventitious shoots. The results also show the important superiority of the orange cultivar in its response rate to direct shoot regeneration, which, after 12 weeks of cultivation, reached 86.72 percent. In the number and length of the shoots that were produced from direct organogenesis, the Malibu cultivar was substantially superior, which reached 10.48 shoots explant-1 and 1.78 cm respectively. The 1.0 mg L-1 BA concentration was significantly higher than the other explant response concentrations for direct shoot proliferation and the number and duration of shoots observed were 99.22% and 15.90 shoots for explant-1 and 1.78 cm, respectively. While the explants cultivated on the MS medium supplied with 5.0 mg L-1 BA showed the lowest response to direct shoot proliferation and the number and length of shoots, which reached 27.50% and 2.00 shoots, respectively, explant-1 and 0.35 cm.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5530

Keywords – Adventitious shoot, benzyl adenine, organogenesis, proliferation, rooting.

In vitro XANTHINE OXIDASE INHIBITORY POTENTIAL OF ONION OIL | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The common onion, the most predominantly cultivated species of the genus Allium, is Allium cepa L., (A. cepa). In recent years, due to their nutritional, industrial and medicinal value, there has been an interest in discovering new sources of edible oils, such as plant seeds. In the world, the consumption of onions has risen dramatically, mostly because of the health benefits they provide. A. Cepa has a high content of both non-volatile and volatile organosulphur compounds, which are responsible for the onion's usual pungency, smell and taste. Onion extracts, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic, antiasthmatic, immunomodulatory and prebiotic activities, have recently been reported to be effective in cardiovascular disease and have several other biological activities. Gout is a condition arising from an elevated accumulation of uric acid in the joints and muscles and due to increased xanthine oxidase enzyme activity involved in the metabolism of nucleotides. Xanthine oxidase converts xanthine to uric acid and then to hypoxanthine. The present study focuses on the evaluation and screening of the phytochemical constituents present in the in vitro xanthine oxidase inhibitory (XOI) activity of onion oil. Normal procedures were carried out for in vitro xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity and phytochemical screening of onion oil. The findings showed that onion oil had an in vitro inhibitory effect of xanthine oxidase. The oil showed a dose-dependent increase in inhibitory activity relative to the regular drug allopurinol, which was lower. As xanthine oxidase activity has been inhibited by oil, it can help to treat gout and other disorders associated with increased xanthine oxidase activity. The oil is rich in alkaloids and the presence of terpenoids, carbohydrates, flavonoids and phlobatannins was also demonstrated. The presence of these phytochemicals may have added to the oil's beneficial behavior. The study thus concluded that onion oil had a potent in vitro inhibitory effect of xanthine oxidase.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5531

Keywords – Onion oil, Allium cepa, xanthine oxidase, gout, allopurinol.

COMPARISON BETWEEN NANO IRON AND IRON EDTA AS FOLIAR FERTILIZERS UNDER SALT STRESS CONDITIONS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

In comparison to Fe-EDTA under salt stress conditions, a greenhouse experiment was adopted to investigate the effect of nano Fe on the growth, nutrient concentration, and content of sorghum straw, racemes, and entire shoots. Two iron fertilizer sources were sprayed; nano Fe 1.35 g/L, Fe-EDTA 3 g/L, and as a monitor, distilled water was used. As a control, sorghum plants were irrigated by diluted seawater at a rate of 2.5, 5% seawater, and tap water. The findings of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) showed that the form of the nano Fe used was spherical with a mean particle size of 47.67nm. The growth attributes were reduced only by the elevated salinity level. The growth parameters reported in iron-EDTA treatments were, as an unexpected result, superior to those obtained from the nano-iron source, irrespective of the level of salinity. The foliar application of iron EDTA increased by 24.0, 57.6, 22.5, 53.1, 62.2, 39.0, 16.4 and 34.0 percent plant height, fresh weight (fw) of straw, fw of raceme, fw of whole plant, dry weight (dw) of stem, dw of straw, dw of raceme and dw of whole shoot compared to nano-Fe, respectively. As indicated by the presence of four petal flower-like silicon units in SEM micrographs of nano Fe-sprayed leaves, we attributed this finding to the plant's protective response to the nano-iron.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5532

Keywords – Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA), iron fertilizers, mineral status, nano-iron, seawater, Sorghum.

In vitro ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF Vitis vinifera SEED EXTRACT USING ALBUMIN DENATURATION ASSAY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: Inflammation is the immune system's primary reaction to harmful stimuli, such as bacteria, infected cells, radioactive substances, or irradiation, and works by eliminating harmful stimuli and initiating the healing process. Like flavonoids, polyphenols, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, procyanidins, and the stilbene derivative resveratrol, Vitis Vinifera contains multiple active components. In particular, grape seed extract has been reported to have a wide range of pharmacological and therapeutic effects, such as cardioprotective, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective effects, as well as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities.

Objective: The purpose of the study is to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of grape seed extract using an albumin denaturation assay.

Materials and Methods: First, a concentrated grape seed extract solution was manufactured. This solution was then tested using the Albumin Denaturation Assay at various concentrations (10-50 ug/mL) for its anti inflammatory effect. At 660 nm, the absorbance value was registered.

Results: Grape seed extract has been shown to have strong anti inflammatory activity through this experiment. It has been shown to have stronger anti-inflammatory properties than the sodium-diclofenac norm. It has less side effects than the standard, too. It contains polyphenols, which are responsible for this effect in large part.

Conclusion: The absorbance rate increases at 660 nm with increasing concentrations of grape seed extract, suggesting that the percent inhibition of GSE also increases in the same way.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5533

Keywords – Vitis vinifera, grape seed extract, anti inflammatory, polyphenols, inhibition, absorbance.

OPTIMIZATION OF WEED SEED DORMANCY BY CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL TREATMENTS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

A very significant ecological role is played by weed dormancy. It prevents the seeds from germinating as soon as possible and from being killed by unfavorable climatic conditions for their development. Dormancy is the outcome of a complex relationship between the genome and the agroclimatic factors encountered during their "reproductive and vegetative phase" by seed-bearing plants. Awareness of the time of emergence and the dynamics of the germination of weed seeds and the factors that affect them gives us an idea of the infestation of these weeds in agricultural areas, which would decrease the use of herbicides without affecting crop yields or the level of weed control. The results of seed germination tests and the emergence of dormancy of the following weeds are described in this paper: Phalaris brachystachys, Avena sterilis, Ridolfia segetum, Centaurea diluta, Cichorium endivia, Lolium rigidumn and Picris echioides, in which four methods were applied to seeds, a chemical treatment with the phytohormone giberelic acid (GA3), mechanica mechanica, in order to encourage germination. The results showed that mechanical and chemical scarification, with an average of 81.42 percent and 75.23 percent respectively, reported the highest germination percentages in our genus, whereas stratification (0 ° and 4 °) gave a low average of 62 percent and 67 percent . The findings found confirm with others that mechanical scarification and chemical treatment with gibberellic acid induces to a greater degree germination of the seeds examined. A physical dormancy caused by their teguments is thus exposed. This will allow farmers to use 0° and 4° stratification to block germination of seed weeds.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5534

Keywords – Lifting of dormancy, seed adventitious, treatments physical, chemical treatments, germination.

ROLE OF MICROFINANCE LOAN OFFICERS IN DEVELOPING ENTREPRENEURS: A CASE STUDY FROM SRI LANKA | Asian Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Studies

Although the studies primarily investigated the role of microfinance institutions in the creation of entrepreneurs, Microfinance Loan Officers are the real 'connect pins' between the institute and the entrepreneurs (MLOs). While their traditional position in debt collection is allocated to them, MLOs today play multiple roles in the creation of entrepreneurs. In the microfinance literature, however, their position has not been adequately researched, leaving a gap to be addressed. The role of microfinance loan officers in developing entrepreneurs in Sri Lanka is therefore discussed in this paper. This is a qualitative analysis using primary data collected from entrepreneurs who, in terms of portfolio and client base, are the customers of a large MFI in Sri Lanka. Via three focus group conversations with entrepreneurs, data was obtained. Every focus group was made up of 5 entrepreneurs representing the MFI chosen. Thus, from the chosen MFI, the sample size is 15 entrepreneurs and microfinance loan officers are the unit of study. The study found that MLOs play a crucial but multiple role in the growth of entrepreneurs at the various stages of the process of entrepreneurial development: MLOs perform initial on-site consumer surveys, evaluate creditworthiness before disbursing loans, provide credit advice, promote entrepreneurial training and organize a versatile approach to entrepreneurship The study made recommendations on the basis of those results.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/AJAHSS/article/view/5535

Keywords – Microfinance loan officers, developing entrepreneurs.

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF Acacia catechu SEED EXTRACT- AN in vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

An antifungal is an agent that destroys or inhibits the production of microorganisms including Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, etc. Acacia catechu is a deciduous, thorny tree that grows up to 15 m (50 ft) in height, often commonly referred to as Mimosa catechu. Traditionally, Acacia catechu is used for treating many diseases and is widely used for healthcare for mothers and infants. Taxifolin, which has antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant function, is the key constituent of Acacia catechu. The fungal cultures were swabbed on sterile plates which contained Sabouraud dextrose agar. Wells with a diameter of 6 mm were bored into each plate. The wells were packed with differing sample concentrations. For assessment, the plates were incubated at 28 ° C for 72 h. In millimeters, the diameter of inhibition zones formed around the wells was measured. For all the samples, the analysis was carried out in duplicates. The study shows that acacia catechu seed extract is highly successful in demonstrating antifungal activity against the fungal pathogens Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans (a concentration of 2.0 mg/ml showed an inhibition zone of 13.5 mm for Candida albicans and an inhibition zone of 7.5 mm for Aspergillus niger on average). The higher the extract's concentration, the greater the antifungal activity. The above study shows that acacia catechu seeds have a high degree of antifungal activity against pathogens causing diseases and can be used to remove the oral manifestations caused by these species in dentistry.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5536

Keywords – Anti fungal, Acacia catechu seed, Candida albicans, taxifolin.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT GROWTH HORMONES ON in vitro PROPAGATION OF MEDICINAL WEED- Scoparia dulcis L. | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

An successful method for the conservation of valuable plants has been provided by in vitro propagation. The objective of the investigation was to identify the effect of the various growth regulators on the propagation of Scoparia dulcis L in vitro. Usage of leaves, nodes and internodes as explants in Murashige and Skoog (M.S.) media. The research was conducted in 2017 at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Botany, Patna Science College, Patna. During the research project, M.S. Fortified media with different combinations and concentrations of 2,4-D, IAA, BAP+2,4-D for callogenesis and BAP+IAA, BAP+NAA for shoot induction and individual IBA and NAA for root formation in both solid and liquid media were used. During the analysis, it was found out that callogenesis was best done in leaf explants. The overall average number of shoots was produced from callus at 1.5mg/l BAP+0.5mg/l IAA. The maximum average number of roots was generated at 0.5mg/l NAA in half strength liquid media. The regenerated plantlet survival rate was 85 percent . The investigation will also help to develop an efficient protocol for the protection of the ruderal weed in vitro- Scoparia dulcis L.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5537

Keywords – Medicinal plant, Scoparia dulcis, growth hormone effects.

CHARACTERIZATION OF Asparagus racemosus MEDIATED SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING UV - VIS SPECTROPHOTOMETER AND SEM | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Nanoparticles have attracted a lot of interest and have had a major influence on material science. Because of its technological significance, the dominance of nanoparticles will continue in future years with the implementation of incessant research in this sector. The object of the research was to characterize the A. Using a UV Vis spectrometer, racemosus mediates silver nanoparticles. The source of A. Racemosus was obtained as an extract and prepared. For the reduction of Ag+ ions to silver nanoparticles, this extract was used. For the synthesis of nanoparticles, 1 mM of 90 mL silver nitrate solution was prepared and 10 mL of 100 mg plant extract was added and stored in a shaker. The UV visible spectrometer and the scanning electron microscope were used to examine and classify nanoparticles. The Peak appears to confirm the synthesis of nanoparticles using a UV-vis spectrophotometer at 420 nm and the mean size of the nanoparticles has been found to be 150 nm. When used at sufficient concentrations, silver nanoparticles act as a safe alternative to other antimicrobial agents that are chemically derived. Silver nanoparticles may, therefore, be a better alternative agent for the cleaning and disinfection of food industry equipment and surfaces.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5538

Keywords – Asparagus racemosus, extract, silver nitrate, silver nanoparticles, characterization.

PERIORBITAL HYPERPIGMENTATION (POH): A REVIEW OF MEDICAL AND PROCEDURAL TREATMENTS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Periorbital hyperpigmentation (POH) is a widespread and common problem in the world among men and women, young people and the elderly. POH is the product of genetics, anemia, stress, sleep disturbances, aging, dermal deposition of melanin, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation due to atopic or contact dermatitis, some systemic diseases, and inappropriate behaviors. It should be stated that the genetic factor plays the most important role. For the reasons mentioned above, there are different therapies for POH. POH therapy involves removing irritant chemicals, shielding physical or topical treatments from glare, and reducing pigmentation. This study discusses various types of POH, different reasons for this issue, its clinical symptoms, and procedures for diagnosis / treatment.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5539

Keywords – Periorbital hyperpigmentation, periorbital darkening, periorbital darkness, environmental factors, genetics, topical therapies, laser.

EVALUATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AGRO-MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION WITHIN GHANA OIL PALM GERMPLASM USING CHEMOMETRIC TECHNIQUES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The Oil Palm Research Institute of Ghana collected 79 dura oil palms from natural groves in seven Ghanaian regions in 2003 with the intention of infusing superior accessions into its breeding stock and retaining those with interesting agronomic traits for posterity, and eighteen (18) agro-morphological traits were studied. To measure the variability within the accessions, the data was subjected to estimates of coefficient of variation. Using R Statistical tools, Principal Component and Cluster Analyses were used to establish the relationship between accessions. Bunch number (28.3), average bunch weight (20.46), fresh fruit bunch (28.43), and single fruit weight (22.37) all had modest coefficients of variance, suggesting that those traits could be enhanced by selection. Five principal components with Eigen values greater than one were found, accounting for 74.82 percent of the total variance. The PC 1 had tributaries in the vegetative, yield, and yield part traits. Eleven accessions had phenotypically diverse phenotypes, and a crossing chart could be started among them to take advantage of their heterosis potential. Cluster analysis revealed two major groups, each of which was further divided into sub-groups, with dissimilarity indexes of 58 percent and 60 percent, respectively. The first cluster contained 49 accessions, while the second contained 30. Six pairs of accessions were found to have similar phenotypes, which may contribute to the formation of dura core collections. Seven high-performing accessions were chosen for their possible infusion into current breeding stocks for five traits of interest in the oil palm industry.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5540

Keywords – Oil palm accession, variation, fresh fruit bunch, yield component, vegetative trait, principal component analysis, cluster analysis.

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES BY Justicia adhotoda AND Ocimum sanctum FORMULATION USING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICRSCOPY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Biological synthesis requires the reduction of metal ion stabilisation using a number of species. Since plants have a wide range of strong reducing ability, they are an excellent source of silver nanoparticles (Ag Nps). The in vitro synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts such as Justicia adhatoda and Ocimum sanctum (tulsi) mixture demonstrates that biological synthesis is the most applicable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly process. The current study describes the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles in an in vitro setting using plant extracts from Justicia adhatoda and Ocimum sanctum, as well as their characterization using TEM.

The aim of this study is to use TEM to prepare and characterise silver nanoparticles made from Justicia adhotoda and Ocimum sanctum herbal formulations.

Green Synthesis was used to synthesise these nanoparticles, which included using plant extracts from Ocimum sanctum and Justicia adhatoda, followed by characterization using UV-Visible spectroscopy and TEM.

The surface resonance was estimated at 10-35 nm, which is consistent with the formation of silver nanoparticles. The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by TEM images, which showed hexagonal shapes. AgNps come in a range of sizes, including spherical and triangle-shaped nanoparticles with a size of 10-60 nm. The silver nanoparticles were naturally crystalline, with a UV absorbance of about 320 nm.

Conclusion: The antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antiinflammatory effects of this formulation can be researched in the future thanks to the TEM characterisation of silver nanoparticles. This innovative formulation may provide new insight into a range of biomedical applications.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5541

Keywords – Biosynthesis, in vitro, silver nanoparticles (AgNps), bactericidal, Ocimum sanctum, Justicia adhatoda.

THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION WATER SALINITY ON THE GROWTH OF CERTAIN CULTIVARS OF Curcumas melo VAR. FLEXUOSUSIS IN GREENHOUSES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

An agricultural experiment was conducted inside a greenhouse belonging to the Al-Faris firm in the Zubair district during the winter season, 2020. The purpose of the experiment was to study the effect of irrigation water salinity on the growth of 21 cultivars of Cucumis melo var flexuosusis. During the experiment, efforts were made to integrate 42 factoring treatments, resulting from the use of two samples of irrigation water salinity: 1.0 dS m-1 and 5.0 dS m-1. Twenty-one cultivars of the Cucumis melo var flexuosusis. 16 produced locally and 5 imported, were treated with the two irrigation water samples. The results of the study showed that water salinity caused a meaningful increase in the high in plant, increasing Carbohydrates concentrations in the leaf's. Moreover, there was a meaningful increase in the net weight of the produce, calculated as follows: 4.95%, 45.49%, 15.40% and 23.60% respectively, in comparison to those cultivars irrigated with normal water. While the salinity was not significantly affected by leaf area, total chlorophyll. As to cultivars, it was noted that they reacted substantially differently, affecting all variables covered by the study. The following cultivars performed significantly better in terms of their productivity: Al-Masri, Diyali, Kirkuk and Mouseli, scored the following values 5.067, 4.981, 4.610 kg.m-2 respectively in comparison to other cultivars. Interestingly, the interaction of the two factors had a significant effect on the bulk of variables covered by the study. Thus, the Diyali cultivars, irrigated by salty water yielded the highest production, namely 5.616 kg per sq meter whereas the other cultivars, including Takrit, which is irrigated by fresh water, yielded the least productivity, not exceeding 2.505 kg.m-2 per sm.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5542

Keywords – Curcumas melo var flexuosusis, irrigation water salinity, green houses.

ANTI INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF CORIANDER OLEORESIN MEDIATED SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The aim of this study was to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of selenium nanoparticles mediated by Coriander Oleoresin.

Materials and Methods: Coriander oleoresin-mediated Selenium nanoparticles were made by combining 0.5 mL Coriander Oleoresin extract with 0.519 g sodium selenite in 99.5 mL distilled water. For nanoparticle synthesis, the reaction mixture was held in an orbital shaker with magnetic stirrer. Color shift indicated the formation of selenium nanoparticles, which was confirmed using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The antiinflammatory activity of coriander oleoresin mediated selenium nanoparticles was assessed using an albumin denaturation inhibitory assay.

Discussion and Conclusions: The presence of selenium nanoparticles was demonstrated by a colour shift in the reaction mixture, which was verified by UV-Visible spectroscopy with a peak at 320nm. The anti-inflammatory activity of coriander oleoresin mediated selenium nanoparticles was dose dependent. At 50 L of selenium nanoparticles, the maximum inhibitory effect of 90 percent on protein denaturation was observed.

Conclusion: The synthesis of selenium nanoparticles in a green manner was simple and straightforward. The researchers concluded that Coriander Oleoresin-mediated Selenium nanoparticles had strong anti-inflammatory activity and thus could be used for a healthy and environmentally friendly selenium nanoparticle synthesis for inflammatory conditions.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5543

Keywords – Anti-inflammatory, coriander oleoresin, nanoparticles, selenium.

EFFECTS OF WEATHER PARAMETERS ON INCIDENCE OF SUCKING PESTS AND THEIR PREDATORS ON COTTON (Gossypium hirsutum L.) | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The current study was designed to assess the impact of environmental factors (wind speed, temperature, and humidity) on various sucking insect predators in the Multan region of Pakistan. The study took place between 2014 and 2016, during the cotton growing season. Throughout the cropping season, the number of larvae, adults of sucking pests such as thrips, dusky bugs, white fly, Jassid, and their predators (Argiope, Geocoris, Chrysoperla) were counted. Readings of wind speed, temperature, and humidity were obtained from an internet source and checked by the meteorological department. The data was analysed and the importance of these parameters was determined using one-way ANOVA. Wind speed, temperature, and humidity had no effect on the eggs and adults of thrips, dusky bug, Jassid, and white fly. Environmental factors seemed to have less of an effect on these pests in the study region. The current findings revealed that environmental factors had no effect on sucking pest eggs or adults.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5544

Keywords – Cotton, cropping season, environmental factors, predators, sucking pests.

GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLE USING Phyllanthus emblica AND Cinnamomum verum EXTRACT | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Phyllanthus emblica is a small to medium-sized tree that produces greenish yellow fruits. Vitamin C is abundant in Phyllanthus emblica. It has been shown to be beneficial in the treatment of toothache, gingival inflammation, and other forms of ulcers due to its high antioxidant content. Due to their peculiar properties such as surface enhanced scattering and thermal conductivity, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as one of the most promising nanoparticles. Nanotechnology refers to a wide range of technologies, methods, and processes that deal with matter at the nanoscale, which ranges from 1 nanometer to 100 nanometers in size. The aim of the research is to make silver nanoparticles from Phyllanthus emblica and Cinnamomum verum and characterise their properties using a transmission electron microscope.

Materials and Methods: The herbal treatment centre provided Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract and Cinnamomum verum powder. A conical flask containing 50 ml of distilled water was filled with 0.5 grammes of both extracts. The extract was then heated at 60°C for 7-8 minutes using a heating mantle, and 10 ml of the plant extract was mixed with 90 ml distilled water, along with 0.0169 grammes of silver nitrate, and put in a shaker for uniform distribution. The colour change was observed every hour for two days. The nanoparticle was characterised using the TEM analysis process.

The effect of varying reaction parameters such as temperature, PH, and reactant concentration on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Amla and cinnamon fruit extract was investigated using UV-visible spectroscopy of AgNPs. This method produces stable, spherical silver nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 5 to 45 nanometers.

Conclusion: Using an Amla and cinnamon formulation, the current study was effective in synthesising plant-mediated silver nanoparticles. The majority of the silver nanoparticles synthesised were spherical in shape and ranged in size from 5-45 nm.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5545

Keywords – Silver nanoparticle, Cinnamomum verum, Phyllanthus emblica, UV spectroscopy.

Dillenia indica AS AN ANTI-HYPERGLYCEMIC ELEMENT: A SYSTEMATIC STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Dillenia indica (family=Dilleniaceae) is a tropical evergreen tree that is found almost everywhere. All parts of the plant (fruit, leaf, stem, and bark) are edible and have been used as a traditional medicine to treat a variety of ailments since ancient times. Flavonoids and antioxidants, as well as other phytocomponents such as quercetin, lupeol, -sitosterol, butellin, terpenoids, stigmasterol, tannin, steroids, and others, have been found in D. indica and have the potential to cope with reactive species and push the weakened cellular condition to survivability. Hyperglycemia is the first stage of rapid glucose absorption and insulin resistance, which leads to altered/impaired insulin action and, eventually, complications of Diabetes Mellitus. The aim of this analysis is to highlight the molecular mechanisms underlying hyperglycemia, as well as D. indica's efficacy and anti-hyperglycemic properties.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5546

Keywords – Hyperglycemia, diabetes mellitus, D. indica, anti-oxidant, antidiabetic.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF Phyllanthus emblica & Cinnamomum verum FORMULATION MEDIATED SILVER NANOPARTICLES AGAINST ORAL PATHOGENS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPS) are a form of nanoparticle that has antibacterial properties and is toxic to disease-causing bacteria. This is due to the influence of surface enhancement, which causes nanocrystalline materials to become more reactive. Antimicrobial properties increase by more than 99 percent when particles are in the nanometer range, which has been linked to form, scale, and functional groups in nanoparticles. Due to its low cost and environmental compatibility, as well as the absence of toxins and harmful substances, green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using herbal products has gotten a lot of publicity.

The aim was to test the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles made from Phyllanthus emblica and Cinnamomum verum fruit formulations against oral pathogens.

Conical flask, distilled water, filter paper, fruit extract powder, and petri-disks were used in this experiment.

Our findings revealed strong antibacterial activity against oral pathogens. The diameter of the zone of inhibition found during antibacterial activity evaluation suggests that staphylococcus aureus has the most activity, followed by Lactobacillus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus mutans. AgNPS may bind to the cell membrane's surface, disrupting permeability and respiration association functions. Morenos et al. speculate that AgNPS may enter bacteria cells and cause damage by interacting with DNA.

Conclusion: Our results indicate that AgNPS derived from Phyllanthus emblica and Cinnamomum verum have antibacterial activity against oral pathogens. As a result, by mixing it into toothpaste and mouthwash, it can be used as an important therapeutic agent against a variety of oral diseases.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5548

Keywords – Mouthwash, Phyllanthus emblica, Cinnamomum verum, silver nanoparticles.

RESPONSE OF SOME VARIETIES OF Vigna unguiculata (L.) WALP CULTIVATED IN SOUTHERN IRAQ TO DIFFERENT METHODS OF ADDITION AND CONCENTRATIONS OF HUMIC ACID IN GROWTH AND YIELD | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The experiment was conducted in the autumn of 2019 to see how three cowpea (Vigna ungiculata (L.) Walp) varieties responded to humic acid concentrations and addation methods on growth and yield. (Ramshorn, TSD, and Biader) varieties of cowpea were used. Humic acid at concentrations of 0, 2, and 4 mL liter-1 was applied through foliar spray and ground irrigation. With three replicates, the experiment was set up in a divided plot configuration. At the 0.05 level of likelihood, mean values were compared using L.S.D. In response to different concentrations of humic acid, the varieties vary greatly in growth parameters such as plant height and lateral branchees, as well as yield parameters such as green pods and soft seeds. For both addation processes, the highest concentration of humic acid was 4 mL liter-1 in all varieties. The application of ground irrigation was superior to foliar spray application. When it came to humic acid concentrations and applications, the Bayader variety performed better.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5549

Keywords – Vigna ungiculata, varieties, humic acid, method of addition, growth, yield.

GREEN PREPARATION OF NANO COPPER (Cu) WITH NANO GRAPHENE OXIDE (GO) NANO COMPOSITE CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AGAINST ORAL AEROBIC PATHOGENS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Because it does not use any harmful agents, green nanoparticle synthesis is a cost-effective and safe method of synthesis. Copper is known for its antibacterial properties, and graphene oxide is known for its barrier and structural strength, so these materials were selected to make a nanocomposite.

The study's goal was to combine green nano copper preparation and characterization with nano graphene oxide nanocomposite characterization and antimicrobial activity.

Materials and Methods: This is an in vitro experiment. A green preparation technique was used to create the nanocomposite. Copper and graphene oxide nano-composite were made using extract from the amla fruit. A TEM scan and UV-Visible spectrometric analysis were used to characterise the prepared copper and graphene oxide nanocomposite. The antimicrobial activity was tested against the microorganisms that are most commonly found in the mouth. For the antimicrobial evaluation of nanocomposite, inhibition zones were measured for Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans at different concentrations.

At a concentration of 150 L, the nanocomposite demonstrated good antimicrobial activity against three oral aerobic microbes.

Conclusion: Within the scope of the study, copper and graphene oxide nanocomposite has promising antibacterial properties, but more cytotoxicity studies are needed before the composite can be incorporated into dental materials.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5550

Keywords – Copper, graphene oxide, green synthesis, nanoparticle, nanocomposites.

GENETIC ASSOCIATION AMONG MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS OF Zea mays UNDER HEAVY METAL STRESS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Heavy metal toxicity has an impact on plant growth, human and animal health, microbial activity, and other factors. Heavy metals have had a negative impact on plant metabolism and physiological activities. Because heavy metals cannot be destroyed or degraded, they accumulate in plants and cause toxic effects when their concentrations are exceeded. The purpose of this study was to see how heavy metal toxicity affected Zea mays growth and associated characteristics. During the study, five different Zea mays seed varieties (30Y87, 31R88, Neelum, Pak Afghoi, and White Corn) were used. Cr and Mn were prepared in various concentrations (0, 0.25 M, and 0.50 M). With an 8-day interval between treatments, all varieties were treated with Cr and Mn independently and in combination. During the study, three replications of each treatment were carried out. Different morphological traits in roots, stems, and leaves were documented. Statistical tools such as stepwise linear regression and person's correlation were used to compare treatment means. Dry leaf weight with dry stem weight, root diameter with leaf area, dry root weight with dry stem weight, stem diameter with plant height, dry stem weight with fresh stem weight, fresh leaf weight with fresh root weight, fresh stem weight with plant height, and leaf area with plant height all had greater and important correlations. According to regression analysis, dry leaf weight has a large and positive contribution to plant height. Plant height had the accumulative medium coefficient of determination (51.77 percent) or R2, while fresh leaf weight had the high coefficient of determination (R2) (96.29 percent ).

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5552

Keywords – Zea mays, Mn, Cr, regression, correlation, coefficient of determination.

COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL FUNCTIONALIZATION AND CEMENTATION UNION TECHNIQUES FOR THE FRICTIONAL IMPLANT-ABUTMENT CONNECTION: ANALYSIS OF MARGINAL ADAPTATION AND TENSILE STRENGTH | Asian Journal of Research in Biology

Technical complications, such as gaps in the implant-abutment (IA) connections and abutment retention, may occur when the implant and prosthesis (abutment) are connected. The aim of this research was to examine the IA frictional connection as well as its bond strength when activated with and without cementation. Two groups of IA mounts were assessed using images obtained with a stereomicroscope in an in vitro laboratory experiment. Nine implants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: Group I (GI), which received a conventionally activated attachment ball prosthesis, and Group II (GII), which received dual resin cement before the abutment was activated. Shapiro-Wilk test and F test were used for gap analysis and tensile strength testing, followed by t test. There was a distinction in the gaps between the groups. Despite the fact that Group II's gaps grew in size, its bond strength was greater than Group I's. Even with the increase in gaps, the cementation appears to have affected the increase in bond strength in the implant-abutment relationship.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/AJRiB/article/view/5553

Keywords – Dental implants, dental implant-abutment design, resin cements.

MELATONIN REGULATES ANTIOXIDANT GENE EXPRESSION IN SOYBEAN Glycine max (L.) MERR | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Melatonin has been described as a pleiotropic molecule that modulates important intercellular signalling pathways, especially under stressful conditions. The current research looked into the role of melatonin in regulating the expression of the CAT and SOD genes in four soybean varieties. The morphologic data showed significant differences between the varieties studied. Furthermore, all of the studied traits were positively affected by the investigated melatonin concentrations to some extent. This has been linked to the up-regulation of CAT and SOD gene expression caused by the use of melatonin to some extent. Giza 111 was the superior and most responsive variety to changes in melatonin concentration in terms of morphological characteristics. However, there is no noticeable difference between the highest concentration of 300 M and the lowest concentration of 200 M. Notably, the response pattern discovered by the two genes in the presence of melatonin appeared to be genotype-dependent. As a result, more research involving antioxidant enzymes assays may be required for a more precise assessment of melatonin's physiological role.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5554

Keywords – Soybean varieties, melatonin, antioxidant, CAT and SOD genes.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AND CYTOTOXICITY OF AMLA SEED MEDIATED GRAPHENE OXIDE, SILVER NANOPARTICLE & Go-Ag NANOPARTICLE - AN in vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The study's goal was to make Amla seed-mediated silver nanoparticles, graphene oxide nanoparticles, and GO-Ag nanocomposite and test their antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus, and Candida albicans. The cytotoxicity of amla seed mediated graphene oxide nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles, as well as GO-Ag nanocomposite, is then determined using the Brine shrimp lethality assay.

Amla seed extract was prepared using the following materials and methods. Silver, graphene oxide nanoparticles, and GO-Ag nanocomposites were biosynthesised using the filtrate. The samples were measured for maximum absorbance using UV-Visible spectrophotometry after 24 hours of incubation. To produce the synthesised silver nanoparticles, graphene oxide nanoparticles, and GO-Ag nanocomposite, all of the samples were heat dried. Various concentrations of biosynthesized Amla seed mediated silver nanoparticles, graphene oxide nanoparticles, and GO-Ag nanocomposite (50,100,150 g/ml) were tested for antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus, and Candida albicans. The cytotoxicity of different nanoparticle concentrations was determined using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay.

The colour of AgNPs changed from colourless to reddish brown, the colour of GO NPs changed from brown to black, and the colour of GO-Ag nanocomposite changed from black to a darker intensity of black. The formation of their respective nanoparticles is confirmed by the colour change. Antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles against Streptococcus mutans.

Lactobacillus (150 ug/ml – 17 mm zone of inhibition) and Lactobacillus (150 ug/ml – 20 mm zone of inhibition) all showed 20% lethality at a concentration of 25 ul. Graphene oxide nanoparticles have strong antibacterial activity against Lactobacillus (150 ug/ml – 20 mm zone of inhibition) and demonstrated 40% lethality at a concentration of 25 ul. The antibacterial activity of the GO-Ag nanocomposite was negligible against all of the test organisms, with 10% lethality at 20 and 25 ul. Antibacterial activity against Candida albicans was limited in all three nanoparticles (9 mm Zone of Inhibition).

Conclusion: Amla fruit seed extracts were used to make silver nanoparticles, graphene oxide nanoparticles, and GO-Ag nanocomposites. Silver, graphene oxide nanoparticles, and the GO-Ag nanocomposite all had a strong antibacterial impact against oral pathogens while causing minimal cytotoxicity.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5555

Keywords – Amla seed, antibacterial, silver nanoparticles, graphene oxide, nanocomposite, transmission electron microscope.

EFFECT OF VESICULAR ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGAL ON GROWTH OF RICE CROP AND SOIL PROPERTY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Because vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi are an essential component of the soil-plant interface, their reactions to nutrient availability may mediate ecosystem function shifts. We investigated the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) additions on the growth and community of VAM by measuring the initial soil nutrient availability. Physico-chemical characteristics such as pH, EC, OC, N, P, and K, as well as available VAM, were measured in 15 soil samples from rice-growing fields in the Jamtara district of Jharkhand. All 15 soil samples were spread on Potato Dextrose Agar medium and tested with various fertiliser doses on rice crops based on batter response. The growth of VAM and rice crops was found to have a substantial relationship with soil property.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5556

Keywords – Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, community composition, nitrogen, phosphorus.

CONTROLLING Streptococcus mutans USING SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES MEDIATED THROUGH Symplocos racemosa | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

When left unsupervised, Streptococcus mutans (Sm), the harbinger of dental decay, is a pathogenic bacterium that has been linked to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. With the right inhibitory measures in place, we can reduce its role in exacerbating morbidity. The goal of our research was to look into the antibacterial potential of selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) made from Symplocos racemosa (Sr).

Sr was pulverised and turned into a filtered herbal formulation. For the synthesis of nanoparticles, sodium selenite solution was added to it, and the mixture was kept in a magnetic stirrer. UV-vis spectroscopy was used to characterise the Se-NPs, which were then centrifuged until the final pellet was obtained. On a Muller-Hinton Agar plate, a fresh bacterial suspension of Sm was scattered. The plate was incubated at 37°C for 24 hours with Se-NP concentrations of (50, 100, and 150) l in each well. The zones of inhibition were measured using antibiotics as a control.

Following the synthesis of Se-NPs, there was a visible colour change. UV-vis spectroscopy was used to characterise the prepared particles, and a peak at 280 nm was discovered. With an increase in Se-NP concentration, the inhibition zones grew larger. The antibacterial control was followed by 150 L of our Se-NPs, which was the most effective against Sm.

Conclusion: Sr-derived Se-NPs are effective antibacterial agents against Sm. They're non-toxic, quick, and simple to make, and they could be an inexpensive way to control Sm.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5557

Keywords – Selenium nanoparticles, Symplocos racemosa, antibacterial, Streptococcus mutans, caries.

PLOIDY LEVEL ANALYSIS OF SEEDLINGS FROM EMBRYOS EXTRACTED FROM SEEDS RARELY PRODUCED BY TRIPLOID MANDARIN HYBRIDS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Triploidy appears to be a promising method for developing new seedless tangerine hybrids. Triploid citrus hybrids are usually sterile, though they may occasionally produce fruit with few seeds. As a result, flow cytometry was used to determine the level of ploidy of embryos from these seeds, and two culture media were tested in vitro for their germination in vitro. The embryos were cultured in vitro on a Murashige and Tucker medium (1969) according to two compositions: M1 = MT + 1 mg / l gibberellic acid and M2 = MT + 0.25 g / l adenine sulphate, extracted from the ripe fruit of the triploid mandarin. Flow cytometry was used to identify the triploid seedlings at the INRA Kenitra laboratory level. The in vitro germination rate of embryos in M1 and M2 media is 86 percent and 78 percent, respectively. According to the mandarin hybrids, it is 86 percent and 79 percent for HT11 and HT44, respectively. Furthermore, flow cytometry analysis of the leaves of young seedlings showed that the HT11 hybrid has a triploidy rate of 94 percent and the HT44 hybrid has a triploidy rate of 38 percent. The preliminary findings of this study show that sterile triploid hybrids can produce diploid or triploid seeds on their own. Similarly, the degree of sterility differs depending on the triploid hybrids' ability to produce seeds.

In a later study, molecular markers will be used to identify the genetic origins of the diploid and triploid seedlings acquired (zygotic or nucellar).

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5558

Keywords – Citrus, mandarin, triploidy, flow cytometry, in vitro germination.

ANTI INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF LYCOPENE AND ITS BASED CHITOSAN NANOFORMULATION-AN In vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Nanotechnology has been emerging as an interdisciplinary field that is undergoing rapid development and has brought enormous changes in dentistry. Lycopene and chitosan is a naturally derived polymer with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Since periodontal diseases occurs as a result of inflammatory process, this vitro study has been done to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of lycopene and its based chitosan nano formulations to incorporate into periodontics.

Materials and Methods: The collection and preparation of lycopene extract was done and stored for further use. Synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles was done with the addition of glacial acetic acid along with Sodium Tripolyphosphate (STPP). Centrifugation was done and characterisation of chitosan nanoparticles using ultraviolet (UV)-viz-spectroscopy spectroscopy. The anti-inflammatory activity of chitosan nanoparticles was measured and compared using the standard diclofenac sodium assay.

Results: The anti inflammatory activity of lycopene, chitosan and chitosan-lycopene nanoformulation increased with increase in concentrations. At 30 μL, 40 μL lycopene showed a higher antiinflammatory activity than standard, Chitosan has better anti-inflammatory activities at higher concentrations when compared to standard diclofenac sodium. However, the anti-inflammatory effect of the combination of lycopene and chitosan was lesser than the standard.

Conclusion: Chitosan nanoparticles have the better antiinflammatory activity when compared with lycopene and lycopene-chitosan nanoformulations. Further formulations of chitosan in various forms such as gel and microspheres can be potentially used for controlled drug delivery in the treatment of periodontitis.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5559

Keywords – Anti Inflammatory, chitosan, herbal, lycopene, nanosynthesis.

IDENTIFICATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES OF THE ENDOPHYTIC FUNGUS Aspergillus egypticus-HT166S INHIBITING THE ACTIVITY OF PANCREATIC α-AMYLASE | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The extraction and qualitative analysis of secondary metabolites that inhibit pancreatic -amylase activity in the endophytic fungus Aspergillus egypticus-HT166S isolated from the Helianthus tuberosus plant are presented in this article. The majority of the metabolites with inhibitor activity of 75.4 percent were extracted with methanol, according to the findings. Bioactive compounds such as terpenoids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, and tannins were detected in the methanol fraction after phytochemical analysis. The highest inhibitory activity values were found in the methanol fraction, with flavonoids accounting for 72.9 percent and 61.8 percent, respectively.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5560

Keywords – endophytes, Aspergillus egypticus, secondary metabolites, inhibitory activity, extracts, α-amylase, TLC.

CONTROLLING OF Streptococcus mutans AND Lactobacillus IN In-vitro USING HERBAL FORMULATION OF Ocimum sanctum AND Justicia adhatoda MEDIATED SILVER NANOPARTICLES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: Nanomedicine has enormous potential for improving human disease diagnosis and treatment. The use of microbes in the biosynthesis of nanoparticles is a process that is environmentally friendly. Nanoparticles come in a variety of shapes and sizes, including gold, silver, alloys, and magnetic particles. The antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles are well known.

Tulsi leaves can be used to treat a variety of oral infections. This plant contains pyrochemical agents such as carvacrol and terpene. Justicia adathoda, also known as ‘Vasaka,' is an antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, and anti-oxidant with minimal cytotoxic and anti-oxidant properties.

Aim: To use herbal formulations of Justicia adhatoda and Ocimum santum mediated Silver Nanoparticles to control the activity of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus in vitro.

1. To test the antibacterial activity of biosynthesised Ag nanoparticles with Adhatoda and tulsi.

2.To facilitate the biosynthesis of Ag nanoparticles mediated by Justicia adhatoda and Ocimum santum over other artificially and chemically formed AgNps.

Materials and Methods: Dried leaf extracts of Tulasi and Justicia adhatoda were used as reducing agents in the synthesis of cost-effective and environmentally friendly silver nanoparticles, which were then tested against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus. The activity of silver nanoparticles was monitored using UV-Visible spectroscopy, and the activity revealed significant inhibitory effects against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus.

Conclusion and Findings: The highest concentration of the extract, 150 l, was found to have the greatest zone of inhibition against both Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus. As a result, the extract was discovered to have potent antimicrobial properties. Between the wavelengths of 400 nm and 450 nm, the peak was highest. In the current study, AgNPs made from a combination of the herbs Justicia adhatoda and Ocimum santum showed significant antibacterial activity due to their potent inhibitory action against bacterial colonies.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5561

Keywords – Streptococcus mutans, herbal formulation, AgNPs, nanomedicine.

DUSUNG SYSTEM AS FOREST GARDEN SYSTEM IN SAPARUA ISLAND | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Before the 16th century, indigenous people on Saparua Island used the Dusung System as a forest garden system. This is one of the reasons why Europeans attempted to colonise The Spice Island, resulting in 350 years of colonialism. The Dusung System was implemented on Saparua Island with the help of customary institutional (Raja, Soa, Saniri, Kewang) and customary laws, including Sasi, that are still widely practised and followed today. Land ownership status, dominant plant species, plant age, and location name can all be used to classify Dusung System forms.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5563

Keywords – Dusung system, forest garden system, Sasi, small islands, Saparua.

ISOLATION OF ACTINOMYCETES FROM Vitis vinifera L. and Annona squamosa L. FRUITS AND SCREENING FOR BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The current research focuses on isolating actinomycetes from Vitis vinifera L. and Annona squamosa L. fruits, as well as screening for bioactive compounds released by actinomycetes, such as antibacterial and amylase inhibitory activity, and their role in fruit quality.

Pretreatment and growth on selective nutrient medium without and with antibiotics were used to isolate the actinomycetes from the fruit. Antimicrobial activity of isolate extracts was screened using an antibiotic disc diffusion technique, and amylase inhibition activity was screened using a spectroscopic approach using 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid.

Using calcium carbonate, dry heat pretreatment, and growth on medium with and without antibiotics, a total of 16 actinomycetes were isolated from Vitis vinifera L. and Annona squamosa L. fruits samples. Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was detected in 5 of the 16 isolate extracts. Extracts from isolates G2 and C2 inhibited amylase by 30 and 50 percent, respectively.

Conclusion: Actinomycetes are found on the fruits of Vitis vinifera L. and Annona squamosa L., and they produce antibacterial activity that helps restore fruit quality by preventing unwanted bacterial growth. Isolated actinomycetes were discovered to be a source of bioactive compounds and amylase inhibitory activity, both of which help to prevent starch degradation.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5565

Keywords – Actinomycetes, Vitis vinifera L, Annona squamosa L, amylase, antibacterial activity, antibiotics, zone of inhibition, inhibition assay.

CYTOTOXIC EFFECT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESISED USING HERBAL FORMULATION OF Ocimum sanctum AND Justicia adhatoda | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Nanotechnology is a relatively new field of pharmacological research that has a wide range of applications in the biomedical, engineering, chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. The use of microorganisms and herbal extracts for nanoparticle synthesis has attracted international attention, and it is one of the most interesting nanotechnologies. Because of their versatility, silver nanoparticles have a lot of potential in biomedical research. Silver has been found in many bacteria and microorganisms, and it has been discovered that it inhibits their growth and existence. In plant biotechnology, green synthetic techniques for the development of nanoparticles have recently sparked a lot of interest. Biologically synthesised silver nanoparticles are more beneficial than chemical reductions because they are eco-friendly, low-cost, and one-stage processes. Tulsi, chitharathai, adathoda, turmeric, and other herbs found in the Indian subcontinent have various medicinal values and have been used in traditional medicines and home remedies, such as tulsi, chitharathai, adathoda, and turmeric. Justicia adhatoda (adathoda) contains photochemical compounds, and Ocimum sanctum (tulsi) contains germicide and disinfectant. Ocimum Sanctum (Tulsi) and Justicia adhatoda (adathoda), according to earlier research, have a wide range of medicinal properties, including antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial, and cytotoxic properties.

The aim of this research is to use UV Visible Spectroscopy to investigate the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of silver nanoparticles mediated by herbal extracts of Ocimum sanctum and Justicia adhatoda.

Materials and Methods: Ocimum sanctum and Justicia adhatoda herbal extracts were prepared in our laboratory from a preexisting powder to achieve green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The physical characterization of these silver nanoparticles, such as size and shape, was confirmed using UV-visible spectroscopy, and the cytotoxic and antioxidant activity was tested and characterised using UV-visible spectroscopy.

At 450 nm, the surface plasmon resonance band (SPR) was measured. The antioxidant activity of nanoparticles increased as concentration was increased, and cytotoxic activity was measured using the number of live shrimps, which decreased as concentration was increased. The percentage inhibition of antioxidant activity was 50 mu/L, and the percentage inhibition of cytotoxic activity was 25 mu/L.

Conclusion: Silver nanoparticles made from Ocimum Sanctum (Tulsi) and Justicia adhatoda (adathoda) were biosynthesised in a novel way and showed significant antioxidant and cytotoxic activity with minimal side effects. This is the first report of Tulsi and adhatoda-mediated silver nanoparticle synthesis with such properties, which will need to be investigated further using other characterization and testing methods.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5566

Keywords – Silver nanoparticles, Justicia adhatoda, Ocimum sanctum, antioxidant activity, cytotoxic activity, biosynthesised.

PHOMOPSIS BLIGHT OF Solanum melongena – BRINJAL/EGGPLANT | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Brinjal is a very important vegetable that is grown all over the world. It is a member of the Solanaceae family. Phomopsis blight, also known as fruit rot, is one of the diseases that affects it. Phomopsis vexans, a dangerous fungus, is to blame. One of the most important biotic factors limiting brinjal production is Phomopsis blight. It is considered a serious illness because it renders brinjal fruit unmarketable and inedible, reducing their economic, nutritional, and health benefits. This cancer causes a 40–70% reduction in production. Phomopsis vexans attacks the stem and causes wilting, as well as causing soft rot in the fruit. At any stage of development, this pathogen can affect all parts of the plant. The nature of the pathogen, symptoms and signs, epidemiology, detection and diagnosis, and management of Phomopsis blight of brinjal are all covered in this review.


Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5585

Keywords – Phomopsis blight, Phomopsis vexans, conidia, pycnidia, anamorph, teleomorph, detection, diagnosis and management.

ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIFUNGAL AND ANTICANCER ACTIVITIES OF MULTI STRESS AFFECTED Allium sativum PLANT EXTRACT | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The purpose of this study is to assess the antibacterial, antifungal, anti-cancerous, and multi-stress activities of Allium sativum medicinal plant extract. The garlic was bought fresh at the local market. To obtain the edible part of the garlic clove, fresh bulb garlic cloves were separated, peeled, and washed with tap water before being sterilised with distilled water. This material was dried at room temperature (24°C) in the shade. For each garlic, three types of extracts were made using three organic solvents: ethanol, n-haxene, and water. On Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas hydrophila, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavous, and Rhizopus stolonifer, the antibacterial and antifungal activity of ethanolic, n-haxene, and aqueous garlic extract was determined. The antibacterial and antifungal activities clearly showed that the aqueous extract had no inhibitory effect on the test microorganisms. Ethanolic extracts of antibacterial activity of Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas, and Aeromonas hydrophila revealed zones of inhibition of 9.25 mm, 9.51 mm, 9.5 mm, and 9.5 mm, respectively, whereas the positive control showed zones of inhibition of 7 mm and 9.25 mm in the case of Pseudomonas and Aeromonas hydrophila. The antibacterial activity of n-hexane extracts of E. coli, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas, and Aeromonas hydrophila showed inhibition zones of 6.15 mm, 6.02 mm, 7.90 mm, and 5.965 mm, respectively, whereas the positive control showed an inhibition zone of 0.00 mm. Antifungal activity of ethanolic extracts was highest in Aspergillus flavous at 18 mm of the inhibition zone. The antifungal activity of n-haxene extracts was highest in Aspergillus flavous, with an area of inhibition of 18mm.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5586

Keywords – Antibacterial activity, anticancer activity, antifungal activity, Allium sativum, bacteria fungi, extract.

EVALUATION OF Catharanthus roseus PLANT EXTRACT GROWN UNDER MULTIPLE STRESS ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS FOR ITS BIOCHEMICAL ACTIVITIES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

C.roseus, a member of the Apocynaceae family, is a herbaceous plant that is also known as Madagascar periwinkle plants. Catharanthus roseus was tested for antimicrobial activity. Using the well diffusion technique, pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Aeromonas hydrophila) and fungal strains (Aspergillus niger (Black fungi) and Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus stolonifer) were tested. The aim of this study was to see if Catharanthus roseus extract had antibacterial activity. The plant extract tested had significant antimicrobial activity when tested using the diffusion method. The leaves, roots, stem, and flower of C. roseus were used, and extracts were tested for antibacterial activity. Antibacterial activity of C. roseus extracts against Staphylococcus aureus was not observed. The antifungal activity of the leaf extract in ethanol against pathogenic fungi is also determined. The title role of environmental factors on the antimicrobial properties of this plant was also investigated in this study.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5579

Keywords – Catharanthus roseus, medicinal plant, leaf root, stem extract, pathogenic microorganisms.

GREEN SYNTHESIS OF COPPER NANOPARTICLES USING TURMERIC-TULSI EXTRACT AND ITS CHARACTERIZATION | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The eco-friendly and cost-effective green synthesis of copper nanoparticles using plant extracts and enzymes does not require high pressure, energy, temperature, or other toxic chemicals. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is an emerging field of research that is preferred over physical or chemical methods because it is more cost-effective, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly. Copper nanoparticles were synthesised with turmeric-tulsi extract and characterised using UV-visible spectroscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy in this study (TEM). Traditional medicinal plants like turmeric and tulsi are high in beneficial phytocompounds that can help nanoparticles form. The stability of copper nanoparticles synthesised from these extracts was investigated using UV-vis spectroscopy. The morphology of the synthesised copper nanoparticles was determined using TEM. This is a novel study in which copper nanoparticles were easily synthesised in an environmentally friendly way using turmeric-tulsi extract, and it could be of critical significance in the rapidly evolving world of medical diagnosis and treatment.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5580

Keywords – Characterization, copper nanoparticles, green synthesis, turmeric-tulsi extract.

RESPONSE OF MAIZE GENOTYPES TO MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM APPLICATION | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Maize is a staple food in many European countries, and it is also used to make corn syrups, corn starch, and corn ethanol, among other things. Our climate has become contaminated as a result of human activities. The majority of heavy metals that affect crop production have been removed from industrial areas. The aim of this research was to look into the accumulation of Mn and Cr in the root, stem, and leaf, as well as the effects of metals on photosynthetic pigments in various maize genotypes, in order to figure out which genotype is best for phytoremediation. For this study, five different maize genotypes (30Y87, 31R88, Neelum, Pak afghoi, and White Corn) were chosen. To access the metal accumulation and photosynthetic parameters, different concentrations (0, 0.25M, and 0.50M) of Cr and Mn in the form MnCl2 and CrCl3 were added independently and in combination. During the study, three replications of each treatment were carried out. The accumulation of Cr and Mn in roots was found to be higher than in stems and leaves, according to the findings. Variety 31R88 accumulated more Cr, while the Neelum variety accumulated very little Cr and Mn. The statistical tools used to compare treatment means were analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's rang test (p 0.05). The differences between five different genotypes and different treatments for all parameters were substantial, according to ANOVA. Under heavy metal treatments, white corn and the Neelum variety were more tolerant and had higher phosynthetic pigment levels. As a result, both varieties are suitable for phytoremediation. Treatments of 0.25M CrCl3 resulted in high photosynthetic pigments, while treatments of 0.5M MnCl2 + 0.25M CrCl3 and 0.5M MnCl2 + 0.50M CrCl3 resulted in low photosynthetic pigments. The stem had the highest metal accumulation, while the roots had the lowest (stem>leaves>roots). Our research showed that heavy metals had an adverse effect on maize growth, but that maize crop plants could be used to remediate heavy metals from soils. The ability of maize genotypes to accumulate Cr and Mn is also dependent on the genetic behaviour of plant species, according to the findings.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5581

Keywords – Maize, MnCl2, CrCl3, spectrophotometer, atomic absorption spectrophotometer, photosynthetic pigments.

EVALUATION OF ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY AND CYTOTOXIC EFFECTS OF FRUIT MEDIATED ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The aim of this research is to make zinc oxide nanoparticles from Punica granatum and Elettaria cardamomum, measure their antifungal activity against Candida albicans, and see how toxic they are.

Introduction: Zinc oxide nanoparticles are commonly used in medicine and science due to their inherent antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as their low toxicity. The green synthesis of these nanoparticles is favoured because it is simple, relatively repeatable, cost-effective, and produces more stable, non-toxic materials.

Materials and Methods: Green zinc oxide nanoparticles were made from aqueous fruit extracts of P. granatum and E. cardamomum. UV spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were then used to determine the properties of nanoparticles. The agar well diffusion method was used to assess antifungal activity, and the brine shrimp lethality assay was used to assess cytotoxicity.

P. granatum and E. cardamomum extracts allowed the synthesis of stable zinc oxide nanoparticles, according to the findings. The nanoparticles thus produced were also found to have strong antifungal properties, with a zone of inhibition of 12mm for 50L, 22mm for 100L, and 24mm for 150L. In a lethality assay, 80 percent of live shrimp larvae were found in a nanoparticle concentration of 20-30 L. The cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles, on the other hand, needs to be investigated further. They may be integrated into various products in the future, such as toothpaste, mouthwash, and mouth paint, to promote their effect.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5582

Keywords: Candida albicans, cardamom, cytotoxicity, fruit extract, green synthesis, pomegranate, zinc oxide nanoparticles.

ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIFUNGAL AND ANTICANCER ACTIVITIES OF MULTI- STRESS AFFECTED Zingiber officinale PLANT EXTRACTS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Roscoe belongs to the Zingiberacea genus, and the plant ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a perennial herb with dense and tuberous rhizomes. Plants have long been used in the preparation of traditional medicines, and those drugs were made from locally cultivated wild plants. The aim of this study was to see how effective E. elatior flower's methanol extract was against a variety of disease-causing fungi and bacteria, as well as to look into antimicrobial sources and report on antioxidant activities and phytochemical screaming tests.

Methodology: All experiments were carried out at the University of Lahore's biotechnology and plant science laboratories. Using an ethanol extraction system, an N-hexane extraction system, and a rotary evaporator for aqueous extraction. n-hexane, ethanol, whitman filter paper, nutrient agar, SDA (Sabouraud Dextrose Agar), distilled water, and nutrient Broth were all used in this experiment or reagent analysis and were given as follows: n-hexane, ethanol, whitman filter paper, nutrient agar, SDA (Sabouraud Dextrose Agar), distilled water, and nutrient The extracts were held in autoclaved 25 mL McCartney bottles in a 4°C refrigerator until they were required. Prior to storage, the bottles were carefully labelled and labelled correctly.

The antifungal efficacy of Zingiber officinale was assessed against multiple forms of pathogens with different concentrations such as Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus niger, as well as the positive controls. Disc diffusion is used to apply all forms of fungus to various fungus cultures. First and foremost, we remove the rhizome under fungus regulation. Rhizome extract provides the best results in zone of inhibition in Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus (17 mm and 17.5 mm, respectively), but other forms of fungi species also provide good results.

Conclusion: The antimicrobial activity of n-hexane extract prepared from ginger rhizome was dose dependent in this analysis (Zingiber officinale). Along with the positive controls, there were four bacterial strains: Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Aceromonas, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Aceromonas, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa displayed the highest antibacterial activity, which was higher than the positive regulation, Zingiber officinale. The minimum antibacterial ethanol extraction, on the other hand, was discovered against Escherichia coli. Inhibition areas were not visible in the positive regulation.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5583

Keywords: Antibacterial, anticancer, antifungal, Zingiber officinale.

CYTOTOXICITY OF COPPER NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED USING DRIED GINGER | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Copper nanoparticles are used in a wide range of fields, including medicine, agriculture, and engineering, to name a few. This biotechnology incorporates biological concepts of physical and chemical properties to create nano-sized particles with unusual properties. The quality of being harmful to cells is known as cytotoxicity. The goal of this study was to look at the cytotoxicity of copper nanoparticles made from dried ginger. Copper nanoparticles were synthesised using a green method and characterised using UV-VIS spectroscopy. The brine shrimp lethality assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of the dried ginger induced copper nanoparticles at various concentrations. The findings showed that copper nanoparticles made from dried ginger had lower toxicity when used at lower concentrations. As a result, different nano-formulations of dried ginger mediated copper nanoparticles can be produced at optimal concentrations for safe and cost-effective therapeutics.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5584

Keywords: Copper nanoparticles, cytotoxicity, brine shrimp lethality assay, dried ginger, green synthesis.

CLIMATE SENSITIVITY OF RICE CROP IN INDIA | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The study uses district-level panel data from 1998-99 to 2013-14 to look at the vulnerability of rice crop producers in India to climate change before 2100AD. According to the report, the mean maximum temperature is on the rise and will have a negative impact on rice crop net revenue, especially in Northeast India. The fallouts also expect a substantial decrease in net revenue from rice cultivation, with the highest decline in the North area and a net revenue decline of 20.04 percent across India (when compared to the base period, i.e., 2013-14). In Peninsular India (63.95%), the decline was more pronounced than in other parts of the world. The deductions indicate that rice crop net revenue in the North and Peninsular regions decreased by 1.69 percent and 22.58 percent, respectively, during the first decadal interval (2020-40), with a decline in the rate of loss over the subsequent decadal intervals. The study advocates for increasing rice crop net crop revenue by increasing production through short-duration, climate-responsive varieties on the one hand, and lowering rice crop cultivation costs on the other. To deal with the harmful anthropogenic effects of climate change, the results call for the expansion of micro-irrigation projects and rainwater harvesting on a larger scale. The study also predicted a non-uniform decline in rice crop net revenue over four climatic scenarios per decadal interval.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5594

Keywords: Climate change, kharif season, net crop revenue, Ricardian approach.

ESTIMATION OF WEDELOLACTONE IN Eclipta prostrata (L.) L BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY AFTER MICROBIAL TREATMENTS AT TWO LEVELS OF WATER AVAILABILITY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Wedelolactone levels in methanolic extracts of E. prostrata were determined using Bacillus megaterium (B), Trichoderma harzianum (T), Funneliformis mosseae (F), and consortia of F.mosseaeand T. harzianum (FT), 5. B. megaterium and T. harzianum (BT), 6. F. mosseae and B. megaterium (FB The process described above produces repeatable, high-resolution, reliable, and cost-effective results. Under both drought and irrigated soil conditions, the wedelolactone level in E. prostrata was found to be higher after treatment with microbial consortia of Funelliformis mosseae and Bacillus megaterium (FB). In comparison to irrigated soil, drought increased the concentration of wedelolactone in plants. After treating FB with drought stress, the maximum amount of wedelolactone was discovered.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5595

Keywords: Eclipta prostrata, drought stress, high performance liquid chromatography, wedelolactone, microbial treatments.

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND ANTI-BIOFILM FORMATION ON Pseudomonas aeruginosa ISOLATED FROM TONSILLITIS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The aim of this study was to find out how common antibiotic resistance is in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by using phenotypic and genotypic detection of antibiotic resistance genes using PCR techniques. From March to May 2019, a total of 72 tonsillitis clinical samples were collected from AL-Hakeem Hospital and AL-Sadder Medical City in AL-Najaf province. According to the results of this analysis, 20/55 (36.36%) of isolates were classified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa using a cultural, microscopic, biochemical, and automated compact vitek-2 device with GN-ID card. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested on twenty isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antimicrobial strength levels of the 20 isolates were Norfloxaxin (96.1%), Ciprofloxacin (96.1%), Tobromycin (92.3%), and Nalidixic acid (92.3%), according to the results of the current analysis (76.9 percent ). Gentemycin (30.7 percent) and Cefotaxim (30.7 percent) were found to have a moderate strength quality (30.7 percent ). Tetracycline and amoxicillin had the lowest resistance rates (3.8 percent and 11.5 percent, respectively). Out of the 14 isolates that yield positive results in Congo red agar for biofilm formation, 10/14 (71.4%) were positive for the pslG gene, according to the findings.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5596

Keywords: Tonsillitis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, biochemical, test, isolates.

EVALUATION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS AND AQUA ALCOHOLIC EXTRACTS OF Caesalpinia bonducella SEEDS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Aim and Background: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about three-quarters of the world population depends on traditional medicines (mainly herbs) for their healthcare. Caesalpinia bonducella (Caesalpiniaceae) is a plant well known for its medicinal value in Indian Ayurveda. The aim of this study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of Caesalpinia bonducella seeds.

Materials and Methods: The Caesalpinia bonducella seeds, the shade dried seed, were powdered with an electric grinder. The anti-inflammatory activity of Caesalpinia bonducella was studied by means of albumin denaturation assay. The aqueous extract of dried plant seeds was made in the distilled water. The filtrate was concentrated by boiling it until concentrated methanolic extract was obtained. Absorbance values were measured using UV spectrophotometer and the respective %  inhibition values were calculated using the formula.

Results and Discussion: At 10 μl and 20 μl concentrations the aqueous extract of Caesalpinia bonducella seeds showed a higher %inhibition value and anti-inflammatory activity when compared to aqua-alcoholic extract of Caesalpinia bonducella seeds and diclofenac, at 30 μl and 40 μl concentrations the aqua-alcoholic extract of Caesalpinia bonducella seeds showed a higher %inhibition value and anti-inflammatory activity when compared to aqueous extract of Caesalpinia bonducella seeds and diclofenac and at 50 μl concentration which is highest concentration, diclofenac showed a higher %inhibition value and anti-inflammatory activity when compared to aqueous and aqua-alcoholic extracts of Caesalpinia bonducella seeds.

Conclusion: The results obtained in this study indicate that Caesalpinia bonducella seeds possess concentration dependent anti-inflammatory activity and have therapeutic potential for the prevention of acute and chronic inflammation.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5598

Keywords: Anti-inflammatory activity, aqua-alcoholic, Caesalpinia bonducella, herbals.

EFFECT OF AUXINS (IAA, IBA AND NAA) ON CLONAL PROPAGATION OF Solanum procumbens STEM CUTTINGS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Solanum procumbens Lour. is a precious medicinal plant with plenty applications in medicine and pharmacy. Auxin is a plant hormone which is critical to the induction and growth of roots of cuttings. In this study, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of indole acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on the rooting and sprouting of S. procumbens stem cuttings. The experiment involved four distinctive concentrations of IAA (500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm), IBA (500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm) and IBA + NAA (250 + 250, 500 + 500, 750 + 750 and 1000 + 1000 ppm) along with the control group used to treat S. procumbens cuttings. The experiment applied the randomized complete block (RCB) method with 3 replications. The results showed that IAA, IBA and NAA had a remarkable influence on rooting and sprouting abilities of S. procumbens cuttings. The best records of sprouting rate (92.34%), root number (32.25), root length (6.8 cm), root weight (0.574 g), sprout length (11.7 cm) and leaf-pair number (7.5) were obtained in cuttings treated with IBA at 500 ppm. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of auxins wore off as their concentrations increased. In general, this study emphasizes that IBA at 500 ppm is the most effective auxin in terms of stimulating rooting and sprouting in S. procumbens cuttings. The results of the study also promise to create a supply of high-quality S. procumbens seedlings for gardeners.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5599

Keywords: Solanum procumbens, auxin, propagation, stem cuttings, rooting, sprouting, seedling.

GREEN SYNTHESIS OF COPPER OXIDE NANOPARTICLES USING TAMARIND EXTRACT AND ITS ALPHA AMYLASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Aim: To synthesize copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONP) using tamarind extract, and determine the in-vitro α- Amylase inhibitory activity of the CuONP.

Introduction: Tamarindus indica L., commonly known as Tamarind tree, Leguminosae (Fabaceae), is one of the most important multipurpose tropical fruit found in Indian subcontinent. Plant materials are recently used for the synthesis of nanoparticles as it is eco-friendly. Tamarind being a versatile plant with many known activities was used in this study for the synthesis of CuO NP. The in vitro α- amylase inhibitory activity was also assessed.

Materials and Methods: Copper oxide nanoparticle was synthesised using copper sulphate. Briefly, 1.11 g of tamarind fruit pulp concentrate was mixed with 100 mL of water to obtain a solution .To prepare CuSO4 solution,0.318 g of CuSO4 powder was dissolved in  50 mL distilled water and 50 ml of the previously prepared tamarind  fruit pulp solution was added to the 50 mL of CuSO4 solution and the mixture was kept in an orbital shaker for the formation of nanoparticles. The prepared tamarind fruit pulp mediated CuO NP was evaluated for its antidiabetic activity by assessing its alpha -amylase inhibitory effect. 

Results and Discussion: The formation of CuO NP was initially observed by the color change was further confirmed by UV -Visible spectrometer.  The percentage inhibition was 87.4, 88.6, 88.9, 89.1, 89.4 and 89.7 for concentrations of 10,20,30,40,50 and control (acarbose)  respectively. The tamarind fruit pulp mediated CuO NP showed a dose dependent α-amylase inhibitory activity with a maximum inhibitory of 89.6 % compared to control, acarbose, at 50 uL.

Conclusion: The green synthesis CuO NPs using tamarind fruit pulp was simple, relatively   easy and eco- friendly. The α-amylase inhibitory effect of the CuO NPs suggests its possible use as additive or adjuvant for anti-diabetic drugs because uncontrolled hyperglycemia is the major reason for later stage diabetic complications.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5600

Keywords: Tamarind extract, antidiabetic activity, nanoparticle.

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERISATION AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTY OF HYDROXYCITRIC ACID MEDIATED ZINC NANOPARTICLES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Aim: To evaluate hydroxy citric acid mediated ZnNp and it’s anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

Introduction: Hydroxy citric acid is a chemical that is found in fruit rinds of Garcinia cambogia, Garcinia indica, and Garcinia atroviridis, but very abundant in cambogia species. Hydroxy citric acid is used to improve exercise performance and weight loss. Zinc nanoparticles have a large surface area relative to their size and high catalytic activity. Hydroxycitric acid [HCA] is a derivative of citric acid that is found in a variety of tropical plants including Garcinia cambogia and Hibiscus sabdariffa. The use of HCA is contraindicated in patients suffering Colitis or Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Materials and Methods: Biosynthesis and characterization of Hydroxycitric acid mediated Zinc Nanoparticle using Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and UV-vis spectroscopy, to evaluate its biological property Anti Inflammatory activity was analyzed by protein denaturation assay.

Results and Discussion: Hydroxycitric acid in zinc nanoparticles had a nanoparticle size ranging from 10-100 nm and it also showed a very good anti-inflammatory activity when compared with that of the standard anti-inflammatory drug.

Conclusion: The study concludes that hydroxy citric acid mediated in zinc nanoparticles shows a very good anti-inflammatory property and further research could be carried out for further investigations of hydroxy citric acid mediated in zinc nanoparticles in Pharmacology.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5601

Keywords: Tamarind extract, antidiabetic activity, nanoparticle.

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF COPPER NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED USING DRIED GINGER | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Inflammation is an immune system biochemical response that can be activated by a wide range of factors, including bacteria, damaged cells, and toxic compounds. The Zingiberaceae family includes ginger (Zingiber officinale). Ginger's phytochemistry is responsible for its health-promoting properties. Ginger is also said to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties that help to slow down the ageing process. It also has antimicrobial properties that can help in infectious disease treatment. Oxidative stress occurs when free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated in excess of the biological system's antioxidant capacity throughout metabolism. The aim of this study is to see how effective copper nanoparticles are at reducing inflammation when they are combined with dried ginger. The Zingiber officinale was harvested, peeled, washed, and air dried in a shady spot, after which a plant extract was produced and copper nanoparticles were made. The synthesis of copper nanoparticles was monitored using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer on a regular basis. The inhibition of albumin denaturation assay test was used to assess anti-inflammatory activity, and the results revealed that dried ginger mediated copper nanoparticles had potent anti-inflammatory properties.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5602

Keywords: Dried ginger, anti-inflammatory activity, UV-Vis spectroscopy, copper nanoparticles, nanotechnology.

ROLE OF BEETROOT AS A DIETARY SUPPLEMENT IN FOOD PRODUCTS: REVIEW | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The nutritional and biological importance of table beet root vegetables are discussed in this study. The beet's chemical, amino acid, mineral, and vitamin compositions are discussed. Betaine, saponins, folates, polyphenols, and flavonoids, among other biologically active compounds found in beets, are described. On the human body, the key pharmacological effects of beet intake have been reported. The preparation methods for food products containing beet processing products are listed.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5603

Keywords: Beet root, nutritional value, active compounds, functional foods, betaine, pharmacological effects.

GREEN SYNTHESIS, ANTI INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTY OF Cardiospermum halicacabum MEDIATED COPPER NANOPARTICLE | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: The implications of biosynthesis of nanomaterials to be incorporated with naturally accessible substances are being evaluated in recent developments in nano biomedicine, an evolving area of medicine. Green synthesis of Copper nanoparticles using plant compounds appears to be a promising method for drug production. This field of research has proved to be very cost effective and satisfactory. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Cardiospermum halicacabum induced copper nanoparticles will be evaluated in this review.

The aim of this analysis was to determine the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of copper nanoparticles mediated by C.halicacabum.

Materials and Methods: The approach involves a green synthesis of copper nanoparticles mediated by C.halicacabum, accompanied by anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity studies.

Results: The anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity of the copper nanoparticle mediated by C.halicacabum increased proportionately with increasing dose concentration.

Conclusion: Copper nanoparticles' wide applicability in a variety of fields, including medicinal, mechanical, and electronic, has fueled research into copper nanoparticles that provide a more direct path of action and are more cost effective. As a result of their cost effectiveness and lack of toxicity, green methodologies have gained more interest and excitement so far. As a result, the properties have changed. Copper nanoparticles mediated by C. halicacabum showed important anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation activity, making them potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5604

Keywords: C. halicacabum, copper nanoparticles, anti-inflammatory, anti oxidant, DPPH, BSA.

PROBABILITY BASED CLASSIFICATION METHOD FOR PLANT DISEASE DETECTION | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Due to the sophistication of the input images, detecting diseases in plants is now a big image processing challenge. To date, researchers have developed a number of algorithms to assist in this endeavour. Pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction, and classification are all stages of plant disease detection. We used a textural feature-based technique in this analysis, after which the image was segmented and further classification was performed on the segmented images. The k-mean clustering algorithm is useful for segmenting images and grouping related data into clusters. We replaced the pre-existing SVM classifier with the nave bayes classifier to boost various parametric values such as accuracy, precision, and recall. We used MATLAB to execute our proposed work. In terms of accuracy, precision, and recall, our outcomes review outperforms current methods.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5605

Keywords: Classifier, disease detection, image processing, machine learning, Naïve Bayes.

GREEN SYNTHESIS, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF Adathoda vasica MEDIATED COPPER NANOPARTICLES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: Adhathoda vasica is a native plant that has a wide variety of disease-fighting properties. Copper nanoparticles have a number of advantages, including a high yield reaction. The combination of these two magnificent materials has the potential to improve antioxidant and anti-inflammatory function. The main aim of this research is to determine the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of the A. vasica plant extract using copper nanoparticles. Both have a unique property that, due to its supra additive effect, can produce an even more successful result.

Aim: To establish the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Copper nanoparticles mediated by A.vasica.

Materials and Methods: Adhatoda vasica is used to make copper nanoparticles. Following the synthesis, centrifugation was carried out for a few minutes. Following the process, the pellets were separated and chosen separately. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of copper nanoparticles mediated by A. vasica nanoparticles was then assessed using this method. A UV spectrophotometer was used to test anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity.

The copper nanoparticles mediated by A. vasica have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Copper nanoparticles have a powerful catalytic capacity that can be used to treat inflammation. This plant extract is also used to treat chronic colds and coughs. The aim of this study was to find a better combination of copper nanoparticles regulated by A. vasica that would express its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions while also preventing disease.

Conclusion: This study found that copper nanoparticles mediated by A. vasica have strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity at high concentrations close to those found in standard drugs.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5606

Keywords: Adhatoda vasica, copper nanoparticles, green synthesis, antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity.

EFFICIENT USE OF INORGANIC FERTILIZERS THROUGH RICE STRAW COMPOST UTILIZATION | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Rice straw is one of the raw materials used to produce compost, which provides nutrients that plants and soil need. Rice straw compost will help you get more bang for your buck when it comes to inorganic fertilisers. Farmers would need advice on how to use a mixture of rice straw compost and inorganic fertiliser (NPK) in order to prevent a decline in rice production. The experiment was carried out in a pot with a 24 cm diameter and a 26 cm height. P0 (0 percent compost + 0 percent NPK), P1 (0 percent compost + 100 percent NPK), P2 (20 percent compost + 80 percent NPK), P3 (40 percent compost + 60 percent NPK), P4 (60 percent compost + 40 percent NPK), and P5 (80 percent compost + 20 percent NPK) were the rice straw compost and NPK combinations used in this analysis. The Ciherang variety of rice seeds were used in the analysis, which used a randomised block design. As a result of the rice straw compost and inorganic fertiliser, physical, chemical, and biological soil properties improve, as evidenced by lower soil bulk density, higher soil water quality, higher soil organic C content, and higher total soil microbes. Rice straw compost can minimise the use of inorganic fertilisers by 20-80% while retaining yields. Rice straw composting will also help to reduce exhaust emissions from burning straw and achieve environmentally sustainable rice farming.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5607

Keywords: Compost, efficiency, inorganic fertilizer, rice straw.

ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF Acalypha indica MEDIATED SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Nanoparticles are a fascinating field because they cross the gap between bulk materials and atomic structures. Nanoparticles may be made from a number of materials, including proteins, polysaccharides, and synthetic polymers, and the materials used are determined by the nanoparticle size, biocompatibility, and toxicity. Selenium nanoparticles have gotten a lot of attention because of their beneficial properties and bioactivities, such as lower toxicity than inorganic and organic forms, and they've become a popular option in nanoparticle research. Acalypha indica is a tropical annual herb with erect, sometimes simple-stemmed stems that has been recognised by locals as a valuable source of medicine for a range of therapeutic treatments. It has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and cancer-fighting properties. Selenium nanoparticles, on the other hand, were appealing due to their properties.

Aim: To see whether selenium nanoparticles produced by A. indica have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.

Methodology: Antioxidant Profile by DPPH activity and Well diffusion method for antimicrobial activity were performed after the preparation of A.indica mediated Selenium nanoparticles.

1. indica mediated the results. Se nanoparticles have strong antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.

Conclusion: At high concentrations, Acalypha indica-mediated selenium nanoparticles have strong antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5608

Keywords: Acalypha indica, selenium, green synthesis, Candida albicans, DPPH.

UTILIZATION OF PINEAPPLE LEAVES FOR PRODUCTION OF NANO CELLULOSE AND ITS APPLICATION ALONG WITH MAGNETIC CHITOSAN FOR EFFICIENT DYE ADSORPTION AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The capabilities of a new cellulose – magnetic chitosan composite in terms of dye-adsorption and anti-bacterial action were explained in this report. Absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, absorption spectrum using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were used to discern the prepared composites. Methylene blue (MB) was used as a model contamination in dye adsorption experiments. The sorption of the composite was investigated both actively and thermodynamically in order to aid in the removal of Methylene Blue (MB) from aqueous solution. The function of CT (Contact time) is analysed with initial values of temperature and concentration during the filtering of MB out of the aqueous-solution on the composite to check the impact of certain features. The Langmuir-adsorption model was also used to evaluate the thermodynamic parameters ▵Ho, ▵Go, and ▵So. Negative-Gibbs free energy (▵Go) signals the phenomenon of "adsorption with spontaneity," and the property of positive - adsorption enthalpy (▵Ho) indicates that the procedure is endothermic for the MB. The composite's antibacterial properties were tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.1 g/mL. This research shows that prepared composite has the ability to act as a green adsorbent as well as an anti-microbial agent, and it offers a one-of-a-kind advantageous role.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5609

Keywords: Cellulose, pineapple leaves, magnetic chitosan, MB adsorption, antibacterial activity.

Symplocos racemosa BARK MEDIATED COPPER NANOPARTICLES AND ITS ASSESSMENT OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

To make copper nanoparticles out of Lodhra bark and test their anti-inflammatory properties. Copper nanoparticles are antifungal and antibacterial agents that are extremely tiny. The copper free radicals then oxidise lipids in cell membranes, causing the membranes to degenerate. As a consequence of the degraded membranes, intracellular compounds leak out of cells, resulting in cell death. The local reaction of living mammalian tissues to injury is inflammation. It's a natural defence mechanism designed to stop or slow the spread of harmful agents. 1 g of freshly collected Lodhra bark is extracted and thoroughly mixed with 100 ml of distilled water, then boiled for 3 to 5 minutes in a heating mantle, filtered through filter paper, and held in a shaker. For nanoparticle synthesis, copper sulphate was combined with plant extract and kept in a shaker. Albumin denaturation assay was used to assess the anti-inflammatory function. The formation of copper nanoparticles mediated by lodhra bark was visually observed and conformed using UV visible spectroscopy. Copper nanoparticles at different concentrations have demonstrated dose-dependent inflammatory activity. In contrast to the regular 90 percent, a 50 micro lite inhibition shower has a maximum inhabitation of 81 percent. Copper nanoparticles mediated by Lodhra bark were found to be cost-effective and simple to make, with excellent anti-inflammatory properties. As a result, it will be useful in a variety of medical fields in the future.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5610

Keywords: Lodhra bark, copper nanoparticles, anti-inflammatory, biosynthesis.

IMPROVED COWPEA (Vigna unguiculata L. WALP.) RHIZOBIUM TOLERATE TO DROUGHT AND SALINITY CONDITIONS USING CO-INCULATION | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The aim of the study was to see how applying a mixture inoculation, as well as its resistance to salinity and a lack of moisture, affected the growth of cowpea plants and their absorption of N, P, and K nutrients. After planting and growing cowpea plants for 60 days, they were harvested and dried at 70°C for 48 hours, and their dry weight was taken, then milled, sifted, and digested, and N, P, and K were measured, and the roots of the plant were separated using a light water current, and the number of root nodules for each plant was counted.

The findings revealed that:

1- In the cowpea plant, the mixed inoculation treatment (I7) increased dry weight, root nodule number, and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentrations.

2- Rising salinity levels reduced the rate of dry weight, average root nodule amount, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentration in cowpea plants, and reducing moisture conditions had the same effect.

3- The mixed inoculation increased cowpea plant tolerance to salinity and drought conditions, resulting in increased N, P, and K absorption, as well as improved root nodule formation and increased dry weight.

Please see the link:- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5611

Keywords: Rhizobia, cowpea, tolerance, salinity, drought.

EVALUATION OF SALIVARY pH AND VIABILITY OF Streptococcus mutans AFTER CHEWING BETEL LEAVES – An in vivo STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: The stimulant, antiseptic, antifungal, and antibacterial properties of betel leaf have long been established in Indian traditional medicine. It has been used as an anti-caries agent in toothpastes and mouthwashes. Streptococcus mutans is the most common bacteria involved in caries pathogenesis.

The aim of this study is to see how chewing betel leaves affects salivary pH and the viability of Streptococcus mutans.

Materials and Methods: Before and after chewing betel leaves, 60 samples from 30 subjects were obtained. pH strips were used to determine the pH of the saliva. After that, saliva samples were diluted to a 1:160 ratio and streaked onto Mutans-Sanguis agar. The colonies were counted after the agar plates had been incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) for MacOS, the data was then subjected to a Paired Sample T-Test (Version 21, 2020).

The number of colonies produced in the sample taken before chewing betel leaves was 41.90 on average, and 25.80 after chewing. (p=0.004; p0.05; statistically significant) Although the data was statistically insignificant, the average pH of the sample before chewing betel leaves was 5.995 and that of the sample after chewing betel leaves was 6.190. (p=0.081; p>0.05; statistically insignificant)

Conclusion: The bacterial colony count has decreased, suggesting that betel leaves have antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans. While the pH has risen slightly, the data remains statistically insignificant.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5612

Keywords – Betel leaf, mutans-sanguis agar, paan, salivary pH, Streptococcus mutans, etc.

EFFECT OF COLLECTING SOURCE AND SOAKING IN HUMIC ACID OF PINE (Pinus brutia TEN.) SEEDS ON GERMINATION AND SEEDLING GROWTH | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

This research was carried out in the Forest Department's nursery at the University of Mosul's College of Agriculture and Forestry, as well as in a green house, to investigate the effect of collecting pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) seeds from three regions in northern Iraq: Mosul (Nineveh Governorate), Zawita (Dohuk Governorate), and Koysinjak (Erbil Governorate) on the effect of soaking the seeds. The seeds were planted in the spring of 2018, the experiment lasted two years, and the results were obtained in the fall of 2019, using the correct full form of RCBD. The study's findings showed that there are major variations between the treatments, with seeds collected from Zawita and Koysinjaq area giving the best significant results in germination percentage and other seedling growth characteristics compared to seeds collected from Mosul, and soaking with humic acid giving the best results in germination percentage and other seedling growth characteristics.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5613

Keywords – Pinus brutia, humic acid, agriculture, seedlings.

ANTI- INFLAMMATORY AND ANTI- MICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF Hybanthus enneaspermus MEDIATED SILVER NANOPARTICLES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The first paragraph is an introduction. Nanotechnology is an area of research and development that focuses on making 'things' on the scale of atoms and molecules, such as materials and devices. Green nanoparticle synthesis prevents the development and use of hazardous compounds, ensuring non-toxicity. The esterification of cinnamic acids produces chlorogenic acids, which are phenolic compounds. They have a wide variety of pharmacological properties. Our research focuses on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles mediated by Hybanthus enneaspermus and the evaluation of their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. In nanoscience, nanotechnology, and nanomedicine, silver nanoparticles (AgNP) play a significant role. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-antigenic, and anti-cancer properties have been discovered in AgNP.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties of silver nanoparticles mediated by Hybanthus enneaspermus.

Materials and Methods: The technique involves a green synthesis of Silver nano particles mediated by Hybanthus enneaspermus, accompanied by antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory studies. The diffusion approach will be used to investigate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) in antimicrobial activity. Diclofenac sodium is used as a standard for anti-inflammatory activity in various concentrations. The experiment was carried out three times.

Results: Silver nanoparticles mediated by Hybanthus enneaspermus showed a proportionate increase in antimicrobial and antioxidation activity with growing dose concentration.

Conclusion: Silver nanoparticles mediated by Hybanthus enneaspermus demonstrated strong antimicrobial and antioxidation activity, and they are considered to be excellent antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5614

Keywords – Hybanthus enneaspermus, silver nanoparticles, anti bacterial, anti fungal, anti inflammatory.

THE IMPACT OF PLANT EXTRACTS ON THE METABOLIC PROFILE OF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI ISOLATED FROM VINCA PLANTS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The effect of Vinca rosea complete extract on the development of vinca alkaloids by endophytic fungi Aspergillus amstelodami-VR177L and Penicillium concavoradulozum-VE89L was investigated. The plant extract has a positive effect on the development, level of vinblastine, and antibacterial activity of the associated endophyte Aspergillus amstelodami–VR177L, while having a negative effect on the same parameters of Penicillium concavoradulozum-VE89L, isolated from the related plant Vinca erecta.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5615

Keywords – Endophyte fungi, vinca plants extract, vincristine, vinblastine, antibacterial activity.

IMPROVING RHIZOBIUM INOCULATION IN-EFFICIENCY BY CO INFECTION, GROWTH AND N, P, K UPTAKE OF COWPEA (Vigna unguiculata L. WALP.) | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The aim of the analysis was to see how mixedinoculation affected plant development, Rhizobium bacteria efficiency in infecting plants, cowpea plant growth, yield, and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium uptake. The study was inspired by the concept of benefiting from the beneficial effects of microbial activity in the soil. The research included the use of a Rhizobium isolate isolated from cowpea root nodules (isolate R6).

In increasing dry weight, amount of root nodules, and nitrogen and potassium concentrations in cowpea plants, the mixed inoculation treatment with Rhizobium, Pseudomonas, and Mycorrhizae I7 outperformed single and double inoculation treatments with microorganisms.

2- To encourage plant growth and the development of root nodules, cowpeas must be inoculated with Rhizobium bacteria alone or in combination with Pseudomonas and Mycorrhizal bacteria or a combined inoculate.

3- In some of the studied parameters, such as dry weight, number of root nodules, nitrogen, and potassium, the mixed inoculation treatment (I7 + N3 + O1) did not differ significantly from the treatment (I7 + N2 + O1), resulting in a 25% reduction in nitrogen fertiliser recommendation, saving 10 kg N ha-1 and resulting in lower production costs and less environmental pollution.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5616

Keywords – Rhizobium, mycorrizae, Pseudomonas, co-inoculation.

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CLOVE AND CINNAMON MEDIATED SILVER NANOPARTICLES AGAINST Lactobacillus SPECIES - AN in vitro STUDY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Clove and cinnamon have antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, and antioxidant properties, and have been used in food for centuries as a savouring agent and antimicrobial content. Lactobacilli are responsible for balancing the microflora and being the primary cause of dental caries. In contrast to prescription medications with side effects, herbal products have not been commonly used in formulations.

The aim of this study was to establish and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles mediated by clove-cinnamon against Lactobacilli.

Materials and Methods: To make nanoparticles, the clove-cinnamon powder was boiled, filtered, and mixed with silver nitrate solution, then centrifuged at 8000 rpm to form pellets. The solutions were applied to the wells of the inoculated agar plate at varying concentrations and incubated. The agar diffusion method was used to calculate the zones of inhibition for each concentration using a scale.

The antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles containing clove and cinnamon extracts against Lactobacilli was strongest at the highest concentrations (15 mm). It was discovered to contain more than Amoxicillin (8 mm).

Conclusion: The analysis found that silver nanoparticles mediated by clove and cinnamon extract had strong antimicrobial activity. In order to develop new formulations, further research and clinical trials would be needed in the future.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5617

Keywords – Clove, cinnamon, nanoparticles, antimicrobial, lactobacilli, agar diffusion.

Introduction: Biological nanoparticle synthesis has risen in popularity in recent years due to its cost-effectiveness, abundant raw material sources, low toxicity, and pharmacological potential. The ability to synthesise SeNPs using bacteria and plants indicates that they may be useful in a number of fields. The aerial sections (stems, leaves, and flowers) of Chrysanthemum indicum have been used in Oriental herbal medicine to treat vertigo, hypertensive symptoms, and a number of infectious diseases.

Materials and Methods: Distilled water was mixed with 1 mL of Chrysanthemum indicum extract. The mixture was heated for 15 to 20 minutes at 60 degrees Celsius before being filtered. For the synthesis of nanoparticles, 0.519 grammes of Selenium were applied to the filtered extract and alternated between an orbital shaker and a magnetic stirrer. To assess the antioxidant activity of Chrysanthemum indicum mediated selenium nanoparticles, a DPPH radical scavenging assay was used. The anti-inflammatory activity of Chrysanthemum indicum mediated selenium nanoparticles was assessed using an albumin denaturation inhibition assay. The reagent for the assay was BSA (Bovine serum albumin).

Results: The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of five different concentrations of reaction mixture were tested in this study: 10 L, 20 L, 30 L, 40 L, and 50 L. Plant extract induced by selenium nanoparticles at a concentration of 50 litres had the highest antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity, both of which were inhibited by 87 percent.

Conclusion: In both assays, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of Chrysanthemum indicum mediated selenium nanoparticles was effective.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5619

Keywords – Anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity, Chrysanthemum indicum, selenium nanoparticles.

THE ROLE OF TIME TO MAXIMUM PARAMETER IN THE QUANTIFICATION OF THE ISCHEMIC PENUMBRA FOR DSC-MRI IMAGING | Journal of International Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Background: To assess hypoperfused cerebral parenchyma, the period to limit of the tissue residue feature (Tmax) is a widely used parameter. The post-processing programme to measure Tmax, on the other hand, is a problem because it is optional, costly, and requires a powerful workstation.

The aim of this study was to show how to build a perfusion imaging analysis workflow that produces accurate and repeatable Tmax maps. The perfusion signal is estimated from the data given by the MRI method, which is the first step in the quantification process. After that, the curve is transformed into a focus curve. The Arterial Input Function (AIF) is then determined using an automated process, followed by deconvolution using the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). Finally, we measured the parameter Tmax and used thresholds to produce the mapping of this parameter.

Healthy volunteers, patients with reported brain infarction, and two patients with no mismatch were used to assess the clinical utility. The Tmax parameter's output was also compared to that of the standard semi-quantitative analysis (time-to-peak (TTP) parameter).

Conclusion: The Tmax map provides a fast and reliable estimate of the hypoperfused cerebral parenchyma, according to the findings. The TTP parameter results in a much better solution with smoother edges and more detailed details.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JIRMEPS/article/view/5623

Keywords – Ischemic penumbra, time to maximum, arterial input function, dsc-mri, perfusion analysis, thrombectomy.

SORBITOL ACCUMULATION INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF Punica granatum | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: Sorbitol, also known as glucitol, is a sweet-tasting sugar alcohol that metabolises slowly in the human body. The polyol pathway, also known as the sorbitol-aldose reductase pathway, appears to be involved in diabetic complications, particularly microvascular damage to the retina, kidneys, and nerves. (Botanical name: Punica granatum; family: Punicaceae). Pomegranate juice reduces lipid peroxidation in type 2 diabetics and hypertensive patients, as well as systolic blood pressure and serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity.

The aim of this study was to see how effective pomegranate extract is at preventing sorbitol accumulation (Punica granatum).

Plant materials-Punica granatum extract was obtained from Green Chem Herbal extracts and formulations, Bengaluru, India, for use in the research.

The technique used to extract the above plant material was developed by Kesavanarayanan et al. in 2013.

Results: Punica granatum extract inhibited sorbitol formation significantly, with an IC50 of 48.51g/mL compared to 37.77g/mL for regular ascorbic acid.

Conclusions: Pomegranate extract appears to have an inhibitory effect on sorbitol accumulation in the body.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5620

Keywords – Inhibitory, pomegranate, sorbitol accumulation, blood sugar, cardioprotective.

MANDIBULAR CANINE TRANSMIGRATION: DIAGNOSTIC & MANAGEMENT CHALLENGE FOR ORTHODONTISTS – A CASE REPORT | Journal of Case Reports in Medical Science

Bilateral transmigration of mandibular canines is a clinically unusual phenomenon. For good canine directed occlusion, lower canines must be repositioned to their proper location. It's virtually impossible to traction and correct such ectopically erupted teeth with orthodontics.

After extracting over-retained bilateral mandibular primary canines and right lower primary second molar in a 14-year-old girl, we present a case of bilateral transmigration of mandibular canines positioned vertically in the midline (Type 5 pattern of Mupparapu classification).

Please see the link :- https://ikprress.org/index.php/JOCRIMS/article/view/5621

Keywords – Transmigration, mandibular canine, tooth migration, ectopic eruption.

A. IS A GOOD BOY: THE CRUCIAL SYNERGY AMONG CURE AND CARE IN A CASE OF DEVELOPMENTAL RECOVERY OF A NON-ORGANIC FAILURE TO THRIVE | Journal of Case Reports in Medical Science

Maltreated children often present to hospitals in a state of severe decompensation, and non-organic failure to thrive is a common complication. Foster care is a common option in the field of child welfare, but unsuccessful placements in foster care exacerbate the child's health condition, which is already serious. This paper describes the case of a 3-year-old boy who demonstrated developmental recovery after a prompt and prolonged hospitalisation due to early physical assault, neglect, institutionalisation, and inadequate multi-placement in foster care. The use of hospital keeping as a preliminary containment mechanism, as well as the medical-nursing staff's mothering, was part of a multidisciplinary and multi-focus intervention. In order to facilitate emotional containment and developmental catch-up in neglected children, hospitalisation should be considered a viable treatment alternative in clinical practise.

Please see the link :- https://ikprress.org/index.php/JOCRIMS/article/view/5622

Keywords – Child maltreatment, non-organic failure to thrive, multiple foster care, hospitalization, developmental catch-up, outcomes, child protection.

STIMULATION OF AMYLASE ACTIVITY BY UV EXPOSURE AND POTATO PEELS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Bacillus cereus was obtained as a positive strain after isolation, identification, and screening of Amylolytic bacteria from soil. The effects of pH and the concentration of potato peels on Amylase development were investigated. As a result, the best conditions for Amylase activity were pH 7, 15 percent peels concentration. The effect of UV radiation exposure at various times (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 minutes) was used to mutate Bacillus cereus. The results showed that after exposure to UV, Bacillus cereus amylase activity increases while Bacillus cereus growth decreases. The assay enzyme extract is used to measure amylase activity against a maltose standard curve

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5624

Keywords – Bacillus cereus, amylolytic bacteria, amylase activity.

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF Maranta arundinacea MEDIATED ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Background: In today's world, synthesis of nanoparticles using plants such as arrow roots is considered an environmentally friendly technology because no toxins or chemicals are used. Zinc is a naturally occurring factor that helps macromolecules preserve their structure and function. It aids enzymes that aid in the regulation of cellular processes and pathways. Arrow root-derived zinc oxide nanoparticles have a wide range of biomedical applications. A typical green synthesis technique is used to make these zinc oxide nanoparticles. Zinc nanoparticles have an impact on cell viability, antioxidant function, and the degradation of contaminants in the atmosphere, as previously stated. It is also said to be a safe type of nanoparticle that functions as a natural human skin barrier, according to other reports. Maranta arundinacea, also known as arrowroot, is a perennial plant with a wide range of medicinal properties. It's used to treat diarrhoea, vomiting, indigestion, and even urinary tract infections, as well as being a baby food.

The aim of this study was to look at the anti-inflammatory properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles mediated by Maranta arundinacea.

Materials and Methods: Arrowroot was used to make zinc oxide nanoparticles, which were then tested for anti-inflammatory activity.

The graph obtained shows that arrowroot muted Zinc oxidants have major antiinflammatory activity.

Conclusion: Since Arrow root has a strong anti-inflammatory effect, it can be used as a better drug of choice.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5625

Keywords – Zinc oxide nanoparticles, arrowroot, anti-inflammatory activity.

EVALUATIONS OF Trichoderma ISOLATES FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF Fusarium WILT OF CHILI | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Using the dual culture method, the in vitro antagonistic capacity of Trichoderma species T. atroviride, T. hamatum, T. harzianum, T. longibrachiatum, and T. viride against Fusarium oxysporum f. spp. capsici was assessed. T. hamatum was found to be the most effective in inhibiting Fusarium oxysporum f. spp. capsici mycelial development, with 70.15 percent inhibition, followed by T. atroviride, T. harzianum, T. longibrachiatum, and T. viride, with 67.18 percent, 68.75 percent, 69.46 percent, and 66.75 percent inhibition, respectively. By using spore suspension (1106 conidia/mL), the antifungal ability of five Trichoderma species was further assessed in-vivo. Under greenhouse conditions, T. longibrachiatum treatment resulted in a disease severity of 24.7 percent. T. longibrachiatum also increased root and shoot length and weight. Fusarium wilt was moderately regulated by the other Trichoderma species. Overall, T. hamatum and T. longibrachiatum were the most successful treatments for Fusarium wilt control in vitro and in vivo, and it depends on the plant species' disease tolerance.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5626

Keywords – Biocontrol, Capsicum annuum, Fusarium oxysporum, Trichoderma spp.

In vitro ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY USING FRUIT FORMULATION MEDIATED ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The aim of this study was to see whether zinc oxide nanoparticles made from Punica granatum and Elettaria cardamomum had anti-inflammatory properties.

Background: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, diclofenac, and ibuprofen are the most widely prescribed and used drugs for inflammation and its related conditions. Unfortunately, these medications have a lot of negative side effects. As a result, there has been an increase in the quest for a more powerful and secure alternative. To minimise the side effects, zinc oxide nanoparticles, which have strong anti-inflammatory efficacy, were prepared using a green method mediated by extracts from Punica granatum and Elettaria cardamomum.

Materials and Methods: Punica granatum and Elettaria cardamomum extracts were collected and prepared, zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesised, nanoparticles were collected using centrifugation, nanoparticles were characterised, anti-inflammatory activity of ZnO nanoparticles was determined using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, and albumin denaturation inhibition was tested.

Results: Zinc oxide nanoparticles induced by Punica granatum and Elettaria cardamomum demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity comparable to Diclofenac.

Conclusion: The findings of the study indicate that zinc oxide nanoparticles induced by Punica granatum and Elettaria cardamomum have potent anti-inflammatory properties, and more studies can be done to test it for various medicinal purposes.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5628

Keywords – Zinc oxide nanoparticles, anti-inflammatory, pomegranate, cardamom.

MORPHOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS AND GENE EXPRESSION IN A SET OF SUGARCANE VARIETIES UNDER WATERLOGGED CONDITIONS  | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The aim of this study was to look at the morphological response and expression patterns of the PFP (Pyrophosphate-dependent fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase), CYP81D8 (Cytochrome P450 gene), P5Cs (Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase), and SOD (Superoxide dismutase) genes in sugarcane plants that were kept wet. For morphological studies and RNA isolation and gene expression analysis, waterlogged and control plants of four sugarcane varieties, CoLk 94184, BO 91, CoS 767, and CoJ 64, were used. Waterlogged plants had a higher plant height, but their leaf area and SPAD index were significantly lower than control plants. The emergence of aerial rooting earlier in the season appears to be linked to further waterlogged shoot root injuries. Due to waterlogging, degree Brix (°Brix) in cane juice was higher in most of the studied varieties except BO 91; variety CoLk 94184 showed the highest increase (66.7 percent) over control. The transcript of the PFP enzyme (phospho fructokinase), which is involved in glycolytic reactions, was up-regulated in two varieties (90.5 percent in CoLk 94184), but down-regulated in others. The CYP81D8 (ROS associated proteins) gene showed a significant increase (+110 percent in CoLk 94184) and BO 91 (13.6 percent) in waterlogged plants, but a small decrease in CoS 767 (-7.7%,) and CoJ 64. (-5 percent ). Under waterlogged conditions, P5CS, which is involved in proline biosynthesis, is slightly increased. Waterlogging caused SOD, an antioxidant enzyme, to increase significantly; the highest increase (+154 percent) was seen in the CoLk 94184 variety. The expression of these genes was found to have a close relationship with shoot and leaf characteristics.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5631

Keywords – Sugarcane, waterlogging, gene expression, SPAD index.

RESEARCH TRENDS IN LEAF BLIGHT: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The fungus "Helminthosporium turcicum" causes leaf blight, which is a fungal infection. The spread of this infection is aided by humid, hot, and rainy conditions. Crop rotation is a good way to keep this infection at bay. This bibliometric study was carried out to better understand the active writers, organisations, journals, and countries involved in the field of "Leaf Blight" science. To build research tables and visualisation charts, all published articles related to "Leaf blight" from "Scopus" were analysed using the VOS viewer. The aim of this article was to compile the literature on Leaf Blight and to discover trends in the field. Plant Disease has the most publications and citations in this research area, with Plant Disease having the most publications and citations. The journal with the most co-authorship connections is Phytopathology. The journal with the highest average citation per paper is Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Cornell University's Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology is the most involved organisation, with the most articles, citations, and co-authorship relations. USDA is the most productive organisation, with the most citations per publication on average. Kumar S and Li B are the most prolific writers, with the most publications and co-authorship connections, respectively. Sonti R.V. and Castilla N.P. are the most productive authors, with the most citations and the highest average citation per publication, respectively.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5632

Keywords – Leaf blight, Helminthosporium turcicum, bibliometric analysis, VOS viewer, plant disease.

A DETAILED ANALYSIS AND VISUALISATION OF RESEARCH TRENDS IN BLACK KNOT  | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The fungus Apiosporina morbosa causes black knot, which is a fungal disease. The development of a black knot is gradual, and it takes time for noticeable signs to emerge. Apiosporina morbosa should be tested when it is still in the early stages of development; otherwise, this plant disease can wreak havoc on plant growth and fruiting. In addition, black galls may serve as hosts for other pathogens. This bibliometric study was carried out to learn more about the active writers, organisations, journals, and countries involved in the “black knot” research domain. The VOS viewer was used to create research tables and visualisation maps for all published papers related to "black knot" from "Scopus." The aim of this article was to compile the literature on black knot and to identify trends in the field. The most active journal is Wood and Fiber Science, while Nature is the most creative. The United States is the most prolific and productive nation, with the most publications, citations, average citations, and co-authorship links. The University of Georgia's Department of Plant Pathology is the most involved, while Duke University's School Of Forestry And Environmental Studies has the most citations. China and Aller have the most active authors, with M.F. having the most citations and the highest average citation.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5633

Keywords – Black knot, Apiosporina morbosa, bibliometric analysis, VOS viewer, plant disease.

MORPHOLOGICAL INDEXES OF CORN LEAVES IN THE SYRDARYA REGION AND THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THEM | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The size of the surface of corn leaves in saline soils of the Syrdarya area, as well as the degree of correlation between the traits associated with it in terms of genotypes, are examined in this article. According to the study's findings, Daulet's leaf area was 1633.4 cm2, Line 1's was 1001.0 cm, and Line 2's was 1300.3 cm2, with dry matter content of 32.78, 25.82, and 29.72 g, respectively. The fact that the size of the leaf surface depends more on its length and width was found to have a good (r => 0.7) correlation. The size of the leaf surface and the volume of dry matter both yielded the same result. It has been discovered that low-yielding corn lines can produce high yields in saline soil conditions.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5634

Keywords – Corn, Daulet, line, variety, morphology, correlation.

PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ASSETS OF Ziziphus joazeiro- Mart: A REVIEW | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Ziziphus joazeiro, a local native small shrubby tree that is grown in almost all parts of Brazil and is known as Juazeiro, belongs to the Rhamnaceae family. Z. joazeiro extracts are useful in drug development because of their pharmacological properties. Z. joazeiro has been used as a replacement medication in the treatment of high temperatures, headaches, dandruff, sores, bronchitis, gastric boils, respiratory problems, topical healing, and hepatic disease for a long time. Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-staphylococcal, anti-parasitic, spasmogenic, anti-tumour, anti-mutagenic, anthelmintic, anti-pyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties have recently been discovered in Z. joazeiro. The main phytochemicals studied from this tree include flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids. Because of the easy selection of tree materials, it is inexpensive and widespread in countries with exceptional organic properties; this has made it suitable for food and medicine in some parts of the biosphere, especially in Brazil. This review included an in-depth analysis of the chemical, pharmacological, and biological characteristics of Z. joazeiro.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5636

Keywords – Joazeiro, saponins, antimicrobial, triterpenes, phenol, tannins.

VISUALISATION OF RESEARCH TRENDS IN ASTER YELLOW DISEASE IN PLANT: AN OVERVIEW | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Phytoplasmas cause Aster Yellow, a plant disease that affects flowers and vegetables. Aster yellow disease is a difficult plant disease to eradicate, and it affects over 300 different plant species. This plant does not have a concrete treatment. This bibliometric study was carried out to determine the number of active authors, organisations, journals, and countries in the research domain of aster yellow, a plant disease. The VOS viewer was used to create research tables and visualisation maps for all published papers relevant to "aster yellow" from "Scopus." The aim of this article was to compile the literature on aster yellow disease and to discover trends in the field. The journal with the highest productivity is Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. The journal with the most citations is the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. The United States is the most active nation, with the most publications, citations, percentage of citations to total citations, and co-authorship links. New Zealand, on the other hand, has the highest average citation. The Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture has the most publications of any organisation. Bertaccini A is the most prolific author, with the most articles, total citations, and co-authorship links. Rehner S.A. is the most productive author with the highest average citation.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5629

Keywords – Plants, aster yellow, bibliometric analysis, VOS viewer, plant disease.

BLOSSOM BLIGHT: RECENT STUDIES ON ANALYSIS AND VISUALISATION OF RESEARCH TRENDS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Blossom blight is a fungal infection that affects plants and causes flower and fruit death. Mangoes, plums, almonds, and apricots are also susceptible to blossom blight. Blossom blight changes the colour of the blossoms to brown and also affects the stem. The fungus “Monilinia fructicola” causes blossom blight. This bibliometric study was carried out in order to better understand the active writers, organisations, journals, and countries involved in the “blossom blight” research domain. The VOS viewer was used to create research tables and visualisation maps for all published papers related to "blossom blight" from "Scopus." The aim of this article was to compile the literature on blossom blight and to discover trends in the field. The journal Plant Disease is the most involved in this field of research. The most productive publication is Annual Review of Phytopathology. The United States is the most active and prosperous nation. Canada's Morden Research and Development Centre is the most involved organisation, with the most publications. Oregon State University's Department of Botany and Plant Pathology has the most citations overall. MAF Technology, Plant Protection Group of New Zealand is the most active organisation in this research domain, with the highest average citation per paper. The Federal University of Pelotas has the most co-authorship relations of any organisation. Stockwell V.O. is the most active author, with the most publications and total citations. The author with the most co-authorship ties is Fox S.L.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5630

Keywords – Blossom blight, Monilinia fructicola, bibliometric analysis, VOS viewer, plant disease.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF Thuja occidentalis AND Phyllanthus emblica | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Since ornamental plants have antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, they have been widely used as a therapeutic source to treat a wide range of diseases. Owing to the existence of phytocompounds such as Tannins, Flavanoids, Saponin, and others, Thuja occidentalis and Phyllanthus emblica have the ability to treat diseases such as cancer, respiratory diseases, and some infections. The antioxidant potential of both the plants collected from the Chandigarh University botanical garden was calculated by measuring the IC50 value of plant extracts prepared in water with varying concentrations of each plant extract, as well as their synergistic antioxidant potential using the DPPH assay for free radical scavenging. The antimicrobial ability of both the plants was observed using the Agar well diffusion method and the Microtitre plate dilution method to assess the effective dosage of both the plants by measuring the IC50 for both the plants as well as their blend in the antimicrobial assay. Both plants had antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, but Phyllanthus emblica had a higher therapeutic ability than Thuja occidentalis. Thus, the synergistic effect of both plants was observed, which has not been recorded previously, and exhibited more effective potential than the plants alone, and can be a better option for ailment of certain diseases and can be utilised as anti ageing and anti cancerous drugs than synthetically obtained drugs, as well as a source of recovering from diseases that can be Gastrointestinal such as diarrhoea, a better option for ailment of certain diseases and can be utilised as anti ageing and anti cancerous drugs than As a result, Phyllanthus and Thuja have the potential to be a better potential treatment for the relief and cure of such diseases.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5637

Keywords – Thuja occidentalis, Phyllanthus emblica, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, treatment, medicinal properties.

WATER-RESOURCE-SAVING TECHNOLOGIES FOR CROP CARE IN SANDY SOILS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Effective use of land resources, especially desert sands and sandy soils, is becoming an increasingly important and urgent challenge in the consistent solution of the world's population's food supply crisis, which is becoming increasingly globalised due to its high growth rate (up to 11 billion by the end of the century).

After all, developing water-saving agricultural technologies for determining and caring for low-water, fertile, and core crops that are ideal for these soil and climatic conditions is of critical scientific and practical importance.

With the aid of field and laboratory tests, we researched the technologies of sowing, fertilising, and irrigating cotton, sunflower, soybean, peanuts, beans, potatoes, and carrots in order to solve this urgent issue.

Results: Sunflower cultivation in desert sandy soils used 4,362 m3/ha (1,144 m3/ha) less water than typical crops (26.2 percent ).

Specifically, during the period before sunflower harvesting, with intensive soy sunflower sowing and joint care for sunflower and grain lasting 2-3 days, the total amount of irrigating decreased by one time, and water savings of an average of 730 m3/s hectares were achieved.

At the same time, a total of 4395 m3 / ha of water was used for the two crops, and by using ditch water in a 1:1 ratio, 2177 m3 / ha (roughly 50%) of river water could be saved without causing soil and crop harm.

In terms of the length of the growth period of soybean sowing, when sown in pure form, a total of 6 times irrigating is permitted, resulting in 4332 m3/ha of water being expended, while 2577 m3/ha of river water was saved in the ratio of 1:1 without harmful consequences.

Soybean growers were able to plant carrots and grow two crops, using an additional 731 m3/ha of water to do so.

Although caring for legumes up to 11 times, subject to permissible irrigation - up to 8145 m3/ha and water consumption - up to 1606 m3/ha, the overall amount of irrigations decreased by half, seasonal water consumption - up to 1606 m3/ha, or 19.7%, while caring for peanuts up to 11 times, subject to permissible irrigation - up to 8145 m3/ha and water consumption - up to 1606 m3/ha.

In addition, due to the efficient use of water, the drainage ditch was able to conserve 3256 m3/ha of river water in a 1:1 ratio.

22.9-387 percent of the cost of crop care was saved thanks to these innovations.

Conclusion: The study found that yields are very poor, extremely unsuitable for agriculture, decreasing mineralization in desert sandy soils, leading to high water-resource-saving and economic productivity by jointly caring for sunflower and soybean crops, as well as eliminating water shortages.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5638

Keywords – Crop type, irrigation procedure, planting method, sandy soil, resource-saving, water consumption.

In vitro ANTIFUNGAL EVALUATION OF PREPARED CARBENDAZIM NANOEMULSION FOR EFFECTIVE TRANSLOCATION IN FUNGAL CELL | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The aim of this study was to see how effective permeability of antifungal carbendazim could be increased by forming it as an o/w nanoemulsion (NE). The NE was created by using an unprompted emulsification technique to optimise the concentrations of oleic acid as the oil, Tween 20 as the surfactant, and acetone as the co-surfactant. TEM (transmission electron microscopic) analysis was used to determine clarity, drug quality, compatibility, pH, viscosity, stability, and scale. In vitro antifungal assay were performed against two phytopathogens, Alternaria alternata and Dreschlera oryzae. The transparent Nano emulsion with narrow size range of oil droplets, sufficient pH and viscosity was obtained. The creation of distinct nanosized droplets with sizes ranging from 80 to 140 nm was revealed by TEM research. In contrast to the marketed Wettable Powder or suspension of Carbendazim, the NEs were stable under variable temperature conditions and had increased permeation into fungal spore cells, resulting in better performance.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5639

Keywords – Nanoemulsion (NE), Carbendazim, tissue permeability, In vitro characterization, TEM, antifungal screening.

MICROBIAL BIO-PESTICIDES AND BOTANICALS AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES IN THE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

While the green revolution has had a significant impact on crop yields, it has failed to integrate with agricultural sustainability. Unnecessary use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides has had negative consequences for human health and the environment. Excessive pesticide use in agroecosystems has irreversible consequences. Microbial bio-pesticides and botanicals are gaining traction as a viable alternative to conventional pesticides. These are not harmful to the climate. In agriculture, bio-pesticides can be used to combat some of the most damaging plant diseases and insect pests. This review article focuses on various types of Microbial Biopesticides (Entomopathogenic Fungi, Bacteria, Virus, and Nematodes) as well as Botanicals or Botanical Pesticides (Neem, Rotenone, Pyrethrum, Ryania, Sabadilla, and Eucalyptus oil) that can be used as an alternative to chemical or synthetic pesticides as a step toward agricultural sustainability. When used correctly, biopesticides have a huge potential to improve agriculture's productivity and environmental protection.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5640

Keywords – Microbial biopesticides, botanicals, synthetic or chemical pesticides, sustainable agriculture.

PREVALENCE AND MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF Candida spp. ISOLATED FROM VULVOVAGINITIS IN BAGHDAD, IRAQ | Journal of Disease and Global Health

Candida species-induced vulvovaginitis is a widespread fungal infection among adult and pregnant women. Vulvovaginal candidiasis is caused by Candida albicans (VVC). The participants in the study were 250 women ranging in age from 17 to 45 years old who were attending specialist hospitals in Baghdad, Iraq. Candida spp. was detected using standard methods and biochemical tests after vaginal smears were cultured on selective chrome agar and Sabouraud dextrose agar. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was also used to identify isolates, with the universal ITS4 area primer and species-specific primers. There were 141 (56.4%) yeast isolates from the 250 vaginal smears obtained, with 81 (57.4%) Candida albicans and 60 (42.6%) non-albicans. Candida albicans was the most common Candida species (57.4 percent), followed by C. glabrata (20.6 percent), C. tropicalis (13.5 percent), and C. krusei (12.5%). Candida spp. were identified by PCR, which verified the primary identification by biochemical tests. The internal transcript spacer (ITS) 1 and 2 primers produced amplification products of 402 bp in the PCR assays for C. albicans in the examined samples and a high sensitivity to molecular detection for Candida species other than albicans among the local isolates. Finally, the high prevalence of Candida isolates among Iraqi female Vulvovaginitis patients highlights the importance of frequent candidiasis screening and evaluation in Iraqi hospitals.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JODAGH/article/view/5655

Keywords – Candida, vulvovaginitis, PCR, prevalence.

THE EFFECT OF SMOKE WATER EXTRACT ON ENDOGENOUS PHYTOHORMONES OF Cucumis sativus L. SEEDS EXPOSED TO SALT STRESS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Different concentrations of smoke water extract (0, 1:10, 1:100, 1:200) were used in this study to mitigate the toxic effect of different concentrations of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) (0, 100, 150, 200) mM on Cucumber sativus L. seed germination. The seeds were soaked in two different concentrations of smoke water extract for two different periods of time (24 and 72 hours). Auxin (IAA), gibberelline (GA), cytokinine (CK), and abcsisic acid (AB) concentrations, as well as germination percentage, were all measured. The findings revealed that, depending on the soaking time, smoke water extract has a positive effect on seed germination.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5658

Keywords - Salt stress, smoke water extract, Cucumber sativus L., phytohormones.

EFFECTS OF HEALTH EDUCATION ON PARENTS’ KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDES REGARDING VACCINATION AT MOUANKO, EDEA HEALTH DISTRICT, CAMEROON | Journal of Basic and Applied Research International

Background: Vaccination is estimated to save 2.5 million lives each year around the world. However, due to a lack of vaccination awareness, vaccination coverage in Sub-Saharan Africa, like Cameroon, remains low.
The aim of this study was to see how health education affected parents' awareness and attitudes about vaccination.
The effects of health education on parents' awareness and attitudes about vaccination in the Mouanko Health Area were studied in this cross-sectional interventional analysis. Cluster sampling was used to select participants, who were then randomly assigned to either an experiment or a control group. After performing a pretest, the intervention consisted of health education on vaccination that was only provided to the intervention party. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on skills and attitudes. A point was awarded for each correct answer to the questionnaire's questions. Parents who scored seven points or more on the information segment were considered intelligent, whereas those who scored less than seven were considered unknowledgeable. Similarly, each correct answer was given a point; parents who scored four points or more on a scale of seven were said to have positive attitudes, while those who scored less than four were said to have negative attitudes.  vaccination viewpoints Data was obtained from May 13 to June 15, 2019, and SPSS version 25.0 was used to analyse it.
Results: After the intervention, the proportion of participants with vaccine awareness increased from 35.0 percent to 57.6 percent, and the proportion of participants with positive attitudes increased from 31.0 percent to 41.9 percent. For information and attitudes, the p-values were 0.001 and 0.012, respectively (CI = 95 percent).

Conclusion: The cost-effectiveness of health education was shown by the positive improvement in the intervention community after the intervention.

Please see the link - https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JOBARI/article/view/5660

Keywords - Effects, vaccination, health education, parents, knowledge, attitudes.

EFFECT OF PRE EMERGENCE HERBICIDES AND THEIR COMBINATIONS ON WEEDS INFESTATION, YIELD COMPONENTS AND YIELD OF COMMON BEAN (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) AT GURAFERDA AND MENITSHASHAWOREDA, SOUTH WEST ETHIOPIA | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Weeds reduce the yield and quality of the common bean. During the 2019 main cropping season, the experiment was carried out at Guraferda and Menit Shasha Woreda in Southern Ethiopia (July to October). The goals were to see how pre-emergence herbicides and their combinations affected weed infestation, yield part, and yield of common bean, to see whether low-dose herbicides could be supplemented with hand weeding for effective weed control, and to evaluate the economic viability of various weed management practises. The experiment included 16 treatments: s-metholachlor (1.0,1.5, and 2.0 kg ha-1); pendimethalin (1.0,1.3,1.6 kg ha-1); s-metholachlor plus pendimethalin (1.0,1.3,1.6 kg ha-1); s-metholachlor plus pendimethalin (1.0,1.3,1.6 kg ha-1); s-metholachlor plus pendimethalin (1.0,1.3,1.6 kg ha-1); s-methol 1.0 kg ha-1+ 0.75 kg ha-1 pendimethalin, s-metholachlor at 0.75 kg ha-1+ pendimethalin at 1.0 kg ha-1, s-metholachlor at 0.75kg ha-1+pendimethalin at 1.25 kg ha-1, s-metholachlor at 1.0kg ha-1+one hand weeding at 5WAE, pendimethalin at 1.0 kg ha-1+ one hand weeding at 3WA At crop harvest, the combined use of one hand weeding at 5WAE with 1.0kg ha-1 of s-metholachlor and pendimethalin and two hand weeding at 2and 5 WAE showed lower weed dry biomass at both sites. The weed-free at Guraferda and MenitShasha yielded the highest grain yields (3715.7kg ha-1) and 3437.1kg ha-1, respectively. Grain yield losses were highest (79.48 percent and 67.64 percent, respectively) in weedy check plots at MenitShasha and Guraferda. The application of s-metholachlor at 1.0 kg ha-1 combined with one hand weeding at 5WAE yielded the highest net gain (Birr 27640.1 ha-1).

Please see the link : https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5661

Keywords - weeding, herbicide mixture, pendimethalin, s-metholachlor, yield loss.

RECENT STUDY ON Sclerotinia STEM: A REVIEW| PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The goal of this article was to compile the literature on Sclerotinia stem rot and to discover trends in the field. Plant Disease is the most active journal in this field, and Field Crops Research has the highest total number of citations per publication. The Journal of Applied Microbiology has the highest total number of citations per publication. India, China, and Australia are the most active and productive countries, with the most articles, citations, and co-authorship links, respectively. The Netherlands has the highest total number of citations per publication. With the most publications and citations, China's Main Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests is the most involved research organisation. The most active organisation is Banaras Hindu University's Department of Botany. The Rajasthan Agriculture University's Agriculture Research Station has the most co-authorship connections. Barbetti M.J. is the most prolific blogger, with the most citations and co-authorship links. The author with the most publications is M.R. Mcdonald With the highest average citation per publication, Bahadur Singh H and Kumar Sarma B are the most active authors.

Please see the link - https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5662

Keywords: Sclerotinia, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, bibliometric analysis, VOS viewer, plant disease.

FORMATION OF HARD SPRING WHEAT PRODUCTIVITY DEPENDING ON THE MINERAL FERTILIZERS AND BIOLOGOCAL PREPARATIONS| PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Introduction: In the face of erratic and inadequate moisture, it is important to research the fundamental elements of hard spring wheat technology in the light of climate change. Field, laboratory, assessment, and comparative methods were used. The application of microbiological biological preparations based on the history of mineral nutrition in the technologies of growing hard spring wheat was studied and analysed in depth. Plant leaf surface formation was influenced by both the context of mineral nutrition and the use of microbiological preparations. For the use of polymyxacarbonate, seed treatment with biopreparations increased the area of the leaf surface by 20.3 percent on non-fertilized areas. 20.5 percent for diazophyte and 23.9 percent for a combination of the two. It was 31.9 thousand m2 / ha for fertilisers N45R45K30, 19.1 percent more for polymicobacterin, 13.8 percent more for diazophyte, and 24.1 percent more for a mixture of preparations. Since the area of the leaf surface was very high (29.2 thousand m2 / ha), the fertilised history of "straw N10 per tonne of by-products" was successful, and with the use of biopreparations, respectively, 33.9; 32.9; 36.4 thousand m2 / ha. The number of viable stems per unit area and the weight of grain from one ear decide the yield of hard spring wheat. The highest yield was in areas planted with polymicobacterium and diazophyte inoculated seeds on the fertiliser background N45R45K30 - 3.50 t / ha, which is 1.47 t / ha (72.4 percent) higher than plots without mineral fertilisers and biopreparations (2.03 t / ha). Applying fertiliser to hard spring wheat is a sensible way to boost yields. With the mandatory treatment of seeds before sowing with a mixture of biological products ("N10 straw per tonne of by-products"), grain yield was 3.16 t/ha, which is 1.13 t/ha (55.7 percent) higher than non-fertilized cultivation. Conclusions: In conditions of unstable moisture, it is important to apply pre-sowing seed treatment with diazophyte and polymicobacterin preparation on the background of straw predecessor, followed by the application of N10 per tonne of by-products, which will ensure a yield of 3.16 t/ha of wheat grain. In the absence of predecessor by-products on the ground, pre-sowing seed treatment with diazophyte and polymicobacterin preparations, as well as the application of N45R45K30, should be used, resulting in a grain yield of 3.50 t/ha.

Please see the link - https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5663


Keywords: Hard spring wheat, mineral fertilizers, diazophyte, polymicobacterin.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CHEMICAL TREATMENTS ON WEEDS, YIELD OF SOFT WHEAT AND YIELD COMPONENTS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Autumn cereals need chemical weed control in order to produce a good yield. During the agricultural companion 2015-2016, we tested the effect of eight herbicide treatments on soft wheat yield Triticum aestivum and its components at the INRA-Allal Tazi experimental station in the Gharb Region (Morocco). Herbicides, both single and mixed, were used as therapies. The adventitious flora is described by 26 species belonging to 14 botanical families, according to the station's inventory. Furthermore, dicotyledons account for 92.31 percent of the total, while therophytes account for 88.46 percent. Our findings revealed that all herbicide treatments were successful. When compared to control, grain yield and part (number of wheat feet per m2, number of wheat ears per m2, biomass (stem+ ears), and weight of 1000 grains) increased significantly. The mesosulfuron methyl + iodosulfuron methyl treatment was the most successful against weeds among the simple treatments. With 50.8 qt/ha, this treatment produced the highest grain yield. As compared to other combined treatments, plots treated with 2,4-D+ MCPA + Clodinafoppropargyl + pendimethaline (Pr+Tp+Pl) and 2,4-D+MCPA+Clodinafoppropargyl+ Prosulfocarbe (Pr+Tp+Bo) produced the highest yield of 52 qt/ha.


Please see the link - https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5664

Keywords: Chemical weeding, soft wheat, weeds, yield, Gharb area.

THE DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE RESIDENTS OF THE PARTNER COMMUNITY OF ST. PAUL COLLEGE OF BOCAUE: A BASIS FOR COMMUNITY ACTION PROGRAM | Asian Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Studies

Poverty is described as a condition or circumstance in which a person or a community lacks the financial resources and necessities for a basic level of living. Poverty means that the income level from employment is so poor that basic human needs can't be met. Individuals and families living in poverty may lack sufficient housing, clean drinking water, nutritious food, and medical care. The aim of this study is to determine the factors that will influence the respondents' quality of life. Its goal was to identify the demographic profile of residents of St. Paul College of Bocaue's partner group. The study's participants were residents of a slum in Bulacan, Philippines. The respondents' gender, age of parents, marital status, number and age of siblings, educational attainment, work classifications, employment status, religion, and Catholic faith manifestation were all described using the descriptive research tool. In this sample, fifty-five (55) families from the partner group took part. The following are the study's main results, based on the survey: The majority of them are in a live-in relationship, which leads to teenage pregnancy. As a result, the majority of the respondents are uneducated and unemployed.

Please see the link :- https://ikprress.org/index.php/AJAHSS/article/view/5654

Keywords – Poverty, demographic profile, community extension services, community action program.

RATIONALIZING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INCENTIVE-BASED LEARNING IN COMBINATION WITH INQUIRY- BASED LEARNING FOR IMPROVING LEARNERS' OVERALL ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN CHEMISTRY AMONG SENIOR FOUR LEARNERS OF THE COLLEGE SAINT JEAN NYARUSANGE LOCATED IN MUHANGA DISTRICT | Journal of Global Research in Education and Social Science

In the field of education, both reward and inquiry-based learning are common approaches. The quasi-experimental research design was used, which is a non-randomized pretest-posttest method. The aim of this study was to rationalise the use of incentive-based learning in conjunction with inquiry-based learning methods, as well as to evaluate their combined impact on students' overall academic performance. The participants in the study are 52 senior four students from the Muhanga district's College of Saint Jean Nyarusange. The students were divided into two groups: control (Z) and experimental (W). The two groups were taught the same subject from the chemistry curriculum using different teaching and motivational methods, and then a paper-based test was given to assess overall performance. The control group was taught using the stand and deliver process, while the experimental group was taught using IBA in conjunction with IBLA. In addition, the experimental group's acquisition of interactive behaviour was monitored. Descriptive statistics revealed that learners who received IBA in combination with IBLA performed better, as shown by mean differences between pretest and posttest means of 58.75000 and 74.10985, respectively, and standard deviations of 6.95018 and 9.29708. In the control group, however, there was no substantial difference in means and standard deviations between the pretest and posttest. Researchers advocate using IBA and IBLA as successful combinatorial techniques to increase learners' academic performance as well as promote interactive behaviour acquisition within an academic setting because learners in the experimental group outperformed those in the control group.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JOGRESS/article/view/5653

Keywords – Incentive-based learning, inquiry-based learning, academic performance, interactive learning; control group; experimental group.

BEATING THE ODDS: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY ON SINGLE MOTHERS' LIVED EXPERIENCES IN CHILD-REARING PRACTICES | Asian Journal of Current Research

The number of single mothers has been gradually growing for a variety of reasons, including giving birth outside of marriage, breakup, divorce, annulment, the death of a partner, or simply because some women want to have a child and remain single. The study looked at single mothers' experiences raising their children. As a result, the study's aim is to find out how single mothers deal with their circumstances in order to provide a better life for their children and themselves. The researchers used qualitative analysis methods in their study. What are the lived experiences of single mothers in child-rearing activities, to begin with? The results of the study revealed that financial difficulties (struggles to meet the basic needs of the children/family) and isolation, which is the most prevalent feeling among single mothers, are common problems and experiences of being a single mother. Faith, family and community support, and their work all play important roles in dealing with their condition and ensuring their survival. It made them feel good about themselves, and it gave them the confidence to raise their children as single mothers. The study also indicates that single mothers and their children need to be acknowledged, and that government and social work groups should intervene to help them cope with the physical, psychological, and emotional challenges of single parenthood.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/AJOCR/article/view/5656

Keywords – Single mothers, lived experiences, exploratory study, child-rearing practices.

DIRECTORS’ REMUNERATION AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE: MODERATING ROLE OF BOARD ATTRIBUTES OF LISTED INSURANCE COMPANIES IN NIGERIA | Journal of Economics and Trade

The impact of selected board attributes on the relationship between directors' remuneration and financial results of listed insurance companies in Nigeria is investigated in this report. From 2012 to 2017, data was gathered from annual reports and accounts of Nigerian listed insurance firms. The research included all 28 insurance companies listed on the Nigerian stock exchange board, with 19 insurance companies being chosen at random as a sample for the study. Pooled OLS, fixed and random effects regression were used to analyse the data. At a 10% level of importance, it was discovered that directors' remuneration is positively and substantially linked to financial results. The presence of more independent directors on the board increases the positive effect of directors' remuneration on firm results, according to the interaction variables. According to the report, insurance firms should prioritise director remuneration since it has been shown to influence efficiency. In order to improve the interaction outcomes, regulatory bodies should impose strict enforcement about board attributes on insurance companies.

Please see the link :- https://ikprress.org/index.php/JET/article/view/5657

Keywords – Board attributes, Directors remuneration, financial performance, moderating, insurance companies.

THE USE OF WASTE SULFUR OF GAS MINING RESULT AS FERTILIZER FOR SHALLOT PLANTS OF LEMBAH PALU VARIETY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Sulfur is one of the macronutrients that plants need in adequate amounts. This element is needed by shallot plants more than by other cultivated plants. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of sulphur application from waste from gas mining on the growth and yield of the lembah palu shallot variety. The study was split into two parts: a greenhouse experiment and a field experiment. The method of fully randomised design was used in greenhouse experiments, while the randomised block design was used in field experiments, with treatments like P1 = no standard fertiliser application and sulphur, and P2 = standard fertiliser application and sulphur. P2 denotes the use of standard fertilisers (N, P, K, and manure) without the addition of sulphur, P3 denotes the use of standard fertilisers with sulphur, and P4 denotes the use of sulphur without the use of standard fertilisers. The findings show that the fertilisation procedure had a major impact on plant height at 30 dap and tuber fresh weight in the greenhouse experiment. Standard fertiliser applications, when combined with sulphur fertilisers, were found to be superior to other treatments. When opposed to a non-fertilized method, this treatment raises tuber fresh weight by 19.5 percent. Fertilization treatment has a major impact on plant dry weight at harvest, tuber fresh weight, and tuber yield per hectare in the field experiment. Standard fertiliser applications, when combined with sulphur fertilisers, were found to be superior to other treatments. This procedure resulted in a more than twofold rise in plant dry weight and tuber fresh weight, respectively.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5669

Keywords – Sulfur, growth, yield, shallot of lembah palu variety.

KH2PO4 AND SUCROSE AFFECTED in vitro AND ex vitro DATE PALM PLANTLETS CV SAKOTY | Journal of Basic and Applied Research International

The acclimatisation stage of date palm plantlets is critical for increasing the number of plants to culture in the open field, so this study was done to improve plantlets in the rooting stage in vitro by using different concentrations of KH2PO4 as full (170 mg L-1), full (170 mg L-1) + 14, and full (170 mg L-1) + 12 and sucrose 30 as a growth medium. The results revealed that treating KH2PO4 at full strength with 45 g L-1 sucrose was an effective treatment for increasing in vitro plant height. Although root duration, number, and stem thickness increased significantly under KH2PO4 full + 12 with 60 g L-1 sucrose, full KH2PO4 +30 g L-1 sucrose produced the most hairy roots, full KH2PO4 +30 g L-1 sucrose produced the most leaves, and full KH2PO4 +14 with 45 g L-1 sucrose produced the highest percentage of plantlets acclimatisation. Under complete +1/4 and full + 12 KH2PO4 with 45 g L-1 sucrose, more total indoles, chlorophyll a and b were present. Based on the previous findings, full + 14 or full + 12 KH2PO4 treatment with 45 g L-1 sucrose is preferred for active in vitro and ex vitro stages.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JOBARI/article/view/5672

Keywords – Date palm, ex vitro, growth, KH2PO4, indole, in vitro.

Eclipta alba- A POWERFUL TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL HERB | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Herbal therapies are the world's oldest form of medicine, and recent studies show that herbal remedies are very common, particularly in developing countries where access to modern, expensive medical systems is limited. Eclipta alba was an essential medicinal plant in some countries' earlier medicinal systems. Bhringraj and Bhangara are two common names for Eclipta alba. This herb is well-known in the Ayurvedic medical system. E. alba has been found to contain a variety of phytoconstituents, including coumestan derivatives, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and ascorbic acid, according to qualitative research. While it contains a large number of phytoconstituents, the pharmacological activities of these isolated constituents are unknown, necessitating further pharmacological research. The current research includes a report on E. alba's phytochemistry and pharmacology, as well as ethnopharmacological and popular uses.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5674

Keywords – E. alba, Bhringraj, phytoconsituents, ethnopharmacological, pharmacological activities.

EFFECTS OF NITROGEN FORMS AND RATES ON Fusarium culmorum GROWTH, FITNESS, AGGRESSIVENESS AND WHEAT, BARLEY AND TRITICALE RESISTANCE TO CROWN ROT DISEASE | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Management of wheat crown rot disease relies mostly on cultural techniques. However, nitrogen’s effect on host susceptibility and Fusarium culmorum is not fully examined. Therefore, a series of experiments dealt with rates of nitrogenous fertilizers effect on pathogen fitness and varietal resistance of some small grain cereals. These experiments served as frameworks to examine the patterns of varietal defense against the causal agent. Nitrogen rates were studied for their effect on fungus growth under two temperatures, and on aggressiveness and disease resistance. This research adopted data mining analysis of experimental data to describe and model varietal resistance. The form and rates of nitrogen fertilizers significantly affected fungus growth, aggressiveness and varietal resistance. Forms of nitrogen use at (24 g/L) greatly biased disease resistance, and urea increased Fusarium culmorum fitness and aggressiveness, especially at 20-25°C. However, a reasonable nitrogen fertilization based on ammonium nitrate reduced these characteristics, resulting in a subsequently decrease in disease severity and a reliable expression of disease resistance. Integration of decision tree analysis and the methodology developed herein for selecting small grain germplasm should enable breeders to improve resistance to F. culmorum. Furthermore, to bring this disease under control, the use of ammonium nitrate as top dressing fertilizer in disease prone semi-arid regions are highly recommended.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5675

Keywords – Wheat crown rot, Fusarium culmorum, resistance, nitrogen, decision tree analysis.

STUDIES ON BANANA NUTRITION: FUNCTION AND PROCESSING KINETICS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The banana is one of the most widely cultivated tropical fruits in the world. Carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins abound in this fruit. It is a low-cost carbohydrate source, but due to its limited shelf life, it results in significant post-harvest losses. To extend the banana fruit's postharvest shelf life, proper postharvest handling procedures must be followed to preserve the produce's freshness. During the glut season, however, the fruit can be processed into intermediate products such as puree and concentrate, which can then be used throughout the year. In addition, converting bananas into value-added products prevents nutritional losses and can aid in the fight against malnutrition, especially in developing countries. One of the most important aspects of converting bananas into value-added goods is their processing. This paper examines the various postharvest handling processes as well as processed banana products.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5676

Keywords – Banana, nutrition, postharvest handling, processing, value addition.

PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

As the ‘Green Movement' seems to be winding down, crop yields have remained stagnant or decreased in some cases, creating other environmental health issues. PGPR technology is widely recognised for promoting nutrient uptake and improving soil organic matter status, providing the use of soil microorganisms in practising cost-effective and environmentally friendly farming without the use of substance manures or pesticides. PGPR has also been shown to help with bioremediation and biodegradation of hazardous compounds contained in soil, air, and water. It helps plants grow and develop by using their own digestion through a variety of direct and indirect mechanisms, such as natural nitrogen obsession, increasing the availability of supplements in the rhizosphere, improving iron retention through siderophore production, and phytohormone production. It's also used as a biocontrol agent, putting up a fight against plant microbes by orchestrating a variety of antimicrobial and antifungal combinations. As a result, PGPRs can be used to reclaim waste terrains and rural fields, and they can be referred to as a manageability pointer in terms of farming and climate because they are used as bio composts, bio control operators, and soil ripeness improvers, advancing agribusiness in an environmentally friendly manner. This review attempted to cover all potential PGPR mechanisms as well as identified studies for different ways that sustainable agriculture production could be achieved.

Please see the link :- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5677

Keywords – Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, biofertilizers, phosphate solubilization, ISR (induced systemic resistance).

ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL LEVEL OF FOOD TRADE IN THE ECOWAS REGION  | Journal of Economics and Trade

The study looked at the ECOWAS region's potential for food trade. The information used in the study was secondary in nature. The data, which came from the FAOSTAT statistical database of the Food and Agricultural Organization, covered a 43 year period between 1970 and 2012.  According to the report, food exports from all member countries accounted for 5.0 percent of ECOWAS intra-regional trade between 1970 and 2012.   According to the report, all of the region's countries have yet to fully realise their capacity in the trade of food commodities within the region. Policy reforms to encourage intra-regional food trade, such as the establishment of a regional food market, were suggested. New bilateral trade agreements should be encouraged in all ECOWAS member states, as should the strengthening of existing ones.

Please see the link - https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JET/article/view/5678

Keywords : Trade potential, food trade, ECOWAS region.

BIOSTIMULANTS OF PEPPER AND EGGPLANT BY USING PLANTS AQUEOUS EXTRACT | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

For agricultural production, biostimulants are becoming a viable alternative to chemicals and a viable impartment option. Various plants are used to produce stimulatory effects and contain chemicals known as allelochemicals, which are considered stimulatory. Current research aims to determine the bioactivity of Myrtle and Orang extract as a bio stimulant with the potential to increase crop quality, alter physiological potential, and yield significant income. When eggplant was treated with aqueous extracts (myrtle, oranges, and myrtle + oranges), the percentage of germination and root length root dry weight increased, with the effect of extract (myrtle + orange) having the highest rate of increase.

Please see the link - https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5698

Keywords : Peppers, eggplant, oranges, myrtle, allelopathy, biostimulants.

VISUALISATION OF RESEARCH TRENDS IN PHYTOPLASMA CAUSINGASTER YELLOW DISEASE: A CRITICAL REVIEW | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The aim of this article was to compile the literature on phytoplasma that causes aster yellow as well as to discover trends in the field. Bertaccini A is the most prolific author, with the most publications and co-authorship relations. Rehner S.A. is the most productive author with the highest average citation. The author with the most cumulative citations and the highest proportion of citations to total citations is Lee I M. The Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture has the most publications of any organisation. The United States is the most active country, with Italy having the most co-authorship links. New Zealand, on the other hand, has the highest average citation. The International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology has the most co-  authorship linkages and overall citations, while the Journal of Phytopathology is the most active journal with the most publications. The most active journal in this research domain is Journal of Bacteriology, which has the highest average citation.

Please see the link - https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5699

Keywords :  Phytoplasma, aster yellow, bibliometric analysis, VOS viewer, plant disease.

A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND RESEARCH TRENDS IN CROWN GALL | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The aim of this article was to compile the existing literature on crown galls and to discover any trends in the field. The journal with the most articles is the Journal of Bacteriology. The journal with the highest productivity is Nature, and the journal with the most co- authorship linkages is Molecular & General Genetics. The United States is the most active nation, with the most publications, citations, percentage of citations to total citations, and co- authorship links.  With the highest average citation, Germany is the most productive nation. Purdue University's Department of Biological Sciences and Academia Sinica's Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology are the two organisations with the most publications.  The organisations with the most citations, average citations, and ratio of citations to total citations are Cancer Research Campaign, Department Of Biochemistry, Imperial College, and Department Of Biochemistry, University Of Leiden. The University of Illinois at Urbana Department Champaign's of Microbiology and North Carolina State University's Department of Botany have the most co-authorship ties. Nester is the most active blogger. E.W. is a fictional character.  The author who does themost work and has the highest average De Waele D. is the citation.

Please see the link - https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5700

Keywords: Crown galls, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, bibliometric analysis, VOS viewer, plant disease.

REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR IMPORT OF FOOD ARTICLES TO INDIAN MARKET | Journal of Advances in Food Science & Technology

 Food is defined as any consumable substance that can be processed, semi-processed, or unprocessed.  Since the food industry is a profitable sector, and India is a major food hub due to its consumers and capital, food imports are rapidly increasing. As a result, India must ensure the quality and protection of imported food, as well as the health of its people. This resulted in food article regulation and the formation of the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. The FSSAI has a number of guidelines, such as FSS, that focus on the procedure and standards for importing food into India. This article discusses the various regulations and fees, as well as the associated timelines.

Please see the link - https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JAFSAT/article/view/5703

Keywords :  FSSAI, import, food, applicant, NOC, FICS, DGFT.

MEDICINAL ATTRIBUTES OF PIPERAZINE | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Diverse heterocyclic analogues were evaluated for their unusual and diverse biological activities, which prompted extensive research and investigation into these compounds. The piperazinecore is the basic component of numerous synthetic compounds of differing therapeutic efficacy. The contributions of several scientists testing piprazine derivatives for different pharmacological activities were highlighted in this review article. Piperazine nucleus can be found in a variety of natural compounds, including the black pepper plant (Piper nigrum). Its wide and powerful operation established it as a biologically significant scaffold. According to a question, one word has been omitted. This review focused on piperazine derivatives that have been shown to have biological effects such as anti-arrhythmic, anti-hypertensive, anti-platelet aggression, anti-depressant, anti-psychotic, anti-convulsant, anti-alzheimer, anti-parkinson, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anxiolytic, anti-microbial, antimalarial, anti-activity, and anti-activity.

Please see the link - https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5702

Keywords : Heterocyclic analogues, piperazine derivatives, pharmacological activities.

In vitro CULTURE AND CALLUS PRODUCTION IN TWO IMPORTANT ASIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS-Gloriosa superba AND Ocimum sanctum: A SHORT REVIEW | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

We've been using medicinal plants since the Middle Ages. Humans have been using their medicinal properties well before either unintentionally or intentionally finding them. These medicinal plants have been over-exploited to the point of extinction, with some becoming critically endangered. As a result of this situation, scientists devised a technique known as somatic embryogenesis, which clones the plant without undergoing fertilisation or altering its genetic material, and produces it in large quantities. This helps to protect the endangered plant species by encouraging others to benefit from its medicinal properties.


Please see the link - https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5701

Keywords : Somatic embryogenesis, Gloriosa superba, colchicine, nanoparticles, thin cell layer technique.


IMPACT OF CHEMICALLY SYNTHESIZED ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES ON SALINE STRESSED WHEAT | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary methodology that encompasses agriculture, medicine, materials, electronics, and food packaging due to multiple engineering methodologies, but it also requires extensive study due to controversial safety and toxicity concerns. The aim of this research was to see how chemically engineered ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) affected wheat cultivars Misr1 (tolerant) and Gimmeza11's salinity stress tolerance in two seasons from 2018 to 2020. (sensitive). The data revealed an improvement in some biochemical parameters such as photosynthetic pigments, reduced glutathione, and the strength of some native PAGE bands of superoxide dismutase, all of which may be related to the increased intensity of some native PAGE bands of superoxide dismutase. related to salt tolerance and malondialdehyde reduction Due to the application of ZnO NPs, some changes in protein biosynthesis of wheat leaves were observed between the presence (1) and absence (0) of some bands, which could be linked to the antagonistic effect between metals, especially Zn. For the majority of the parameters studied, the most effective concentration was 1.0ppm. ZnO NPs were assessed at the molecular DNA level of wheat plants using the Inverse sequence- tagged repeat (ISTR) assay against five primers, with the highest polymorphic bands (86.6 percent polymorphism) at F9, B3 primer and 20 unique bands with primer F4, B7, The highest polymorphic bands treated with ZnO NPs as compared to the control indicate the degree of DNA alterations, but the function of DNA repair system enzymes cannot be overlooked. On two wheat cultivars, the biological analysis revealed the effectiveness of ZnO NPs as a foliar spray (Misr 1 and Gimmeza11). To determine their protection, we used Wistar Albino rats and repeated doses for 28 days to determine the median lethal dose (LD50). ZnO NPs had no impact on the levels of liver and kidney functions, as well as histopathological events, which all stayed within normalised values, allowing the controversy about the use of ZnO NPs in a wide range of fields to be turned around switch it off .


Please see the link - https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5704

Keywords : Wheat, salinity, ZnO, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, malondialdehyde, toxicity.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THIRD DERIVATIVE BLOCK BACKWARD DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAE FOR SOLVING FIRST ORDER DELAY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS WITHOUT INTERPOLATION TECHNIQUES | Asian Journal of Mathematics and Computer Research

For solving first order delay differential equations without using interpolation techniques in estimating the delay argument, the third derivative block backward differentiation formulae were developed. A suitable definition of series was used to test the delay statement. The continuous system of these block methods was developed using the Third Derivative Block Backward Differentiation Formulae Method and a linear multistep collocation procedure with the aid of the matrix inversion formula. The schemes that resulted were created using their own continuous systems. Zero stability, order and error constants These discrete schemes' convergent and absolute stability regions were determined. N-stability and M-stability were also looked at.As compared to their exact solutions and other existing methods, the scheme for step number k = 4 performed better and faster in terms of performance, precision, consistency, convergence, region of absolute stability, and Central Processing Unit Time (CPUT) at fixed step size than the schemes for step numbers k = 3 and 2.


Please see the link - https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/AJOMCOR/article/view/5706

Keywords: First order delay differential equations, third derivative backward differentiation formulae, block method.

ISOLATION OF ACTINOMYCETES FROM RHIZOSPHERE SOIL: A COMPLETE APPROACH | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The aim of this study is to isolate actinomycetes from a variety of rhizosphere soil samples using various pretreatments and selective media. Methods: A actinomycetes strain was isolated from rhizosphere soil samples of various plants using soil pretreatment, physical and chemical treatment, and growth with and without antibiotic medium.  Results: Physical and chemical pretreatments, such as dry heat, centrifugation, phenol treatment, enrichment in a nutrient medium, calcium carbonate treatment, and selective nutrient medium with and without antibiotics, were used to separate 69 actinomycetes strains from rhizosphere soil samples. The isolation of actinomycetes is affected by physical treatment and chemical concentration. Dry heat at 40°C is found to be an efficient pretreatment, centrifugation removes unwanted soil debris, phenol and calcium carbonate are more effective chemical treatments, and antibiotics medium is useful for actinomycetes isolation by inhibiting bacterial and fungal development. Actinomycetes have been discovered to be abundant in rhizosphere soil and to be capable of producing plant growth hormones, bio-nutrients, and bioactive compounds that are beneficial to soil fertility and plant growth.


Please see the link - https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5707

Keywords: Actinomycetes, antibiotics, calcium carbonate, rhizosphere, bioactive compounds, dry heat.

NANOPHOSPHORUS FOR IMPROVING FODDER BEAT GROWTH UNDER SALINITY STRESS CONDITIONS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Application of nanotechnology in agriculture under stress is a significant step forward, but more work is needed to fully understand its benefits and risks. In this regard, a pot experiment was conducted in the greenhouse of the National Research Council (NRC), Dokki, Giza, Egypt, to investigate the responses of some growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, and nutrient content of fodder beet plants (at mid-season) to nanophosphorus (nano P) fertiliser application under various salinity levels.In addition to tap water (TW= 257 ppm), two rates of diluted seawater (S1=3000 and S2=6000 ppm) were used for irrigation (S1=3000 and S2=6000 ppm).Aside from distilled water as a control, two concentrations of nano P (n-P1=0.5, n-P2=1.0 gL-1) were sprayed (C). While spraying nano P fertiliser improves root length, fresh and dry weight of root and whole plant, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll a+b, leaves number, root diameter, fresh and dry weight of top, nutrient concentrations (N, P, K, Ca, Na percent ) and content, chlorophyll b and carotenoids in plant top (mg/plant), and nutrient concentrations (N, P, K, Ca, Na percent ) and content It is suggested that further research be done on the impact of nano-P versus traditional fertilisers on the environment.

Please see the link- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5708

keywords: Fodder beet, nano fertilizer, phosphorus, salinity, nutrient content.

THE EFFECT OF HUMIC ACID AND HIGH POTASSIUM ON SOME GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS AND YIELD OF CAULIFLOWER | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

During the 2018-2019 planting season, the experiment was performed at the agricultural research stationto assess the effect of two levels of humic acid (1.5, 3.0) g L-1, high potassium composite fertiliser (1.5, 3.0) g L-1,and the number of treatments (twice and three times) on cauliflower growth and yield.The mediums were evaluated by least significant deference at 0.05 likelihood using a Randomized Complete Block design.The most important findings show that potassium treatment increased most indicators of vegetative development, yield, and chemistry, with 3 g.l-1 yielding the highest yield  (25.45 t.ha-1). Humic acid increased chlorophyll,  the percentage ratio of dry matter in leaves and curd, and the  percentage of nitrogen and potassium in leaves significantly. Curd weight, total production, carbohydrates, and potassium percentage in leaves are all affected by the amount of treatments. The relationship between the two variables resulted in a substantial improvement in all of the study's characteristics.

Please see the link - https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5709

Keywords:  Cauliflower, humic acid, high potassium, yield.

A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ON PHOMA BLIGHT PLANT DISEASE | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The aim of this article was to compile the literature on phoma blight and to discover trends in the field. The most active journal is Plant Disease, and the most prolific journal is Agronomy Journal, with the highest average citations per paper. Australia is the most active and productive nation, with the most publications and citations. The United States has the most co-authorship connections of any region. Syria has the highest total number of citations per publication.    Iowa State University's Department of Plant Pathology is the most active institution in the research domain, with the most articles, citations, and co-authorship relations.  Syria's International Center for Agricultural Research is the most productive, with the highest total number of citations per publication. Pethybridge S.J. is the most active blogger, with the most publications, citations, and co-authorship connections.

Please see the link - https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5710

Keywords:  Phoma blight, Peyronellaea glomerata, bibliometric analysis, VOS viewer, plant disease.

SOOTY BLOTCH: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF FUNGAL INFECTION | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Sooty blotch is a fungal infection that affects plants and is particularly prevalent during the rainy season. Peltaster fructicola, Geastrumia polystigmatis, and Leptodontium elatius are the fungi that cause this plant disease. However, this disease is just superficial and has a minor impact on the quality of the fruit. The disease can be regulated by ensuring adequate air movement, sunshine, proper drainage, and avoiding extreme wet conditions. This bibliometric study was carried out to learn more about the active writers, organisations, journals, and countries involved in the “Sooty blotch” research domain.The VOS viewer was used to create research tables and visualisation maps for all published papers related to "Sooty blotch" from "Scopus." The aim of this article was to compile the literature on Sooty blotch and to discover trends in the field. In this research area, Plant Disease is the most active journal, and Persoonia has the highest average citation per publication. The United States is the most active and productive nation, with the most publications, citations, and co-authorship links. South Africa has the highest total number of citations per publication. The Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology at Iowa State University is the most involved research institution,with the most articles, citations, and co-authorship relations.  The University of Pretoria's Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology is the most prolific institution in this research area, with the highest total citations per publication.Gleason M.L. is the most active author, and Tiffany L.H. is the most prolific author, with the highest average citation per article.

Please see the link - https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5711

Keywords:  Sooty blotch, Peltaster fructicola, bibliometric analysis, VOS viewer, Geastrumia polystigmatis, Leptodontium elatius.

RESEARCH TRENDS IN CROWN ROT: A GENERAL OVERVIEW | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

 Crown rot is a fungal infection that affects plants in areas where there has been a lot of rain or flooding. Fusarium, a fungus commonly found in soil, causes this plant disease.The fungus inhibits plant water movement by permanently affecting the stem. There are no known treatments for crown rot, and the only way to avoid it is to take preventative measures. This bibliometric study was carried out to better understand the active authors, organisations, journals, and countries involved in the “crown rot” research domain. The VOS viewer was used to create research tables and visualisation maps for all published papers relevant to "crown rot" from "Scopus." The aim of this article was to compile the literature on crown rot and to discover trends in the field.Plant Disease has the most articles, coaut-horship relations, and citations of any journal. The journal with the highest average citation per paper is Letters in Applied Microbiology.The United States is the most prolific and productive nation, with the most publications and citations, and Australia hasthe mostco-authorship links. Luxembourg has the highest total number of citations per publication.  CSIRO Plant Industry is the most active research organisation, while McGill University's Department of Plant Science and Université Laval's Département De Phytologie are the most productive in this field.Chakrobothy s, with the most publications and citations, and Liu C, with the most publications and co-authorship connections, are the most prolific  authors.Benhamou N, Belanger R.R, and Chen C are the most productive authors, with the highest average citation perpublication.

Please see the link- https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5724

Keywords: Crown rot, Fusarium, bibliometric analysis, VOS viewer, plant disease.

ANALYSIS AND VISUALISATION OF RESEARCH TRENDS IN CURVULARIA BLIGHT: A GENERAL REVIEW | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The aim of the bibliometric review was to learn about the active writers, organisations, journals, and countries in the field of “Curvularia blight” science. The VOS viewer was used to create research tables and visualisation maps for all published papers related to "Curvularia blight" from "Scopus." The aim of this article was to compile the literature on Curvularia blight and to discover trends in the field. The most active journal is Plant Disease, while Studies in Mycology is the most productive, with the most citations and the highest average citations.The United States is the most active nation, with the most citations and co authorship links. The country with the greatest number of publications is India. South Africa has the highest total number of citations per publication. Kasetsart University's Department of Microbiology, Facultyof Science, is the institution with the most publications and co-authorship relations. Iftikhar S. is the most prolific blogger, with the most publications and co-authorship ties. 

Please see the link - https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5725

Keywords: Curvularia blight, Curvularia spp, bibliometric analysis, VOS viewer, plant disease.

ISOLATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES FROM PAKU ATAI MERAH (Angiopteris ferox Copel) TUBERS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Context and Identity: The tuber of the fern plant Paku atai merah (Angiopteris ferox Copel) has been used empirically as a traditional medicine in culture. The tuber is the most commonly used component of the plant. However, the secondary metabolite content of this plant is unknown scientifically. The aim of this research was to find out what secondary metabolites could be found in paku atai merah tubers. Methodologies: The sample was collected using an ethanol solvent maceration process, fractionated using traditional column chromatography, and characterised using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR).  As many as 13 fractions were obtained using the chromatographic column as a fractionator. The optimum separation from fraction 4 (F4) was obtained from the fraction.The results of the separation from F4 yielded 17 sub-fractions in total (F1-F17). F7 and F8 sub-fractions showed good purity, and characterization results revealed that F7  and  F8 were the same compounds, namely Angiopteroside compounds. Conclusion: This research contributes to the discovery of a secondary metabolite in the form of Angiopteroside in the Angiopteris ferox Copel genus, which can be used in the development of new drugs.

Please see the link - https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5726

Keywords:  Angiopteroside, isolation, paku atai merah (Angiopteris ferox Copel), secondary metabolite.

RESEARCH TRENDS IN BACTERIAL CANKER: A GENERAL REVIEW | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Bacterial canker is a plant disease that affects several different forms of stone fruits. The pathogen “Pseudomonas syringae pv. morsprunorum” causes bacterial canker, which reaches the plant body through wounds. Trimming the plant carefully and avoiding wounds in the plant's body will help prevent bacterial cankers. This bibliometric study was carried out to determine the number of active authors, organisations, journals, and countries in the field of “bacterial canker” science. The VOS viewer was used to create research tables and visualisation maps for all published papers related to "bacterial canker" from "Scopus."The aim of this article was to compile the literature on bacterial canker and to look for trends in the field.The most active publications are Acta Horticulture and Plant Pathology. The most productive journals are Phytopathology and Nature, with the highest total and average citations, respectively.The United States is the most active and productive nation, with the most publications, citations, and co-authorship links.  South Africa has the highest total number of citations per publication.With the most publications, citations, and coauthorship relations, the Main Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Forest Protection, Research Institute of Forest Ecology Environment and Protection, and the Chinese Academy of Forestry are the most involved research organisations.The University of Florida's Department of Plant Pathology and Citrus Research and Education Center are the most active organisations in this research area, with the most citations and average citations per publication.Graham J.H isthe most active blogger, with the most publications and citations.Dow.J.M is the most prolific blogger, with the highest average number of citations per article. Pruvost O has the most co-authorship relations of any of the contributors.

Please see the link -  https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5727

keywords: Bacterial canker, Pseudomonas syringae, bibliometric analysis, VOS viewer, plant disease.

ANALYSIS AND VISUALISATION OF RESEARCH TRENDS IN SPOTTED WILT: A GENERAL REVIEW | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Spotted wilt is a virus-borne plant disease that causes plant stunting.  The “Tospo Virus” causes tomato spotted wilt. Thousands of plants are susceptible to this virus. This plant disease is primarily spread by different species of "Thrips." This bibliometric study was carried out in order to better understand the active writers, organisations, journals, and countries involved in the “Spotted wilt” research domain. To build research tables and visualisation charts, all published articles related to "Spotted wilt" from "Scopus" were analysed using the VOS viewer.The aim of this article was to compile the literature on spotted wilt and to discover trends in the field. Goldbach R. andCulbreath A.K. are the most involved authors, while Peter D. has the most citations. The organisation with the most publications is Wageningen University's Laboratory of Virology, and the organisation with the most citations is the Agricultural University of the Netherlands' Department of Virology. The University of Georgia's Department of Plant Pathology has the most co-authorship connections. The United States is the most active and productive nation, with the most publications, citations, and co-authorship links.Denmark has the highest total number of citations per publication. Plant Disease has the most publications, while the Journal of General Virology has the most citations and coauthorship relations.Genetics is the most prolific journal, with the highest total number ofcitations per article.

Please see the link -  https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5728

Keywords: Spotted wilt, bibliometric analysis, VOS viewer, plant disease.

EFFECT OF INOCULATION OF MYCORRHIZAE, SPRAYED OF NANOSEAWEEDS EXTRACT AND NANO SPECIFIC FERTILIZER ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF WHEAT | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The effect of inoculating wheat cultivar Adana 99 with Mycorrhizae and spraying nano seaweed extract and nano specific fertiliser on growth and yield was studied in a field experiment at the Extension farm in Province 41 of Husseiniya, Babylon Governorate. There were eight different therapies in the experiment. In a simple oneway experience  using RCBD style, Inoculation of Mycorrhizae Glomus mosseae (GM), spray of Nano seaweeds extract (NSWE), Nano specific fertiliser (NSF), di (GM+NSWE), (GM+NSF), (NSWE+NSF), tri (GM+ NSWE+NSF), tri (GM+ NSWE+NSF), tri (GM+ NSWE+NSF), tri (GM+ NSWE+NSF),A number of plant growth criteria were reported, as well as yield (quality and quantity) parameters.In all growth and yield parameters of wheat, LSD0.05 was Inoculation of Mycorrhizae Glomus mosseae (GM), spraying of (NSWE) and (NSF), followed by the spraying combine dofdi (GM+NSWE), (GM+NSF), (NSWE+NSF), and tri (GM+ NSWE+NSF), treatment srespectively with an increment of the tri combination (GM+ NSWE+NSF) of 89.92c treatment under supervision. The same treatment had substantially higher grain and protein yields of 6.684 Mg ha-1 and 970.32 kg ha-1, respectively, than the control, which had yields of 4.019 Mg ha-1 and 404.72 kg h1.Harvest index was in the range of 35.3 to 45.6 percent for the control and tri combination, with substantial superiority for the tri, bilateral combinations, and mono treatments.When the tri combination of (GM+ NSWE+NSF) was compared to other treatments, the highest efficiency of fertilisation for output was achieved at 66.3 percent.
Please see the link - https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5729

Keywords: Wheat, foliar application, nano-ferilizers, mycorrihzae.

LANGUAGE INTERFERENCE OF CHINESE STUDENTS (L1) INTO ENGLISH WRITTEN TEXTS (L2) IN MEDAN | Asian Journal of Current Research

The aim of this paper is to investigate and describe how Chinese Language (L1) students interject themselves into written English texts (L2). Syntactic interference, such as lexical, phonological, and discourse interference, is the focus of this research. Ten Chinesestudents provided qualitative information. Miles, Huberman, and Saldana's theory analysed the results. Syntactic influence on parts of speech (noun, adjective, verb), tenses, pronouns, auxiliaries, articles (definite and indefinite), nouns implying possession, noun plurality, and impersonal ‘there' as sentence subject were discovered to occur in English texts. Interferences can be found in the L1 norm, which is used in L2, or in the deviation of L2, which is absent in L1.

Please see the link - https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/AJOCR/article/view/5730

Keywords: Interference, Chinese, english texts, Chinese students, L1, L2.

PATTERN AND PREVALENCE OF DYSLIPIDEMIA AND OTHER CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS AMONG THE VARIOUS ETHNIC GROUPS OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO | Journal of Disease and Global Health

Background: Dyslipidemia has long been linked to the onset of complications like cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is a key component of the metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, differences in the pattern of lipid derangements have been identified, especially between people of African ancestry and their South Asian counterparts. Aim: To investigate the trend and prevalence of dyslipidemia and other cardiovascular risk factors among Trinidad and Tobago's various ethnic groups. Materials and Methods: A total of 968 participants were included in this study, with eachreceiving a 10mL blood sample after an overnight fast of 10 - 12 hours. Glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density cholesterol (HDL-C), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were all measured in plasma and sera (LDL). Each topic provided anthropometric indices including height, weight, waist circumference, age, gender, education, occupation, ethnicity, and medical history, including medications.  Body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure, blood glucose, triglycerides, and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were all different between ethnic groups (p 0.05). However, HDL-C levels were comparable across ethnic groups, with the exception that patients of South Asian origin have a tendency toward non-significantly higher HDL-C levels than other ethnic groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The study has highlighted the wellknown significant disparity in lipid profiles among people of various ethnic groups in Trinidad and Tobago, especially among patients with chronic noncommunicable disease (CNCD).


Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JODAGH/article/view/5731


Keywords:  Cardiovascular, Caribbean, chronic noncommunicable diseases, dyslipidemia, epigenetic, socioeconomic.

MASS MEDIA AND SOCIAL MEDIA AS STRESSORS IN VULNERABLE ELDERLY POPULATION DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC | Journal of Case Reports in Medical Science

The current global pandemic situation triggered by the COVID19 virus has exposed humans to a number of threats, with many of them being overwhelmed by a series of events and unexplained phenomena. Everyone is accountable and must contribute to the solution, the world has realised. Unfortunately, the media and social media, as well as certain health authorities, have undermined a significant portion of the world population through their actions and conduct, both directly and indirectly. In this article, we discuss how the media, in general, has contributed to the elderly's vulnerability to COVID-19 infection. In this opinion paper, we build the relationship between informative contents and the mental weakening of the elderly by making them vulnerable and more exposed to Corona Virus Disease through a series of listed media practises.


Please see the link - https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/JOCRIMS/article/view/5732

Keywords:  COVID-19, public health, anxiety disorders, social isolation, mass media, life style.
INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY OF THREE AROMATIC AND MEDICINAL PLANTS AGAINST Callosobruchus maculatus (FAB.) (Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The toxicity of plant powders from noble laurel (Laurus nobilis) leaves, hot pepper (Capsicum frutescens) fruits, and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) fruits was tested on healthy cowpea seeds against the bruche Callosobruchus maculatus. The contact tests of the three vegetable powders were conducted under laboratory conditions (27°C, 70% RH, and a photoperiod of 14h (light) / 10h (dark) (dark). The findings show that Capsicum frutescense powder has a very powerful effect on the fecundity of C. maculatus females at a dosage of 0.1g, but has a very small effect on the mortality of adults C. maculatus.The powder of Syzygium aromaticum prevents the laying of eggs in C. maculatus females from a dose of 0.5 g and induces complete mortality in all three doses used after 5 days of exposure, while the powder of Laurus nobilis has no effect on the fecundity of C. maculatus females from a dose of 0.5 g. However, for doses greater than or equal to 1g, a slight decrease is observed, resulting in a small lethal effect on adult C. maculatus.


Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5735

Keywords:  Callosobruchus maculates, Capsicum frutescens, Syzygium aromaticum, Laurus nobilis, fecundity, mortality.

REVIEW AND RESEARCH TRENDS IN SOOTY MOLD CAUSING PLANT DISEASES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The term "sooty mould" refers to a variety of fungi that cause plant diseases. This fungus feeds on plants' sugary deposits. Controlling insects sucking plant sap is the most effective way to combat sooty mould. Plants with sooty mould develop a black powdery coating that blocks sunlight. This bibliometric study was carried out to determine the number of active authors, organisations, journals, and countries in the “Sooty mould” research domain. The VOS viewer was used to review all published papers relevant to "Sooty mould" from "Scopus" in order to create research tables and visualisation maps. The aim of this article is to compile the literature on the sooty mould and to identify trends in the field. The most active journal is Fungal Diversity, while Ecology Letters is the most productive with the most average citations. The New Zealand Journal of Botany has the most articles published. The United States is the most active and productive nation, and Malaysia has the highest average number of citations per publication. The institution with the most publications is the University of Canterbury's School of Biological Sciences in New Zealand. The Faculty Of Science,  The institution with the most co authorship ties is Thailand's Mae Fah Luang University.  The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation and Monash University's School of Biological Sciences are two of the most active research institutions in this field. Hughes S.J. and Hyde K.D. are the most active authors, and Green P.T. is the most prolific author with the highest citation rate.


Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/5736

Keywords:  Sooty mold, bibliometric analysis, VOS viewer, plant disease.

MODERATING EFFECT OF BOARD INDEPENDENCE ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CAPITAL STRUCTURE AND PROFITABILITY OF LISTED INDUSRIAL GOODS COMPANIES IN NIGERIA | Journal of Economics and Trade

Due to the lack of consensus on the relationship between capital structure and profitability around the world, a moderating variable must be considered to reinforce the relationship. As a result, this study uses board independence as a moderator to look at how it affects the relationship between capital structure and profitability in Nigerian listed industrial goods companies from 2006 to 2018. The study's population consists of all twentyone (21) industrial goods companies listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) as ofDecember 2018. The sample for the analysis is made up of ten (10) firms. The research used recorded data from the sampled companies' annual reports and accounts. The data was first analysed using descriptive statistics to generate summary statistics for the variables. Following that, a correlation study was performed using the Pearson correlation technique to determine the correlation between the dependent and independent variables, as well as the OLS regression technique. The findings revealed that debt to equity ratio, a capital structure proxy, has a significant positive impact on profitability, while board independence has a significant negative impact on the relationship between capital structure and profitability of publicly traded industrial goods firms. Nigeria is a country where Based on these results, the study suggests that policymakersand management of industrial goods firms determine the optimum capital structure while also adhering to the code of corporate governance to ensure a perfect balance of board independence, as certain companies do not adhere to the 50 percent mixture of executive and non-executive directors in the governing board.


Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JET/article/view/5764

Keywords:  Board independence, capital structure, industrial goods, Nigeria and profitability.

TARIFF RATE PASS-THROUGH: BUYER POWER AND PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION EFFECTS |  Journal of Economics and Trade


The economic actor who pays the tax is not always the same as the economic actor who carries the tax burden, according to economic theory. Tariffs, like every other levy, raise domestic prices. The question is whether tariffs are completely passed on to domestic prices or whether international producers will shoulder some of the burden. This research examines how tariff rate passthroughs change as a result of product differentiation and buyer demand concentration.The research looks at a few industrial industries from 1996 to 2015, when tariff rates were on the decline. In more differentiated domestic commodity markets, we find that tariffs only partially flow through to import rates. As buyer market saturation rises, we also find that tariffs only partially pass through in more concentrated product markets, but that tariffs would fully pass through in more commodity-oriented product markets.


Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JET/article/view/6066

Keyword: Tariff, market concentration, product differentiation, research and development.

ANALYZING THE UNCONVENTIONAL MONETARY POLICY AND CORONA VIRUS (COVID-19) PANDEMIC IN NIGERIA: ITS IMPLICATION TO THE ECONOMY | Journal of Economics and Trade

Given the crucial unfavourable repercussions for both the global and Nigerian economies, the CBN's response to the highly regarded COVID-19 pandemic had become inevitable. 

"Remarkable disruptions in global gracefully chains, a sharp decrease in unrefined petroleum costs, unrest in global stock and money related markets, farreaching undoings in brandishing, amusement, and business occasions, the lockdown of vast areas of development of people in numerous nations, and intercontinental travel limitations across basic air routes on basic air routes on basic air routes on basic air routes on basic air routes on basic air routes on basic air routes on basic air routes on basic air routes on basic air These outcomes have had genuine adversarial implications in key places.Oil and gas, carriers, assembling, exchange, and consumer markets are only a few examples. On this backdrop, the CBN announced some unorthodox monetary policy aimed at influencing macroeconomic outcomes, swelling, and conversion scale during this pandemic emergency. Its tools include resource purchases (quantitative easing), expanded liquidity operations, negative borrowing costs, and forward guidance. The unorthodox monetary policy has the effect of promoting fiscal soundness and financial intervention, as well as avoiding a lot of more downturns that could have occurred in Nigeria as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The investigation uncovered the need for corporate unconventional monetary policy measures with counterbalancing policy measures to approve such largescale prudential measures and fortifying the financial association, as well as updating the framework of liquidity infusions with proper motivating force plans that have proven helpful in reducing unfavourable impacts and others. The investigation assumed that the CBN is generally proactive in publicising the impact of the COVID-19 and recommended that the ban on the peak bank's intercession be expanded, the CBN's Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) policy and administrative self-control be strengthened, and the number of mediation offices be increased to provide better service.advances to pharmaceutical companies looking to expand or open manufacturing facilities in the United States.

Please see the link -  https://ikprress.org/index.php/JET/article/view/6218

Keywords: Monetary policy, unconventional monetary policy, Corona Virus (COVID-19), economy, CBN.
EVALUATING THE ADOPTION FACTORS OF COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS IN GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS | Journal of Economics and Trade

Despite the high availability of computers in the Zimbabwean economy, the study sought to understand why government schools had not implemented computerised accounting systems. The study used a quota sample of 36 respondents from 30 schools in Goromonzi District, Mashonaland East Province, chosen from a total of 100 schools with a minimum of one(1) accounts clerk or one(1) bursar. The data from thechosen study subjects was collected using a questionnaire survey.The study found that most government schools had computers, energy, and enough and skilled human capital to implement a computerised accounting system smoothly, but that administration attitudes and costs were slowing implementation. The Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education should take the lead in pressing for computerised accounting systems to be implemented in public schools. Government schools should be able to use public funds to purchase computer hardware and software to automate their accounting systems.Government schools should take a step-by step approach to implementing computerized  accounting systems that allow for invoicing, receipting, and reporting of school financial activities.


Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JET/article/view/5435

Keywords: Administration, ccomputerized accounting systems, government, schools.

ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF PRICE DIFFERENTIALS AND PROFITABILITY OF PALM OIL MARKETING IN OSHIMILI NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, DELTA STATE, NIGERIA |  Journal of Economics and Trade


The study's main goal was to determine the price difference between the rural and urban markets during harvest season and after storage season. The second critical goal wasto figure out how profitable palm oil was after the storage season.Structured questionnaires were used to collect data, which were properly administered to respondents. The cost and return model and descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. In the selection of 32 palm oil producers and marketers, the purposive selection method was used. The study found that people with an average age of 40 years and 37 years and 6 months were mainly involved in palm oil production and marketing. Due to the arduous nature of the work, males were primarily involved in palm oil processing, while females were primarily involved in its marketing. Both producers and marketers were illiterate, had a moderate household size, and had 10 and 11 years of experience in the palm oil industry, respectively. Prices of palm oil were found to be lower at a rural market during harvest season than after storage season, according to the report. The difference in price/revenue was N6,250, resulting in a profit of 46.3 percent. After storage season, the benefitcost ratio was 1.32, implying a profit of N0.32 for every N1 invested in the palm oil marketing industry.A large profit gap was discovered between harvest and after storage season, revealing that marketers who store palm oil made more money than palm oil producers. 

According to the report, palm oil producers can form cooperatives so that enough of their money can be pooled to buy a warehouse and possibly a vehicle to transport the commodity from the rural market to the warehouse for storage and later to the urban market for sales after the storage season, resulting in more funds for the marketing sector and lower transportation costs.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JET/article/view/5734

Keywords:  Producers, palm oil, price, profitability, marketing.

BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE COSTS AND FIRM PERFORMANCE: EVIDENCE FROM SELECTED TOP ECOWAS’ BANKS | Journal of Economics and Trade

Using a descriptive-quantitative research methodology and an economic theoretical framework, the effect of business intelligence costs on the performance of selected top ECOWAS banks that made Banker Magazine's 2017 list of 1000 Global banks was investigated. Based on the data available, a purposeful sampling technique was used. From 2012 to 2016, data was derived from audited annual reports of a sample of banks. Six hypotheses based on the literature were created and tested using OLS multiple regression analysis. The findings showed that: I the cost of computer hardware had no bearing on profitability; (ii) the cost of computer software had no bearing on profitability; and (iii) the cost of computer software  However, it had significant negative effects on value added and productivity of sampled banks; (ii) software cost had significant negative effects on profitability, but significant positive effects on value added and productivity of sampled banks; (iii) total equity had significant positive effects on profitability, value added, and productivity of sampled banks; (iv) bank age had no significant effects on profitability, value added, or productivity of sampled banks; (v) bank age had no significant effects on profitability, value added, or productivity of sampled banks;In practise, the study found that BI costs have a marginally positive impact on firm financial results, as they reduced profitability by about 40%.   The role of the economic model in BI studies has been emphasised theoretically.There have been some far-reaching proposals made.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JET/article/view/5035

Keywords:  Business intelligence, performance, productivity, profitability, value added.

DOES FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT MATTER FOR NIGERIAN ECONOMY? | Journal of Economics and Trade

Foreign direct investment has long been recognised as one of a country's sources of economic development, as it has been shown to have a positive and important relationship with growth. In the current decade, however, FDI inflow and Nigerian economic development seem to be working in opposite directions. This study looks at the effect of foreign direct investment on Nigeria's economic growth between 2007 and 2017, as it is thought that FDI has a location and time-specific impact. Time series secondary data was used for regression analysis.The regression analysis model specification was derived from the Solow growth model.For the purposes of the study, all independent variables had a positive relationship with economic growth, with the exception of FDI, which was statistically insignificant to the country's economic growth during the time. The model's R2 was 0.96, indicating that it can explain 96 percent of the differences in economic growth. The study concludes that in order to ensure that foreign direct investment (FDI) trickles down into Nigeria's economy, the flow of FDI into the country must be controlled and influenced to direct it into sectors that need significant investment, such as the agricultural sector, which has been noted for its failure over the years.orinability to attract foreign direct investment, despite the fact that the sector is the first point of contact for sustained economic growth in Nigeria.


Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JET/article/view/5065

keywords: Economic growth, foreign direct investment, exogenous, sector, productivity.

HINDRANCES OF INTEREST FREE BANKING ADOPTION IN ETHIOPIAN BANKING INDUSTRY AND ITS CUSTOMER’S INTENTION TOWARDS USAGE AND SATISFACTION | Journal of Economics and Trade

The aim of this study is to determine the barriers to interestfree banking adoption, use, and customer satisfaction in the Ethiopian banking industry, with a focus on commercial banks.Primary data were collected from managers of a few selected commercial banks via unstructured interviews, as well as from customers via standard questionnaires, in order to achieve the study's goal. Secondary data was gathered from bank records and journals to supplement the responses obtained from primary data sources. The data was analysed using descriptive and inferential methods. Economic factors such as unemployment and saving practises are influencing banks' acceptance of interest-free financial products and services, according to the findings.  Other factors influencing financial product acceptance include the obsoleting of technical environments, the inflexibility of government regulations, the educational history of consumers, and the diverse cultures of societies. Furthermore, because of their lack of knowledge, consumers do not fully use interest-free financial products and services. the established banking system's perceived relative advantage, perceived compatibility, perceived difficulty, and perceived confidence Based on the findings, it is suggested that banks properly implement interest-free financial products and services while taking external factors into account.  Furthermore, banks should engage in aggressive marketing to inform consumers of their interest-free goods and services, and the government should develop policies and regulations that reduce the bureaucracy associated with bank technology adoption.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JET/article/view/5124

Keywords: Interest free, bank, hindrance, Ethiopia, adoption, usage, satisfaction.

DETERMINANTS OF STOCK RETURN REVISITED: EVIDENCE FROM NIGERIA |  Journal of Economics and Trade

Using the ARDL approach to cointegration and error correction model, this study explores the macroeconomic determinants of stock returns in Nigeria from 1985 to 2016. Our findings show that GDP has no effect on stock market returns in both the short and long run, while interest rates and money supply have a positive and substantial impact on stock market returns, whereas inflation has a negative impact on stock market returns in Nigeria.Our findings show that GDP is important both in the short and long run, and that interest rates and money supply have a positive impact on stock market returns in Nigeria, while inflation has a negative impact. These macroeconomic factors were also discovered to have a major impact on stock market returns in Nigeria.In general, the findings illustrate the need for government and monetary authorities to implement policies that promote long-term economic growth and development.  The CBN should stick to its economic activity and investment policy goals.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JET/article/view/4585

Keywords: Stock returns, macroeconomic variables, ECM, Johansen Cointegration.

DISSOLUTION OF CARBONATE ROCKS IN GUNUNG MULU - SARAWAK, NORTHERN BORNEO: FIRST RESULTS | Asian Journal of Current Research

Gunung Mulu (Sarawak, Borneo), a Unesco World Heritage site since 2000, is one of the world's most important areas for karst research. The Geology and Paleontology Department of the Natural History Museum of Verona (Italy) began investigating Radon222 concentrations and karst corrosion caused by surfaceand underground waters in 2019. The field studies are currently underway.The dissolution rate was calculated using rock tablets, with this form of "data logger" collected after about a year. The results of this first testing campaign indicate that the corrosion rate in the water is extremely low. Due to the caves' exceptional growth, high rainfall, and the presence of a rainforest, such values are unexpected. This research adds to the existing data on karst corrosion in the Mulu World Heritage Region, which can be used to make comparisons with current global climate change.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/AJOCR/article/view/5821

Keywords: limestone, karst corrosion, rock tablets, Mulu National Park, Malaysian Borneo.

AN ANALYSIS OF PUBLISH SPEECH FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF INTERPERSONAL METAFUNCTION--TAKE EMMA WATSON’S UN FEMINIST SPEECH AS AN EXAMPLE | Journal of Basic and Applied Research International

In structural functional linguistics, interpersonal metafunction is one of three meta-functions.  And every step of the speech is devoted to realising it. This paper examines UN Goodwill Ambassador Emma Watson's public speech delivered in 2004 at the United Nations "HeForShe" activity, based on Halliday's interpersonal role theoretical structure, to see how Emma used language to realise interpersonal significance in public speech, and further called on everyone to engage actively in the activity.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JOBARI/article/view/6136

Keywords: Public speech, interpersonal metafunction, personal pronouns, mood, modality.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS BY EXPERIMENTAL ERROR TREATMENT IN POWER MODELS CORRELATIONS OF PLANT OIL RHEOLOGICAL DATA AT LOW TEMPERATURES | Journal of Basic and Applied Research International

The increasing use of vegetable oils in renewable energy sources like biodiesel necessitates a better understanding of their rheological activity. For a better adjustment and estimation of the parameters of the implemented models, the study and statistical treatment of the dispersion of the experimental error is necessary.The statistical error treatment of experimental data of rheology of four different types of vegetable oils was carried out in this analysis using power models of the Ostwald-de-Waele type in conjunction with power models of the Ostwald-de-Waele type. Canola, soybean, sunflower, and cotton oils were investigated. The effect of ignoring the experimental points with the highest variance on the correction coefficient, standard deviation, and confidence intervalwas analysed using a statistical method. Improvements in statistical properties were observed when the experimental points with the greatest variance were ignored, especially in the oils with the worst model change.The dilatant rheological action of the studied oils is shown by the obtained exponents of the power model, which are greater than unit. The statistical treatment of the experimental data to achieve more precise rheological parameters is justified because there is a substantial variance in the exponent values for minor variations in the power model change.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JOBARI/article/view/6210

Keywords: Rheology, vegetable oils, power model, error treatment.

MARINE ACTINOMYCETES AS A SUSTAINABLE REMEDY TO EMERGING DRUG RESISTANCE IN CLINICAL SCENARIO | Journal of Basic and Applied Research International

The paper discusses the use of marine actinomycetes as a long term solution to drug resistance.  Because of their filamentous form, distinct life cycle, and metabolic flexibility, actinomycetes are unique among prokaryotes. Actinomycete exploitation depends on the identification of actinomycetes from previously unexplored environments, which elucidates the organism's ecological and biotechnological perspectives.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JOBARI/article/view/6213

keywords: Actinomycetes, drug resistance, remedial measure.

EVALUATING THE EFFICIENT WATER ELECTROLYSIS FOR HYDROGEN GENERATION USING SOLAR ENERGY | Journal of Basic and Applied Research International

When it comes to many industrial processes, hydrogen is essential.  It's used as a refrigerant and an integral gas in superconductor science, ultra-cold condition research, hydrogen electric vehicles, energy storage, space exploration, and the electricity industry.  The generation of electricity from solar energy has increased dramatically as a result of advances in photovoltaic technology. Several charging techniques are necessary due to the inherent fluctuation of solar power as a result of weather conditions. However, there are significant disadvantages to charging such a large amount of electricity.The aim of this research was to see if it was possible to get hydrogen from water hydrolysis using electricity provided by sunlight generators.Based on our findings, it was determined that at 1200 lux of light intensity, 18.0 21.0 volts of electricity were produced, resulting in an average of 2000 mL hydrogen when the 5 percent NaCl solution was used as the electrolyte. To see which solution may be the most efficient for generating hydrogen, researchers looked at four different solutions: tap water, 0.1N HCl, 0.1 NaOH, and salt solutions.Because of the linear relationship between light intensity and exposure time and hydrogen gas production, we concluded that our hypothesis was right.Among the solutions tested in the analysis, the NaCl solution should be the best for water electrolysis using solar energy.Each electrolyte solution had a different ratio of hydrogen and oxygen.  A more in-depth investigation may be needed to optimise maximum hydrogen acquisition.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JOBARI/article/view/5926

Keywords: Brownlee electrolysis apparatus, hydrogen generation, solar energy, water electrolysis.

EFFECTS OF GARLIC, AMARANTHUS, BAOBAB AND TIGER NUTS AS NUTRACEATICALS IN NERA BLACK HENS’ RATION ON PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS AND EGG QUALITY |  Journal of Basic and Applied Research International

Garlic bulbs, amaranthus leaves, baobab leaves, and tiger nuts have been shown to have bioactive efficacies and functional phytochemical components in livestock and human health, but little is known regarding their use as mixed additives in laying hens to boost efficiency. As a result, the aim of this study was to see how integrating processed garlic bulbs, amaranthus leaves, baobab leaves, and tiger nuts into a formulated layers ration fed to Nera Black hens affected production and egg quality. Processed garlic bulbs, amaranthus leaves, baobab leaves, and tiger nuts were proportionally included in a formulated layers ration and fed to 240 Nera.Black hens weighing between 1.3kg and 1.6kg at 22 weeks of age. Weight gain, feed utilisation, hen day yield, and egg quality were all tracked over the course of the six-week study in five experimental groups, each with 48 hens. T1 (control): no nutraceaticals; T2: garlic bulbs (0.5%) and amaranthus leaves (2.0%); T3: garlic bulbs (0.5%) and baobab leaves (2.0%); T4: garlic bulbs (0.5%) and tiger nuts (2.0%); and T5: garlic bulbs (0.5%), amaranthus leaves (0.67%), baobab leaves (0.67%), and tiger nuts (2.0%). (0.67 percent ). T5 gained the most weight (1.9kg), followed by 1.82kg in control, but the feed was used more efficiently in control (1.23)T3 (1.24) and T2 (1.24) (1.25).  The handled hens had the best egg weight (47.68 – 49.87g), compared to 43.98g in the control hens. T5 had a higher hen day production rate of 20.76 percent compared to 17.15 percent in the control group. The treated hens' eggshell weight appeared to be higher, varying from 4.585.08g, compared to 4.39g in the control group. T5 had the highest yolk height (0.89cm), albumen pH (9.22), yolk pH (6.75), and Haugh unit (135.92HU).Since the values of all the parameters across the treatments compared favourably with the reference values recorded, garlic bulbs, amaranthus leaves, baobab leaves, and tiger nuts in the layers ration can improve performance with little to no negative consequences.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JOBARI/article/view/5934

Keywords:  Avian eggs, feed additives, nutrients utilisation, nutritional quality, ration formulation.

ENERGY ANALYSIS OF WOOD POWDER MATERIAL USED AS BIOPELLET FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL | Journal of Basic and Applied Research International

Energy consumption is that as a result of current development and population growth, and it is primarily needed for manufacturing, service, transportation, and domestic purposes; however, oil reserves are diminishing. Alternative energy sources are a viable choice for addressing the ongoing energy crisis. Biomass, which has the ability to be renewable energy, is one of the alternative energy sources that can be used. Starting with raw material preparation, mixing, printing, drying, and examination, this study was conducted to determine the characteristics of wood pellets.The aim of the research was to determinethe heat value, the value of bound carbon content, and the rate of biopellet combustion consumption.In this analysis, sawdust from meranti, mahogany, and coconut were compared in proportions of 100, 50:50, and 75:25. Moisture content, ash content, flight material content, bound carbon content, and heating value were all tested in depth. Moisture content ranges from 0 to 0.727 percent, ash content from 10 to 22.2 percent, flying matter content from 50 to 70 percent, bonded carbon content from 17.5 to 30%, and heating value from 26156 to 29739 calories per gramme, according to the findings.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JOBARI/article/view/6055

Keywords: Alternative fuel, biopellet, wood powder, mahogany and meranti trunks.

DIETARY HABITS OF YOUTH DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND THEIR ADHERENCE TO MEDITERRANEAN DIET | Journal of Basic and Applied Research International

Covid-19 infection is more likely in people who have compromised immune systems.  As a result, individuals must maintain a sufficient and well-balanced diet during the Covid-19 pandemic. Following the Mediterranean diet, which is well known for boosting the immune system, can play an important role in disease prevention. In this regard, the aim of this study is to evaluate youth's nutritional awareness levels and Mediterranean diet quality indexes (KIDMED), as well as their dietary patterns' compliance with the Mediterranean diet, in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic. Online questionnaires were used to collect data for the study. A total of 292 volunteers took part in the study. There were three sections of the questionnaire forms. The first section consisted of questions about the participants' demographic details. The second section included 20 questions aimed at evaluating the level of nutritional awareness among the study's participants.Finally, in the third section of the survey, the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index (KIDMED) was used to answer 16 questions.The nutritional awareness scores of the participants showed a statistical disparity by sex(male=77.3513.49, female=80.7610.10) (t=2.845, p0.05), but there was no difference between sexes in KIDMED scores (male=5.472.37, female=5.702.33) (t=0.836, p>0.05).The Mediterranean diet quality of 15.41% of the youth in the study is very poor (only 3 points), the diet quality of 62.67 percent is average/needs improvement (47 points), and 21.92 percent of the participants has an acceptable level of diet quality (only 8 points). The findings of the study show that young people's diets are of poor quality, and that there is a connection between nutritional awareness and eating habits.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JOBARI/article/view/6097

Keywords: Covid-19, mediterranean diet, youth, nutritional knowledge, dietary habits, KIDMED

ASYMMETRIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIRECTORS’ REMUNERATION AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF LISTED INSURANCE COMPANIES IN NIGERIA USING GENERALISED METHOD OF MOMENT (GMM) |  Journal of Basic and Applied Research International

Despite extensive academic research on various aspects of director remuneration, few studies have been conducted to examine the endogeneity of director remuneration and financial results.Using the generalised method of moment, this study investigates the relationship between director remuneration and financial results.Data was gathered from the annual reports and accounts of Nigeria's publicly traded insurance firms. For the purposes of this investigation,All insurance companies listed on the Nigerian stock exchange's floor as of December 31, 2019, were included in the population, with 19 being chosen as the working population using census sampling. The results showed that director remuneration, as calculated by the log of director's salary and other allowances paid to directors, has a substantial impact on financial efficiency.It was suggested that insurance companies look inward to find various motivational tactics in order to continue to improve results.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JOBARI/article/view/5927

Keywords: Directors remuneration, GMM, insurance companies, return on equity.

THE STATE OF FOOD SECURITY AND DIETARY DIVERSITY DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN CAMEROON | Journal of Medicine and Health Research

The first paragraph is an introduction. The planet is now dealing with a dangerous infectious disease that has progressed to the point of being a pandemic: COVID-19. Its effects on food security is uncertain at this time.  The aim of this research is to determine the dietary diversity and food security of Cameroonian adults during the COVID-19 pandemic

Methods: Between March and April 2020, a cross-sectional analysis was performed.  Participants completed a wellstructured online questionnaire that consisted of three sections: sociodemographic characteristics, dietary diversity, and food security.SPSS version 26.0 was used to analyse the cleaned results.The adults' average Dietary Diversity Score was 4.0, and 50% of them were food insecure. Food insecurity was found to have a strong negative association with theparticipants' DDS (r = -0.098, p=0.023). More than half of the participants said fats and oils, cereals, fruits, and roots and tubers were their favourite foods.Males scored substantially higher on the DDS than females (OR: 1.89, 95 percent CI 1.27-2.80).  Conclusion: The country's average dietary diversity appears to be poor, and food insecurity is large. Low dietary diversity and food insecurity were found to be determinant predictors of low education and income. As a result of these results, it is clear that programmes aimed at reducing food insecurity and increasing diet diversity in Cameroon must be improved.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JOMAHR/article/view/6216

Keywords: Food security, COVID-19 disease, dietary diversity, pandemic.

k-JACOBSTHAL AND k-JACOBSTHAL-LUCAS GENERALIZED OCTONIONS | Asian Journal of Mathematics and Computer Research

The k-Jacobsthal sequence Jk,n, the k-Jacobsthal Lucas sequence jk,n, and the Binet like formula for them were described in this paper. We investigate k-Jacobsthal and k Jacobsthal Lucas octonions over the algebra QR, where, and are real numbers, and then obtain Binet formulas for these octonins using the definitions of k-Jacobsthal Jk,n and k-Jacobsthal Lucas jk,n generalised octonions. Finally, we add the identities of Catalan, Cassini, and D'ocagne for these octonions.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/AJOMCOR/article/view/6151

Keywords: kJacobsthal numbers, kJacobsthal Lucas numbers, Generalized octonion, Genrating function, k-Jacobsthal octonion, k-Jacobsthal Lucas octonion.

GIRARD TYPE THEOREMS FOR DE SITTER TRIANGLES WITH NON-NULL EDGES | Asian Journal of Mathematics and Computer Research

The analogues for proper de Sitter triangles with non-null edges are introduced in this paper. Methodology: In the Mathematica programme, the model was mathematically and geometrically analysed and simulated.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/AJOMCOR/article/view/6179

Keywords: Girard’s Theorem, triangle, de Sitter triangle.

 THE CHERUBIM AND SERAPHIM UNIFICATION CHURCH OF NIGERIA: ITS HISTORY, BELIEFS AND ORGANISATION | Asian Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Studies

This is a historical analysis of an African Instituted Church's (AIC) religious creativity in relation to the idea of unity in the Cherubim and Seraphim (C&S). Just a few years after its founding in 1925, a schism developed between the two founders (Moses Orimolade and Christiana Emanuel nee Akinsowon). Since then, there have been several divisions that have further split this church into separate factional bodies. After several unsuccessful attempts to bring the various factional bodies together, there was a glimmer of hope in the 1980s as certain individuals started to gather as a reconciliation body for the previously divided church. As a resultThe Cherubim and Seraphim Unification Church of Nigeria's historical emergence was traced in this research, and it was linked to the need for a unified Cherubim and Seraphim (C&S) Church.It also looked at the church's various teachings and structures.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/AJAHSS/article/view/5820

Keywords: Unification, cherubim and seraphim church, Christiana Abiodun Emanuel, Moses Orimolade.

THE DIGITAL COMMUNICATION MODEL USED BY THE YOUNG AND SUCCESSFUL CHINESE ENTREPRENEUR FIGURES IN THE CREATIVE INDUSTRY | Asian Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Studies

Indonesia is well-known for its diversity, which includes religions, languages, cultures, and ethnic groups.  However, discrepancies between individuals should not be used to justify discrimination against others.There are over a hundred ethnic groups in Indonesia. In Indonesia, there are Chinese ethnic groups. According to the Indonesian Population Census in late 2010,there were 2.83 million (1.2 percent) Chinese people in Indonesia, out of a total population of 236 million.The size of wealth and the manner in which the Chinese community performs its economic activities in Indonesia are very diverse.Many Chinese millennials in Indonesia are business owners. The aim of this paper is to learn how Chinese Millennialentrepreneurs used digital communication to increase their business's success rate.Thisstudy employs a qualitative methodology. In addition to the literature review, this paper will use a focus group discussion to collect data from participants who have been carefully chosen by the researcher. The aim of this study is to look into the entrepreneurship activities of a young and wealthy ChineseIndonesian entrepreneur in Indonesia. They do, however, have different viewpoints on entrepreneurship. As a result, with that said. As a "artist," an entrepreneur is someone who is passionate about his or her company and uses it to influence others.They expressed their personal value inspirations andencouraged others to do the same.The business model is an integral aspect of the company because it contains all of the necessary elements (products, ideas, and capital) to ensure that the company runs smoothly and that it does not encounter any problems that are too difficult to manage.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/AJAHSS/article/view/6061

Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Chinese ethnic, Chinese millennials.

QUALITY TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAMME AND ACADEMIC STAFF PERFORMANCE OF IGNATIUS AJURU UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION PORT HARCOURT | Asian Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Studies

Since "no education system can rise above the level of its students," a teacher education programme is essential for high-quality education.  The Nigerian government saw teacher education as a way of raising and training trained,highly motivated, and conscientious teachers into the teaching profession, based on this theory.As a result of this recruiting process, the system's quality service delivery (job performance) has improved.As a result, the aim ofthis study was to look into "Quality Teacher Education Program and Academic Staff Performance in Ignatius Ajuru University of Education Port Harcourt."The study's goal is to see if there's a connection between intrinsic interest arousal and academic staff performance at IgnatiusAjuru University of Education's Teacher Education programme, professional self-development, and academic staff performance. The analysis was motivated by three (3) research questions and two (2) hypotheses.The study used a correlational research design. The study's population consisted of 420 lecturers, of whom 205 were chosen using simple random sampling.Data was collected using the “Quality Teacher Education Programme and Academic Staff Performance Questionnaire (QTEPSAPQ)”.The instrument was validated by two experts, and its reliability was determined by the Cronbach Alpha index of 0.78. With the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Software version 20, descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviationwere used to address the research questions, while regression analysis was used to evaluate the hypotheses.The study's results showed that academic staff members' intrinsic interest in their employment, as well as their professional selfdevelopment, were directly and positively linked to their work performance. As a result, the teacher education software will predict academic staff results.  As a result, the study suggests that the government and school administration ensure that future recruitment exercises at the institution are focused on teaching qualifications.  This will aid in the weeding out of quacks from the educational system, encouraging excellence in the teaching profession and ensuring quality service delivery.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/AJAHSS/article/view/6193

Keywords: Teacher, education, teacher education, academic staff performance.

DOES DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION IN MATHEMATICS IMPROVE LEARNERS’ LEARNING? | Journal of Global Research in Education and Social Science

To determine a learner's level of conceptual comprehension, evaluation is required. It assesses students' grasp of mathematical concepts, their interrelationships, and their ability to construct new conceptual constructs.Diagnostic assessment is used to get more useful outcomes from the teaching-learning process.  The study's aim was to explain what individual students had learned and what they stillneeded to learn and the kinds of mistakes they were making in the grade 10 Mathematics issue of 'rational speech.' Via the results of the diagnostic evaluation, remedial measures to remove myths were taken.It was concluded that using diagnostic assessment to eliminate mathematical misconceptions among students had a positive impact.This means that teachers should use diagnostic assessment as part of their mathematics instruction and learning.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JOGRESS/article/view/6138

Keywords:  Mathematics learning, mathematical concepts, misconceptions, diagnostic evaluation.

OVERVIEW ON TEACHER-LEARNER INSIGHT INTO COMPUTER-ASSISTED TEACHING AND LEARNING: ACCEPTANCE OF POWERPOINT PRESENTATION FOR ENHANCING SCIENCE CONTENT VISUALIZATION |  Journal of Global Research in Education and Social Science

This research aims to collect teacher-learner perspectives on computer-assisted teaching and learning, as well as acceptance of PowerPoint presentations, which can improve science content visualisation. As mentioned in the research methodology, this study employs a descriptiveresearch style.In this study, students' opinions on thesuitability of both PowerPoint presentations and conventional teaching methods, also known as expository teaching methods, were gathered through designed questionnaires in which students were given statements and asked to allocate a degree of righteousness using a five-point Likert scale. Teachers' opinions, on the other hand, were gathered through an online survey focused on a five-point Likert scale response style. There were 80 people in the sample, including 63 secondary school advanced level science students from the Institut Paroissial de Mukarange and 17 science teachers from allover the world.Based on the views of research participants examined using the statistical package for social sciences version 21.0, it could be commendable to use computerassisted teaching, particularly PowerPoint presentations, as a promising tool to enhancescience content visualisation, which could improve students' retention, clarification, and understanding.reduce the extent of misunderstanding about science concepts and values.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JOGRESS/article/view/6240

Keywords: Computer-assisted instruction, power point presentation, science content visualization, modern teaching technologies, traditional teaching approaches.

SATISFACTION WITH THE QUALITY OF DIGITAL EDUCATIONAL PLATFORMS IN 4TH AND 5TH YEAR STUDENTS OF THE FACULTY OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY, URSE | Journal of Global Research in Education and Social Science

Within the context of the quality conditions that allow us to compete in the international market, as well as the precarious development of virtual environment training in Mexico, especially in Oaxaca, we were forced to be cautious when proposing the minimum guidelines that training courses must meet in order to be considered virtual environment training programmes.teaching and learning processes; spaces in which information and communication technologies (ICTs) have been adapted to classroom components as a distinct feature; In other words, virtual worlds have the primary goal of assisting in the delivery of educational services by promoting didactic contact.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JOGRESS/article/view/6144

Keywords: COVID-19, virtual environments, medical students, pandemia

AN OVERVIEW OF MUSHROOM FARMING | Journal of Global Ecology and Environment

Mushroom is a fungus that grows in decomposing organic matter and has the form of anumbrella. Mushrooms, unlike most other plants, create spores to begin the reproduction process. This paper delves into the specifics of oyster mushroom farming, including an in-depth examination of the cultivation process as well as the financial and health benefits.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JOGEE/article/view/6250

Keywords: Mushroom, farming, oyster mushroom, fungiculture, floriculture.

USER’S PERCEPTION ON SCIENTIFIC FOREST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN COMMUNITY FOREST OF NEPAL | Journal of Global Ecology and Environment

Rather than considering users' local awareness and practises on forest management, the Nepalese government has implemented scientific forest management practises in community forests by incorporating the silvicultural scheme. Through the management of the productive land, this integrated forest management improves production and revenue.In the last year, managing Nepal's forest has been a major challenge, but little has been done to address the problem.As a result, Nepal's forest condition has deteriorated, exposing the ecosystem to a variety of problems.In light of this, the current study was conducted to determine the feasibility and constraints of incorporating scientific forest management in the community forest.For data collection, this study used a household survey,main informant interview, focus group discussion, and analysis of the operational plan. The benefit-to cost ratio of both conventional and scientific forest management projects was measuredin the report.Users are more likely to benefit from scientific forest management, according to an analysis of the Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) between conventional and scientific management. The study found that the biggest obstacles to scientific forest management were a lack of knowledge about the implementation procedure and methodology, a lack of financial resources, a lack of cooperation between stakeholders, and a lack of public involvement in every phase of SFM. Some users are able to engage in SFM, owing to the benefits they would get from carrying out the scientific plan.For the plan to be implemented effectively, users' capacity must be built through training, seminars, and awareness programmes, as well as financial support from the government.


Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JOGEE/article/view/5024

Keywords: Traditional management, present net value, benefit-cost ratio, knowledge.

GENETIC DIVERSITY BEHAVIOR OF SOME PEARL MILLET GENOTYPES ACROSS DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS | Journal of Global Ecology and Environment

Millet has a strong ability to adapt to biotic stresses, which are essential parameters for genotypes developing in harsh environments.During two active seasons in two separatelocations, this study focused on the differential responses of five millet genotypes under two levels of drought with a decrease in irrigation water at a rate of 20 and 40% relativeto the normal irrigation rate. Breeders have a good chance of selecting genotypes with high yielding and drought resistance based on mean efficiency, tolerance indices, and environmental variance in different environments. On the basis of these parameters,According to the results of the stover and grain yield reliability tests, Line 1 is the best in terms of desirable higher stover, while Shandawil cultivar isthe best in terms of grain yield. However, when it came to having a high yield for both stover and grain, Line 3 was chosen.As a result, the emphasis of this research is on how to make an objective assessment of genotypes in various environments to aid plant breeders in identifying the most appropriate and stable genotypes for yield in the face of changing environmental conditions.


Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JOGEE/article/view/5966

Keywords: Millet, drought, breeders, environmental variation, yield reliability.

EFFECT OF BIO-FERTILIZATION ON YIELD OF SAFFLOWER GENOTYPES UNDER WATER STRESS CONDITIONS | Journal of Global Ecology and Environment

The demand for bio agriculture has risen in recent years as a result of its positive environmental impact. In view of the water crisis, breeders are concentrating on genotypes that produce the highest yield under water stress conditions.During two growing seasons, field experiments were performed to compare six genotypes of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) plants to Giza 1, a local cultivar, in the presence and absence of different biofertilization treatments under two levels of drought compared to standard irrigation. The study  focused  on  four  key  parameters: evaluating output means, estimating tolerance indices  (drought tolerance index and yield injury), biofertilization response, and genotype stability across environments. When subjected to high levels of drought, the results showed that Line 10 was the most reliable seed and oil yielder. Drought sensitivity was found in Lines 4 and 12, respectively. Lines 12 and 9 were found to be more stable in a parametric stability study.The breeder will make an effective genotype selection based on these parameters.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JOGEE/article/view/5967

Keywords: Carthamus tinctorius, bio-fertilizers, drought, tolerance indices, stability.

MODELLING ECOLOGICAL DEGRADATION-URBANISATION NEXUS IN GHANA | Journal of Global Economics, Management and Business Research

The current study used yearly data from the World Development Indicator to model the urbanisation-ecological degradation nexus for Ghana from 1971 to 2014, with control variables such as ruralisation, wages, trade openness, and energy consumption. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) and the Granger causality test are used to estimate the model.The results of the study revealed a significant cointegration relationship in the model predicted, as well as a stable long-term and short-term relationship between the dependent and independent variables. 

The feedback preposition is supported by the granger predictability test results for the causality direction.Urbanisation, ruralisation, wages, trade openness, and energy consumption are not policy instruments in coping with ecological degradation for the study period because the conservation hypothesis is not endorsed. 


Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JGEMBR/article/view/6068


Keywords: Carbon emissions, global warming, long-run conservation policy.

EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HUMAN RESOURCE INFORMATION SYSTEM(S) (HRIS) IN IMPROVING EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE AT STANBIC BANK UGANDA | Journal of Global Economics, Management and Business Research


The efficacy of Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) in enhancing employee efficiency at Stanbic Bank Uganda is discussed in this article. The study on which it is focused aimed to review the employee performance evaluation processes supported by HRIS at Stanbic Bank Uganda, identify the challenges faced, and suggest strategies to improve the employee performance evaluation processes using HRIS at Stanbic Bank Uganda. The sample included 25 people from the Bank's Head Office, including 9 general managers, 9 line managers, and 7 officers. Judgmental sampling was used to select the participants. A standardised open-ended interview guide was used to obtain primary data directly from respondents.  The ATLAS.ti Qualitative Data Analysis programme was used to code, process, and analyse the data, generating themes that aligned with the study objectives. According to the findings, Stanbic Bank Uganda's use of HRIS has been marred by a number of issues that have limited its effectiveness in promoting employee performance assessment. This article makes recommendations that, if followed, would enable Stanbic Bank Uganda to benefit from increased employee innovation and productivity as well as lower operating costs. As a result, the bank will generate revenue.


Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JGEMBR/article/view/6165

Keywords: Human Resource Information System (HRIS), employee performance evaluation, human resources, bank.

OUTPOURING OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN NIGERIA: PUSH OR PULL? | Journal of Global Economics, Management and Business Research

Domestic and external factors influence foreign direct investment. The vulnerability to external factors indicates that shifts in global productivity levels (financial sentiments) can have a significant effect on foreign direct investment in Nigeria, which has been one of the main topics in the literature. The study's aim is to look into the pull and push factors that influence foreign direct investment in Nigeria.To obtain the long and short-run determinants, the analysis used the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Approach.  The analysis analyses data using secondary data sets from 1986 to 2018, as well as EViews 9 production. In the long and short run, the result shows that foreign direct investment is vulnerable to pull (exchange rate depreciation and interest rate) and push factors (US gross domestic product and US interest rate).The study concludes that ‘pull' factors, rather than ‘push' factors, drive foreign direct investment into Nigeria.The study's findings revealed that spikes in foreign direct investment flow are unavoidable in deciding Nigeria's macroeconomic efficiency.International direct investment seems to have a brighter future in Nigeria's economy. Understanding the factors that drive foreign direct investment will help government and industry experts figure out how to better attract foreign direct investment to Nigeria. Foreign direct investment fluctuation is dictated by both domestic and global influences, according to the report. International direct investment is more volatile as a result of these factors. As a result, the study advises prudent management of the pull factor determinants to ensure internal economic stability, especially at a time when the Nigerian economy is experiencing a continuous drop in global crude oil prices.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JGEMBR/article/view/5691

Keywords : Foreign direct investment, gross domestic product, capital flows, economic performance, determinants of FDI.

DETERMINANTS OF DIVIDEND PAYOUT DECISIONS OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN NEPAL | Journal of Global Economics, Management and Business Research

This study aims to identify the factors that influence commercial banks' dividend payout decisions in Nepal. The research is focused on secondary balance panel data from 12 commercial banks for the years 2013/14 to 2017/18, with 60 observations. Return on assets, bank size, market value per share, and inflation rate were used as dependent variables, while return on assets, bank size, market value per share, and inflation rate were used as independent variables. In this report, the results of the Pooled OLS model andthe Random Effects model for panel data analysis were estimated.The regression results of these models show that profitability, bank size, and inflation rate are all negatively linked to the decision to pay dividends by Nepalese commercial banks. It was discovered that the higher the profitability, the larger the bank, and the lower the inflation rate, the lower the dividend payout decisions. The findings, on the other hand, show that market value per share has a positive relationship with the decision to pay a dividend. This means that as the market value per share rises, the dividend payout decision rises as well. The study found that the market value per share is the most important factor in deciding whether or not to pay a dividend.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JGEMBR/article/view/5715

Keywords: Dividend payout ratio, return on assets, size of bank, market value per share, and inflation rate, random effects, fixed effects.

THE INFLUENCE OF WAGE LEVELS, WORK MOTIVATION AND WORK COMMUNICATION ON VILLAGE DEVICES PERFORMANCE | Journal of Global Economics, Management and Business Research

Wage levels, job morale, and work connectivity all have an effect on the efficiency of village devices (Case study in jambu village, bah sumbuh village and maria padang village). Y = 1.270 + 0.115X1 + 0.307X2 + 0.314X3, suggesting that the position of the Wage Level, Work Motivation, and Work Communication variables has a positive impact on the Performance of Village Officials, according to the results of the study. The modified R square of 0.364 or 36.4 percent is then seen using the determinant coefficient test (R2). This demonstrates that the wage level variable (X1), the work motivation variable (X2), and the work communication variable (X3) can all be used to explain that the wage level variable (X1), the work motivation variable (X2), and the work communication variable (X3) can all be used to explain that theThe vector (Y) for Village Apparatus Performance is 36.4 percent. The wage level variable (X1) has no effect on the performance of the village apparatus (Y) for the t test (partial), it is known that tcount (1.511) ttable (2.01410), as well as the significance value of 0.138> 0.05, it can be concluded that the first hypothesis is rejected. For the t test (partial), Work Motivation (X2) affects the Village Apparatus Performance (Y), it is known that tcount (3.113) ttable ( (Y),Given that tcount (2.526)> ttable (2.01410) and that the significance value is 0.015 0.05, the third hypothesis can be acknowledged. Furthermore, the value of Ftable for the F test (Simultaneous) Fcount of 9.973 with = 5%, dk of the numerator: k, dk of the denominator: 48-3-1 (5 percent; 3; 45) is (3.20).  With a significance value of 0.000 0.05 and Fcount (9.973)> Ftable (3.20), the fourth hypothesis is accepted, implying that the work motivation variable (X2) and the Work Communication variable (X3) have an impact jointly (simultaneously) on the Village Apparatus Efficiency (Y).

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JGEMBR/article/view/5965

Keywords: Wage level, work motivation and work communication, performance, village apparatus.

DETERMINANTS OF INTRA–ECOWAS REGIONAL FOOD TRADE: AN AUGMENTED GRAVITY MODEL APPROACH | Journal of Global Economics, Management and Business Research

Using an augmented gravity model approach, the researchers discovered the determinants of intra–ECOWAS regional food exchange.  The aim of the study was to define the main determinants of food trade within the ECOWAS trade bloc, with the goal of providing knowledge that could be used to develop policy to promote food trade in the region. Secondary data was used in the analysis, which covered a 49year period from 1970 to 2018. The study found that the GDPs of trading countries in the region, as well as local food production, are important determinants of food trade.Local food consumption, trade openness, exchange rates, and distance between them are all factors to consider. In order to further encourage food trade within the region, policy reforms in the areas of exchange rate and transportation should be encouraged in all ECOWAS Member States.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JGEMBR/article/view/6034

Keywords: ECOWAS, food trade, gravity model.

YIELD AND YIELD RELATED COMPONENTS OF COWPEA AS INFLUENCED BY PLANTING DATE, CULTIVAR AND SPRAYING REGIME | Asian Journal of Agriculture and Allied Sciences

Cowpea is attacked by a variety of insect pests that wreak havoc on the crop in the fieldat various stages of development, often resulting in crop failure. During the 2012 and 2013 cropping seasons, an experiment was conducted using five improved cowpea cultivars and one local check, two planting dates, and two spraying regimes across two major agrozones to reduce insect pest damage, increase cowpea grain yield, and other yield-related components.  The study used a randomised full block design with three replications at three different locations: Sumbuya, Serabu, and Nguala.The effect of cultivar, planting date, and spraying regime on the calculated parameters was highly important, according to the results. On the calculated parameters, the interaction effect of cultivar, planting date, and spraying regime was also important. In sprayed plots, grain yield, pod load, and biomass were all higher than in unsprayed plots. Planting in September also resulted in higher grain yield and pod load. Furthermore, all of the improved varieties outperformed the local variety in terms of yield.When opposed to the local variety, all of the improved varieties had shorter days to 50%flowering and maturity, with spraying plots flowering and maturing faster when planted in September rather than June.These findings show that combining cowpea cultivar and planting date with minimal insecticide application can reduce cowpea insect pests throughout Sierra Leone's major agroecological zones, resulting in increased grain yield and other yield-related components of cowpea.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/AJAAS/article/view/4963

Keywords: Agro-climatic, biomass, grain yield, insecticide, pod load, variety.

ADAPTABILITY STUDY OF OAT (Avena sativa) GENOTYPES FOR THEIR AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE AND NUTRITIVE VALUE IN THE MIDLAND OF EAST GUJI ZONE, ADOLA, SOUTHERN OROMIA, ETHIOPIA | Asian Journal of Agriculture and Allied Sciences

Under the Bore Agricultural Research Centre Adola subsite, a study was conducted to classify adaptable, high biomass, dry matter, and grain yielder Oat variety/accessions. Jasari, 5453, and 6710 accessions were the three Oat varieties/accessions that were evaluated. Three replications of a randomised complete block design (RCBD) were used. Days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, logging, and grain yield were all substantially different between treatments (P0.05), according to the results. Jasari (62.8 days) was the early flowering variety, and 5453 was the late flowering variety (72.8 days). Jasari (10.8 days) was an early maturing variety, while 5453 was a late maturing variety (114 days).The highest logging was found in 5453 accessions (42.4%), while the lowestwas found in the Jasari variety (24.1 percent ). The highest grain yield (49.3 qt/ha) was obtained from 6710 accessions, while the lowest grain yield (33.3 qt/ha) was obtained from the Jasari variety. Plant height and fresh biomass yield were not substantially different between treatments (P>0.05), but the treatments had a numerically high yielder valu. From 5453 accessions, the tallest plant height was assessed (163 cm). The Jasari variety had the shortest plant height (159 cm), while a variety of 5453 had the highest biomass yield of 2.2 t/ha, followed by 2 t/ha 6710 accessions.The Jasari variety has the lowest biomass yield of 1.8 t/ha. In terms of chemical composition, The acid detergent fibre (NDF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), and DM content of 5453 accession were the highest, whereas acid detergent lignin content was the lowest (ADL). The 6710 accession had the highest levels of acid detergent lignin (ADL) and total ash (TASH) and the lowest levels of crude protein (CP), dry matter (DM), acid detergent fibre (NDF), and organic matter (OM) content. The Jasari variety had the highest levels of crude protein (CP), organic matter (OM), and acid detergent lignin (ADL) and the lowest levels of acid detergent fibre (NDF) and total ash (TASH) of all the As a result, 5453 accessions were found to be well suited and active.regarding plant height, biomass yield, and seed yield of oat, which has the potential to fill the void in the community's lowquality and quantity ruminant feed supply. As a result, it's possible to infer that oat varieties, particularly 5453 accessions, were used as a protein supplement for Guji's midland,which was suffering from poor quality roughage, low protein, and digestible crop residues, which were the main livestock feed sources, especially in Guji. Strong CP and OM 5453 accessions are recommended for further promotion in the East Guji zone's midland based on their adaptability, plant height, biomass yield, and seed yield.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/AJAAS/article/view/4977

Keywords: Variety, oat, chemical composition, Jasari, Avena sativa.

TYPE III-A CRISPR/CAS SYSTEMS AND COMPARISON OF CAS1, CAS2, AND CAS10 PROTEINS OF LACTOBACILLI | Asian Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology

In lactic acid bacteria, type I and type II CRISPR systems are the most common, but type III is found in a few genera. Lactobacilli with a type IIIA CRISPR system were identified and their Cas10 signature nucleases, Cas1, Cas2 proteins, and repeat sequences were compared in this study. Both lactobacilli in 39 strains from 9 species had the Type IIIA CRISPR system.Of all species, Ligilactobacillus salivarius strains had the most type IIIA systems. The most common repeat sequence was “agtaagaacatatctccgaatataggagacgaaac,” and the secondary structure was predicted using the RNAfold analysis method.The phylogenetic tree and amino acid sequence alignment of Cas1, Cas2, and Cas10 showed that the strains appeared to break into speciesspecific divisions. Between cas6 and CRISPR series, L. ruminis ATCC 27782 and ATCC 27780 had IS66 family insertion sequence element accessory protein TnpB, as well as DEDDh genes. Type III-A CRISPR systems' endogenous Cas10 enzyme has recently been used in genetic engineering experiments, and reprogrammed type IIIA systems have been tested for endogenous genome editing.As a result, this study retraced lactobacilli type IIIA CRISPR systems to assess clustering of repeat sequences, Cas1, Cas2, and Cas10 proteins among strains, as well as to identify lactobacilli as a candidate for future reprogrammed endogenous genome editing.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/AJMAB/article/view/6120

Keywords: Type III-A, CRISPR/Cas, Cas10, repeat sequence, lactobacilli.

IMPACT OF TEMPERATURE STRESS ON THE FUNCTIONAL EFFICIENCY OF Brassica napus SEEDLINGS | Asian Journal of Plant and Soil Sciences

The aim of this study was to see how temperature stress affected the morpho-physiological characteristics and photosynthetic pigments of Brassica napus L. seedlings exposed to oxidative stress caused by high (40°C) and low (4°C) temperatures. Experiments were conducted at the Senior Laboratory, P.G. Department of Botany, Khalsa College, Amritsar, for this purpose. The effect of different temperatures (4°C and 40°C) on B. napus L. seedlings primed with double distilled water was examined.Different degrees of temperature were used in this analysis, and the effects on the shoots were varie.Lightquenching pigments such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and total carotenoids content, as well as root duration. When compared to control and low temperature treated seedlings, low temperature (4°C) treatment degraded all aspects of growth and physiology by reducing photosynthetic pigments and changing the carbon composition negatively. When compared to control and low temperature treated seedlings, high temperature treatment degraded all aspects of growth, physiological, and biochemical components. In conclusion, both low and high temperatures (4°C and 40°C) reduce morphophysiological portion improvement, nutrient reallocation, and photosynthetic machinery modulation.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/AJOPSS/article/view/6045

Keywords: Temperature stress, Brassica napus, photosystem II, morphophysiology, carotenoids.

REVIEW ON WEED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN WHEAT (Triticum spp.) | Asian Journal of Plant and Soil Sciences

Wheat (Triticum spp.) is a cereal grain that originated in the Near East's Levant region but is now grown all over the world. It belongs to the Plantae kingdom and the Poaceae family. Ethiopia is one of Africa's biggest food aid recipients. Due to many production constraints, such as weed infestation, achieving the desired wheat production is difficult.  One of the main biotic constraints in wheat development is weed infestation. Wheat is infested with a variety of weed flora, both grassy and broadleaf, due to the fact that it is cultivated under a variety of agroclimatic conditions, cropping sequences, tillage, and irrigation regimes.Weedrelated yield losses differ depending on the weed type, density, and environmental factors. Weed management practises such as cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical weed control methods can help minimise yield loss due to weed infestation. This seminar paper's aim is to review recent research findings on wheat weed management practises. To feed an increasing population, wheat production must increase without relying heavily on chemicals such as fertilisers and herbicides, which have unpredictable negative effects on the environment and human health. For better crop yield, weed control techniques must be improved.In the agricultural sector, improved herbicide formulations with low to no toxicity except for the target weeds seem to be in high demand in the near future.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/AJOPSS/article/view/5050

Keywords: Effect, management, weed, wheat, yield.

CYANOBACTERIA ACT AS NITROGEN-FIXING ORGANISMS: A REVIEW | Asian Journal of Plant and Soil Sciences

Cyanobacteria, also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of bacteria with chlorophyll and phycobiliprotein that can fasten carbon in the same way as plants do by photosynthesis and oxygen evolution. Many species engage in nitrogen fixation to convert a nitrogen supply from the atmosphere into a functional form. Rice, corn, soybeans, and groundnuts all benefit from freeliving N2fixing cyanobacteria and Azolla (a symbiotic mixture of water ferns Azolla, Nostoc, and Anabaena).When nitrogen is scarce, some cyanobacteria recognise a cell called a heterocyst, which provides an ideal microoxic environment for the oxygensensitive enzyme nitrogenase to work properly. In heterocystous cyanobacteria, the nitrogenase complex is involved in N2 fixation, which is followed by hydrogen production. Several species of cyanobacteria have nif genes, which can be organised at the molecular level using polymerase chain reaction.In cyanobacteria, nitrogen regulation is regulated by Ntc A, a transcriptional regulator that belongs to the activator of the catabolite factor family and thus differs from the wellknown Ntr scheme. This research aims to gather valuable information about the characteristics of cyanobacteria and their potential position in resolving the planet's agricultural and environmental challenges in the future.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/AJOPSS/article/view/5092

Keywords: Cyanobacteria, nitrogenase, heterocyst, phycobiliprotein, PCR.

ETHNOBOTANICAL INFORMATION ON THE USE OF NATURAL MEDICINAL PLANTS IN FOLK MEDICINE IN KARAKALPAKSTAN | Asian Journal of Research in Biology

The ethnobotanical data on the use of natural medicinal plants in Karakalpakstan is examined in this article. In the area, there are currently 63 families of naturally growing medicinal plants, with 444 species belonging to 240 genera, accounting for 40% of the total flora. Herbs discovered during interviews with physicians in the form of questionnaires on the use of these medicinal plants in folk medicine.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/AJRiB/article/view/6082

Keywords: Karakalpakstan, natural medicinal plants, life forms, local names, used parts doctors, disease, ethnobotany.

CONSUMER’S WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR SEEDED BANANA JUICE IN SELECTED AREA OF BANGLADESH |  Asian Journal of Research in Biology

The research was carried out in a few selected areas of Patuakhali, Barguna, Khulna, and Barishal districts, respectively. A total of 250 consumers were interviewed by chancein the market place and in rural areas. Consumers' personal characteristics were used as independent variables, while their willingness to pay for seeded banana juice was used as a dependent variable. A binary answer (Yes/No) was used to gauge willingness to pay. The majority of users are in their forties and fifties, according to the findings.The majority of them had only a primary school education, and only a handful had a higher education. Consumers' ability to pay for seeded banana juice and the price they want to pay have a significant positive connection with family members, income level, media, andcosmopolitanism. It means that customers who were most interested in paying for seeded banana juice were those who were most connected to various media and had a high cosmopolitanism status. Age, gender, and education all have a negative correlation.Sixtysix percent of 250 consumers said they wanted to pay for seeded banana juice, while 34 percent said they didn't want to pay for seeded banana juice. Consumers who chose to pay 010 TK accounted for40.8 percent of the total. The number of customers willing to pay 1020 TK was 54.4 percent. The number of customers willing to pay up to 20 TK was 4.8. According to the results, 66 percent of consumers wanted to drink seeded banana juice and were willing to pay a reasonable price for it.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/AJRiB/article/view/5074

Keywords: Consumer’s, willingness, seeded banana, juice, Bangladesh.

HEALTH RISK OF SELECTED INORGANIC CONTAMINANTS IN SOME FOOD SPICES SOLD IN MARKETS WITHIN PORT HARCOURT METROPOLIS, NIGERIA | Asian Journal of Research in Biology

 The study looked at the levels of inorganic pollutants including copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) in some commonly used food spices in Port Harcourt, as well as the health risks. After wet digestion, this was done using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Metal concentrations in various spices samples were found to vary in the tests. Copper had the highest concentration (15.455.09 mg/kg) in tomatoes, according to the mean concentration and standard deviation of heavy metals in food spices across the samples.Curry (10.302.03 mg/kg), garlic (8.652.08 mg/kg), onions (6.502.52 mg/kg), and uda (6.115.75 mg/kg) are the most popular spices. Just curry (2.751.0 mg/kg), pepper (0.650.02 mg/kg), and salt (0.050.00 mg/kg) contained chromium. Tomatoes (6.904.89 mg/kg), curry (4.091.90 mg/kg), salt (6.153.70 mg/kg), and onions (3.092.10 mg/kg all had high nickel detection levels. Uda (3.082.87 mg/kg), tomatoes (3.801.28 mg/kg), curry (2.861.34 mg/kg), and salt (2.600.76 mg/kg) were the foods with the highest levels of lead.The results show that no cadmium was found in any of the food spices, and thatnone of the heavy metals checked for were present in the chilli spices. All of the Metal Pollution Index (PI) values were less than one (1). The daily intake cap was estimated and compared to the ATSDR's MRL (minimum risk level) values (2001). The results revealed that the Pb concentrations in some of the spices under investigation were far higher than the MRL values. As a result, consuming these spices will lead to an accumulation of toxins in the body.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/AJRiB/article/view/5159

Keywords: Spices, inorganic contaminants, risk, Port Harcourt, accumulation.

COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL FUNCTIONALIZATION AND CEMENTATION UNION TECHNIQUES FOR THE FRICTIONAL IMPLANT-ABUTMENT CONNECTION: ANALYSIS OF MARGINAL ADAPTATION AND TENSILE STRENGTH | Asian Journal of Research in Biology

Technical complications, such as gaps in the implantabutment (IA) connections and abutment retention, may occur when the implant and prosthesis (abutment) are linked. The aim of this research was to examine the IA frictional relation as well as its bond strength when enabled with and without cementation. Two classes of IA mounts were tested using images collected with a stereomicroscope in an in vitro laboratory experiment. Nine implants were split into two groups: Group I (GI), which received a conventionally activated attachment ball prosthesis, and Group II, which received a nonconventionally activated attachment ball prosthesis (GII),Prior to the activation of the abutment, dual resin cement was applied.ShapiroWilk test and F test were used for gap analysis and tensile strength testing, followed by t test. There was a disparity in the differences between the classes. Despite the fact that Group II's differences grew in size, its bond strength was higher than Group I's. Even with the increase in gaps, the cementation appears to have influenced the increase in bond strength in the implant-abutment attachment.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/AJRiB/article/view/5553

Keywords: Dental implants, dental implant-abutment design, resin cements.

ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF POLLUTED SOIL REMEDIATED WITH LEAF LITTER AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE | Asian Journal of Research in Biology

At the Rivers State University Research Farm in Port Harcourt, researchers investigatedthe ability of leaf litter and hydrogen peroxide to remediate a crude oilpolluted soil.  There were 14 procedures in all, including 5 replicates. The following treatments were used: T1:100 mL Crude Oil (C/O) + 100 mL Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2), T2:100 mL C/O + 100 g Leaf Litter (l/l), T3:100 mL C/O + 100 mL Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) T3:200 ml C/O + 200 ml H2O2, T4:200 ml C/O + 200 g l/l, T5:300 ml C/O + 300 ml H2O2, T6:300 ml C/O + 300 g l/l, T7:400 ml C/O +400 ml H2O2, T8:400 ml C/O + 400 g l/l T11: no pollution + 500 ml H2O2, T12: no pollution + 500 g l/l, T13: 500 ml C/O + no amendment, T14: no pollution + 500 ml H2O2, T15: no pollution + 500 ml H2O2, T16: no pollution + 500 ml H2O2, T17: no pollution + 500 ml H2O2, T18: As a control, (no pollution+no amendment).  Before, after, and after remediation, soil samples were analysed to determine the physicochemical properties. he study lasted for four months. After amending the soils with both H2O2 and leaf litter, the results of physicochemical parameters were reduced to appropriate levels. Phosphate content increased irregularly in all procedures, but T1, T2, T11, and T12 had the highest phosphate content (8.08.5) in the first, second, and third months after remediation, respectively, while phosphorus content decreased after four months.Total organic carbon rose in all treatments in proportion to crude oil emission levels. The highest TOC values were found in T9, T10, and T13 (51.153.4), while the lowest TOC values were found in unpolluted and remediated soils, as well as the control, with values ranging from 9.2 to 11.0. Crude oil had a negative impact on potassium levels, which steadily rose over time. After 4 months of remediation, there was a significant reduction in TOC content, with values in the ranges of (2223). Phosphorus content increased irregularly in all treatments until the third month after amendment, then decreased at the fourth month. This inferredthat the soil's excess phosphorus content was reduced by the remediation agents.  

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/AJRiB/article/view/5597

Keywords: Remediation, phosphorus, treatment, leaf litter, crude oil.

PALLIATIVE RADIOTHERAPY (PT) AS A CANCER TREATMENT: A REVIEW |  Asian Journal of Research in Biology

The diagnosis of oncological emergencies such as cord compression or brain metastasis, neurological injury, airway restriction, and bleeding requires radiotherapy (RT). Palliative radiation therapy reduces many of the focal symptoms of advanced, incurable disease, whether from the primary tumour or metastaticdeposits, in a simple, costeffective, and effective manner. Palliative RT was provided to about 10% of cancer patients who died at the end of their lives, according to the evidence. It has the potential to improve quality of life while also reducing the cost of treatment in terms of hospitalisation and side effects.Since radiation therapy is extremely effective at relieving symptoms and palliative dose toxicity is usuallymoderate, approximately 20% to 50% of radiation classes are administered with palliative purpose. Palliative radiation therapy is critical in preventing serious morbidity in patients with metastatic cancer in oncological emergencies, particularly in the midst of the ongoing COVID19 pandemic. This article aims to educate nonspecialists on the benefits, practicalities, and side effects of palliative radiotherapy in order to ensure that patients are considered and referred for these medications when they are needed.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/AJRiB/article/view/5098

Keywords: Palliative, radiation therapy, tumor, metastatic deposits, symptoms.

EVALUATION OF THE PROXIMATE COMPOSITIONS, DIETARY FIBRE AND RESISTANT STARCH CONTENTS OF SELECTED VARIETIES OF BANANA AND PLANTAIN | Journal of Advances in Food Science & Technology

Dietary Fibre Content, Resistant Starch Content, Amylose/amylopectin Content, and Proximate Compositions of Selected Plantain and Banana Varieties in Relation to Diabetic and Obese Diets are investigated in this study. In this analysis, four banana varieties and two plantain varieties were used. Amylose content ranged from 14.11 0.95 in semi cooked Plantain to 21.871.27 in Lady's Finger banana, according to the results. The Lady's Finger, which had the highest amylose content, also had the highest resistant starch content.Dietary fibre levels were highest in the plantain varieties (7.17 0.65 and 8.10 0.20), and lowest in the semi cooked typical banana sample (4.960.13). The crude fibre content of common plantain (P1) ranged from 2.500.53 to 5.03 0.38 in the French horn plantain, while the carbohydrate content of Lady's finger bananas ranged from 56.990.90 to 69.290.45 in the semicooked common banana variety. At the 95 percent mark, the sample means were statistically significant. The results show that these banana and plantain varieties - Lady's Finger,Star finger and French horn are high in resistant starch, amylose, and dietary fibre, both of which are linked to a variety of health benefits. Since resistant starch and dietary fibre are not digested in the small intestine, the production of glucose from foods containing them is reduced. Consumption of foods high in these bioactive components lowers blood sugar levels, which is particularly beneficial for diabetics and obese people. The importance of preserving these bioactive-component-rich varieties becomes the primary goal of this study.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JAFSAT/article/view/6111

Keyword: Plantain, banana, Dietary Fibre, resistant starch, diabetes and obese.

CHANGES IN FATS QUALITY PARAMETERS AFTER THERMAL PROCESSING OF SELECTED OILS/FATS PRIMARILY CONSUMED IN INDIA | Journal of Advances in Food Science & Technology

Repeated thermal processing during cooking, as well as overcooking of food, can alter fatty acids by affecting carbon double bonds or hydroxyl bonds, lowering oil quality. Cooking can cause a variety of physiological and chemical changes in the oil, rendering it unfit for consumption. The aim of this study is to see how certain repeated thermal processes affect oil quality and to set aside the oil that is best for cooking. Mustard oil, soybean oil, palm oil, hydrogenated fat (vanaspati), and desi ghee are the five main oils/fats consumed in India (clarified butter)were chosen to study the effects of various cooking processes (frying, heating, and microwaving) that are typical in households. Free fatty acid (FFA), peroxide value, iodine value, total polar compound (TPC), anisidine value, and diene value of oils/fats were all investigated in this review. According to the findings, frying treatment has the greatest impact on oil production, followed by microwave and heat treatment. Clarified butter had the greatest difference in FFA among the oils/fats tested. However, the most difference in TPC and peroxide value was found in mustard oil and soybean oil, respectively.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JAFSAT/article/view/6204

Keywords: Thermal processing, frying, microwave, heating, oil quality.

A CAPTURED ADULT FEMALE Mantis religiosa (Insecta: Mantodea) LAID FOUR OOTHECAS UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS | Journal of Biology and Nature

Because of its many impressive characteristics, the Mantodea (Insecta) (Burmeister, 1838) is a well-studied species.  However, according to the author's information, the number of oothecas laid by a female Mantis religiosa (Linnaeus, 1758) has yet to be published. Between September and October 2019, a captured female Mantis religiosa was reared in the laboratory of Hacettepe University's Faculty of Biology's Department of Forensic Entomology in Ankara, Turkey. During her time in captivity, this female has developed four oothecas. When offspring emerge from these oothecas, they can be artificially selected to be reared as biological control agents.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JOBAN/article/view/6234

Keywords: Mantis, female, captivity, ootecha, biological control.

AN OVERVIEW ON THE APPLICATIONS AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF NANOMATERIALS IN THE AQUATIC ORGANISMS | Journal of Biology and Nature

Nanomaterials are nanoscaled materials that are 1100 nm in size and have at least one dimension with unique properties compared to larger materials. The origin, measurements, features, and formation of nanomaterials are used to classify them into different forms. Nanomaterials have specific physico-chemical properties that are used in a variety of applications such as aerospace, vehicles, building, electrical and electronic products, sports, cosmetics, food, and medicine due to their small scale. Nanomaterials are released into the atmosphere through anthropogenic activities as ultrafine particles in the air and colloids in soil and water.Nanomaterials enter marine environments in a variety of ways, including wastewater pollution from manufacturing facilities, spillage during transportation, untreated effluents from industries, rainwater runoff, and strong winds. The nanomaterials are absorbed by aquatic organisms through the skin or mucous lining, oral engulfment, gills, operculum, or olfactory organs. Engineered nanomaterials cause oxidative stress, ionoregulatory disruptions, oxygen consumption, cytotoxicity, neurotoxicity, behavioural and histological changes, haematological, developmental, and reproductive changes, immune response, and gene expression changes in aquatic species.The current study covered several important aspects of nanomaterial applications as well as their harmful effects on aquatic species. Apart fromtheir benefits, nanomaterials' negative effects directly or indirectly affect human health; as a result, careful attention must be paid to preventing the deliberate release of nanomaterials into the environment.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JOBAN/article/view/6009

Keywords: Nanomaterials, applications, toxicity, aquatic invertebrates, fishes.

REVIEW ON THE EFFECT OF LEVEL OF NITROGEN ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF ONION IN ETHIOPIA | Journal of Global Agriculture and Ecology

The onion (Allium cepa L.) is a vegetable that belongs to the Alliaceae family and is the most commonly cultivated plant of the genus Allium. Onion output and productivity are governed by a number of factors. One of the factors that influences onion development is the amount of nitrogen fertiliser used. In this regard, the aim of this review paper was to examine the impact of various nitrogen levels on onion growthand yield. Onions are used for a number of medical purposes. Nitrogen is found in a variety of importantplant compounds.Nitrogen is needed for the formation of chlorophyll, proteins, and is a component of several amino acids and other molecules required for plant growth and other nitrogenous plant components such as nucleic acid and chlorophyll. Nitrogen is also needed for plant carbohydrate utilisation. In addition, results from various climatic regions around the world show that onions react differently to nitrogen application. Onion has a high nitrogen requirement, especially in the early stages of development, as increased the level of N increased the growth trend of the number of leaves, leaf length, and plant body. The use of nitrogen fertiliser increased the amount of nitrogen in the soil, according to different research findings. Onion bulb yield has also increased dramatically.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/JOGAE/article/view/6272

Keywords: Effect, growth, level, nitrogen, onion, yield.

INDUCTION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum L.) MICRO TUBER AT SOME COUMARIN CONCENTRATIONS AND INCUBATION TEMPERATURES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Potatoes are a highpriority horticultural crop to cultivate since they can be used to diversify food sources. The provision of potato seeds necessitates an increase in micro tuber development. The aim of this research was to see how coumarin concentration and incubation room temperature affected the induction of potato microtubers. From September 2019 to January 2020, this study was conducted at the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University, Padang. In a totally randomised design, the analysis used a twofactor factorial with four replications (CRD).The first element is the coumarin concentration, which is divided into five levels: 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/l. The temperature of the incubation room, which has three levels: 20, 25, and 30, is the second component. The F test was used to evaluate the results, followed by the Tukey's test. The results of the study revealed that there was a relationship between the application of various coumarin concentrations and the incubation room temperature and tuber emergence time; the fastest tubers appeared 13.26 days after the tuber medium (DAT) was added at 100 ppm of coumarin and a temperature of 30 ° C.The best use of 100 ppm coumarin is for tuber emergence time, tuber number, and fresh root weight. The time it took for tubers to emerge was influenced by the temperature of the incubator, but not the diameter of the tuber, fresh weight of the tuber, or fresh weight of the shoot.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/6259

Keywords: Coumarin, temperature, induction, micro tubers, potato.

FRUIT QUALITY OF ORTANIQUE TANGOR ON TEN CITRUS ROOTSTOCKS IN THE TADLA REGION, CENTRAL MOROCCO | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The effects of ten citrus rootstocks on the fruit quality of Ortanique tangor (C. reticulate x C. sinensis) were investigated in this research, including sour orange, Moroccan Troyer citrange, Moroccan Carrizo citange, Citrumelo 4475, MandarineSunki x Poncirustrifoliata, Citrus macrophylla, Citrus volkameriana, FLhorag an intergeneric, Carrizo citange 28608, and Fruit weight, equatorial and polar diameters, peel thickness, percentage of juice, acidity,Total soluble solids (TSS), Ripening Index, juice pH, vitamin C content, carotenoid content, and fruit colour were among the variables investigated.Fruits with high juice contentwere produced on Citrumelo4475, Citrus volkameriana, Mandarine Sunki x Poncirus trifoliate, and sour orange rootstocks. The trees grafted on the Carrizo citange 28608 had the highest percentage of juice citrate. The highest TSS values were found in fruits harvested from trees grafted on Citrumelo4475, sour orange, and Troyer citrange B2 31655, while the lowest TSS values were found in fruits harvested from Citrus macrophylla and Flhorag. Citrus volkameriana trees were the first to be harvested, followed by Citrus macrophylla.Fruit from trees grafted on the Carrizo citange 28608 and sour orange produced the most acidic juice.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/6262

Keywords: Citrus, rootstocks, Flhorag, tetraploid, vitamin C, color, calcareous soil.

ANTI-HYPERGLYCAEMIC EFFECT OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF Bridelia ferruginea LEAVES ON ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETES MELLITUS IN MALE ALBINO RATS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The aim of this study was to see whether an ethanol extract of Bridelia ferruginea leaves could prevent alloxan-induced diabetes in male albino rats. Methodology: Bridelia ferruginea leaves were extracted with ethanol. Normal methods were used for phytochemical screening, acute toxicity tests, lipid profile determination, and antidiabetic studies.  All groups except group 1 (normal control) were given 120 mg/kgof 1% alloxan monohydrate intraperitoneally to induce diabetes. The animals were divided into six groups of five animals each and given the following treatment: Groups 1 and 2 were given 0.5 ml/kg of 0.9 percent normal saline, group 3 was given 5 mg/kg of glibenclamide (a common drug), and groups 4, 5, and 6 were given 100, 200, and 400 (mg/kg) of the extract, respectively. Results: Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, terpenoids, reducing sugar, sugars, hydrogen cyanide, phenols, and steroids were found in varying amounts in phytochemical screening. (EEBFL) was found to be safe up to 5000 mg/kg body weight in an acute toxicity analysis. In comparison to the untreated diabetic control, rats treated with graded doses of ethanol extract of Bridelia ferruginea leaves showed a substantial (p 0.05) reduction in blood glucose levels. The gap between group 5 and the standard control was not important. The total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol levels all decreased significantly (p 0.05) in the lipid profile.When compared to untreated diabetic controls, the treated groups had significantly higher levels of HDL and triacylglycerol, as well as a substantial rise in HDL.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that an ethanol extract of Bridelia ferruginea leaves has strong antihyperglycaemic and antihyperlipidemic properties and can be used as a herbal remedy to treat diabetes and its complications.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/6263

Keywords: Bridelia ferruginea, alloxan, glibenclamide, insulin, diabetes mellitus.

THE EFFECTS OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS ON in-vitro CULTURE OF Abelmoschus sagittifolius |PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The Malvaceae family's Abelmoschus sagittifolius is an essential medicinal plant. Phthisis, cough, constipation, neurasthenia, carbuncle sore swollen toxin, dizziness, lumbocrural pain, and stomach pain have allbeen treated with this medicinal herb. The effects of plant growth regulators on A. sagittifolius in vitro culture are discussed in this paper. The best seed disinfectant for A. sagittifolius propagation in vitro was NaClO 5 percent for 15 minutes. After 8 weeks of culture, the MS medium containing 2.0 mgL1 BA displayed the highest rate of shoot regeneration, while the medium containing 2.0 mgL1 BA + 0.4 mgL1 NAA was better for shoot multiplication.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/6265

Keywords: Abelmoschus sagittifolius, in vitro regeneration, shoot multiplication, plant growth regulators.

INVESTIGATIONS OF PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING FROM Chrysopogonzizanioides (L). Roberty CHLOROFORM EXTRACT | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Context and Objectives: A single herbal medicinal plant may have thousands of phytoconstituents or secondary metabolites, which opens up the possibility of new drug production and discovery. Procedure for the experiment: Qualitative methods were used to conduct the preliminary phytochemical screening. Conclusion and Findings: The aim of this analysis is to determine the existence of various phytochemicals, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, and other compounds, in various extracts of the medicinal plant Chrysopogon zizanioides (L). Roberty is a fictional character. Our findings show that the plant extract contains alkaloids, flavanoids, tannins, and polyphenols, among other phytoconstituents. The researchthe phytochemicals in a Chrysopogon zizanioides (L). In future research, Roberty may play a significant role in the plant's various activities.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/6266

Keywords: Chrysopogon zizanioides (L), Roberty, Phytochemicals, Chemotherapy, Cardiovascular diseases, Diabetes.

HETEROSIS AND COMBINING ABILITY FOR YIELD AND ITS RELATED TRAITS IN BREAD WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) |  PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

In a line tester making pattern, seven bread wheat genotypes were crossed. During the 2018/2019 growing season, the 12 F1s and their parents were sown in a threereplication randomised complete block pattern at AlRashedia Farm in Ninevah, Iraq.The findings revealed that the traits had a high level of genetic variability. In comparison to the parents, the hybrid (Kirchanff Cam6) produced more grain and had a higher average yield portion. For number of grains per spike, grain yield, and 1,000 kernel weight, the Kukri line and Cham6 tester were a successful combiner.  Negative substantial heterosis was observed for the studied traits in (Magenta Adnanea) and (Kirchanff Cham6).  There was less genetic variance due to additive genetic variation.Both additive and nonadditive genes were supported by dominance variance for all traits followed by a low value of narrow sense heritability.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/6267

Keywords: Combining ability, line × tester, wheat and heterosis.

A CLUSTER SURVEY ON THE USE OF HERBS IN THE IRAQI SOCIETY | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

This was the first study of its kind in the Iraqi population, and the findings were compared to those of other countries. From February 28 to April 28, 2019, we gathered data on 190 patients on Iraqi social media. We used a special questionnaire focused on the Iraqi population that asked questions to demonstrate the use of herbal medicine in a sample of Iraqi adult patients suffering from various diseases. This questionnaire included several questions about the patient's gender, age, occupation, marital status, belief in the healing power of plants, and other topics to gather the data we needed for this study.Some of the data was comparable to that of other nations, although others were strikingly similar. A large percentage of patients in Iraqi society believe in the healing power of herbs and are conscious of their applications. The majority of patients in this study used herbal medicines for health promotion because they believe that herbal medicines make them feel better, even though they aren't successful in treating the disease; they treated it as though it were a placebo. Herbal use does not necessarily require a prescription or doctor's recommendation, andsome patients have chosen to use herbs on their own.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/6273

Keywords: A cluster survey, Iraqi population, herbal, medicine.

PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF Ficus carica LEAVES BY USING TECHNICAL METHODS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Using gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GCMS) and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR) techniques, the phytochemical components of Ficus carica (leaves) were investigated. The GC-MS results revealed 55 chemical compounds in the leaves. According to the FTIR findings, this plant contains 30 functional classes. Alcohols, phenols, alkanes, alkyl halides, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, aromatics, nitro compounds, and amines were among the most common. It contains phytochemicals that can be used in antiinflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antioxidant, and other herbal formulations.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/6278

Keywords: Ficus carica, leaves, GC-Mass, FTIR.

Amomum compactum: A REVIEW OF PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The herb Amomum compactum, also known as cooking spices, belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. Many studies now show that A. compactum serves as a medicinal plant with a wide range of pharmacological activities. Parts of this plant, especially the fruits, leaves, and seeds, have a wide range of pharmacological activities in traditional medicine, including antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, gastroprotective, antiinflammatory, immunomodulatory, anticancer, antiasthmatic, and acute renal failure. Flavonoids, saponins, essential oils, hormones, and triterpenoids make up the majority of this plant's phytochemical constituents.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/6274

Keywords: Amomum compactum, phytochemical constituents, pharmacological studies.

ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES OF FLAXSEED (Linum usitatissimum L.) UNDER WATER DEFICIENCY AND SOME ORGANIC ACIDS SPRAYING | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

In addition to their medical impact on human health, antioxidant enzymes are essential factors in plant adaptation to escape stress conditions. The application of organic acids to plant shoots, such as salicylic and ascorbic, stimulates antioxidant enzymatic activity. The aim of this study was to see how ascorbic andsalicylic acids, alone or in combination, affected the development of antioxidative enzymes in flaxseed, such as catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxidismutase (SOD), when grown under different levels of water stress. In contrast to the regulation, both acids showed a strong efficacy in increasing the development of antioxidative enzymes in flax seeds.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/6228

Keywords: Antioxidative, flaxseed, catalase, peroxidase, superoxidismutase.

THE EFFICIENCY OF THE USE OF MICROBIOLOGICAL FERTILIZERS IN CROPS | PLANT CELL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

The development of optimised agroecosystems based on beneficial relationships between plants and bacteria of microbiological fertilisers is the most pressing problem facing modern science. To solve it, compatible partners (crops, varieties, rhizobacteria strains) must be chosen that form stable associations that are well suited to local soil and climatic conditions. The constant expansion of the available selection of biofertilizers and crop varieties necessitates further research in this field.The aim of our research was to look into the peculiarities of spring barley grain yield, potato tubers, perennial grass green mass, seeds, and fibre flax fibre under the influence of foliar feeding with microbiological fertilisers Azotovit (B9029 strain of Azotobakter chroococcum bacteria) and Phosphatovit (B8966 strain of Bacillus mucilaginosus Bac 10). Comprehensive studies were conducted on the Tverskaya State Agricultural Academy's(GSKhA) experimental area, which is located at 170904, Russian Federation, Tver, Marshala Vasilevskogo Str., 7.The granulometric composition of the soil in the experimental plots is soddymediumpodzolic, sandy loam. Foliar feeding was done at a rate of 100 litres per hectare during the tillering process of barley, the beginning of the budding phase of potatoes, the spring regrowth phase of perennial grasses, and the stem extension phase of fibre flax.The key elements of the structure of the yield and yieldwere assessed in experiments using tried-and-true crop production methods. Foliar fertilisation with a mixture of fertilisers at a rate of 0.2 l/ha for each component of the mixture was found to be the most appropriate option for the cultivation of barley, potatoes, and perennial grasses, ensuring yields of 2.97 t/ha for grain, 29.4 t/ha for tubers, and 34.5 t/ha for green mass with the best indicators of product quality.When growing fibre flax, it was discovered that foliar feeding rates of microbiological fertilisers needed to be increased to 0.3 l/ha of each portion, resulting in 1.09 t/ha of fibre and 0.59 t/ha of seeds. Separately applied microbiological fertilisers were also efficient. The degree of shaped yield increases, on the other hand, was significantly lower than those obtained with their complex application. The authors intend to investigate the feasibility of incorporating rhizobacteria into a system of simultaneous soil and plant seed processing during sowing, as well as the efficacy of foliar application of rhizobacteria.Biofertilizers are used in conjunction with microelement and humic preparations.

Please see the link - https://ikprress.org/index.php/PCBMB/article/view/6229

Keywords: Microbiological fertilizers, foliar treatment, barley, potatoes, perennial grasses, fiber flax, productivity.